Kuyeza kwa MBAS kwa Ma Surfactant a Anionic

Mayeso a MBAS amayeza zinthu zimene zimalumikizana ndi methylene blue potsatira ndondomeko yokhazikitsidwa yochotsa zinthu. Malo oyesera amagwiritsa ntchito mayesowa kuyerekezera kuchuluka kwa ma surfactant a anionic m'madzi. Amapereka muyezo wa zinthu monga gulu, osati kuzindikiritsa molekyulu iliyonse ya chotsukira yomwe ili m'chitsanzo.

Kusiyana kumeneku n'kofunika pamene lipoti likuti “ma surfactant a anionic monga MBAS.” Zotsatira zingathandize kuyerekezera njira zoyeretsera madzi popanda kutsimikizira kuti ndi surfactant iti yomwe ilipo. Zingasinthenso chifukwa zinthu zina za m'chitsanzo zasintha, ngakhale kuchuluka kwa surfactant yomwe ikufunidwa sikunasinthe.

Zimene chizindikiro cha mtundu wa buluu chimayeza

MBAS amatanthauza zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito ndi methylene blue. Methylene blue ndi utoto wokhala ndi chaji yabwino. Zinthu zoyenera zokhala ndi chaji yoipa zimalumikizana nawo kupanga mapeya a ayoni omwe angalowe m'chosungunulira cha organic. Malo oyesera amayeza mtundu wa buluu m'chosungunulira chimenecho, osati kungowerenga mtundu wa madzi oyambirira.

Mafotokozedwe akale a EPA Method 425.1 amafotokoza mfundo imeneyi yochotsa zinthu ndipo amanena momveka bwino kuti mayesowo sangathe kusiyanitsa mitundu yofanana ya ma surfactant ndi ma isomer. Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa madzi akumwa, madzi a pamwamba pa nthaka, ndi zonyansa zochokera m'nyumba ndi m'mafakitale, koma osati madzi amchere. Malire ogwiritsira ntchito amenewa ndi a njira imeneyo; sayenera kungogwiritsidwa ntchito pa mayeso onse a ma surfactant ogulitsidwa.

Zotsatira zimadalira chinthu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhazikitsa miyezo yoyerekezera. Ngati malo oyesera amagwiritsa ntchito linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, kapena LAS, monga muyezo, “mg/L monga LAS” imafotokoza yankho lomwe lapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya chinthu choyerekezera chimenecho. Sizitsimikizira kuti zinthu zonse zomwe zapereka yankho ndi LAS. Mukamayerekezera zotsatira za malo oyesera osiyanasiyana, nthawi zonse funsani chinthu chomwe chinagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhazikitsa miyezo ndi maziko omwe zotsatira zafotokozedwera.

Kodi malo oyesera ayenera kutchula njira iti?

Pa mayeso otsatira Clean Water Act ya ku United States, tebulo la njira zamakono la 40 CFR 136.3 limatchula Standard Methods 5540 C-2021 ndi ASTM D2330-20 poyeza ma surfactant pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa methylene blue. Tsimikizirani chilolezo chomwe chikugwira ntchito ndi mitundu ya mayeso yomwe malo oyeserawo amaloledwa kuchita musanayitanitse kuyesa kotsimikizira kutsatira malamulo.

EPA 425.1 ikadali yothandiza monga chikalata cha mbiri yakale, koma mawu ake akale onena za kuvomerezedwa sangalowe m'malo mwa kuyang'ana tebulo lamakono. Kungonena kuti “njira ya MBAS” sikukwanira pofotokoza njira: lembani nambala ya njira ndi mtundu wake wosinthidwa mu lipoti.

Komanso siyanitsani MBAS ndi mayeso ena a ma surfactant oyezera mtundu. Mwachitsanzo, Hach imanena kuti Method 8028 ndi njira ya crystal violet. Kufanana kwa mitundu ya zitsanzo kapena mayunitsi ofotokozera zotsatira sikutanthauza kuti njira ziwiri zochotsera zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osiyanasiyana zingalowe m'malo mwa wina ndi mnzake.

Ndondomeko ya mayeso: pamene chisankho chilichonse chimakhudza kuyeza

Chidule cha 5540 C cha National Environmental Methods Index chimafotokoza kuchotsa zinthu katatu pogwiritsa ntchito chloroform kuchokera m'chitsanzo cha m'madzi chomwe chakonzedwa kukhala cha asidi, kutsuka zomwe zachotsedwazo ndi madzi, ndi kuyeza pa 652 nm. Ndondomeko ili pansipa ikufotokoza cholinga cha ntchito zimenezi. Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala oyesera ndi mfundo zovomerezera zotsatira ziyenera kuchokera m'ndondomeko yovomerezedwa ndi yoyang'aniridwa ya malo oyeserawo.

Gawo	Zimene zimachitika	Zoyenera kulemba kapena kuyang'ana
1. Fotokozani chitsanzo	Sankhani malo otengera chitsanzo ndi gawo la chitsanzo lofunika.	Mtundu wa madzi, nthawi yotengera chitsanzo, zolimba zooneka, ndi kukonzekera kulikonse kusanayesedwe.
2. Khazikitsani muyezo woyerekezera	Konzani miyezo yodziwika ndi zitsanzo zopanda chinthu choyezedwa monga momwe zalembedwera.	Dzina la chinthu chokhazikitsira miyezo, maziko ofotokozera kuchuluka kwake, ndi malire a kuyeza.
3. Chotsani mapeya a ayoni	Phatikizani chitsanzo chokonzedwacho ndi methylene blue ndi chloroform potsatira ndondomeko yochotsa zinthu yomwe yaperekedwa.	Kutenga bwino gawo lofunika la zosungunulira ndi vuto lililonse la kulekanitsa.
4. Tsukani ndi kuyeza	Tsukani zomwe zachotsedwazo ndi madzi ndipo werengani kuyamwa kwake kwa kuwala pa kutalika kwa funde komwe kwatchulidwa.	Kutsuka kokwanira, mmene selo yoyezera kuwala ilili, ndi yankho la chipangizo.
5. Unikani kuvomerezeka kwa zotsatira	Gwiritsani ntchito miyezo yoyerekezera ndi mawerengedwe a kuchepetsa mphamvu ya chitsanzo powonjezera chosungunulira, kenako unikani zowongolera khalidwe.	Malire a kuchuluka komwe kungafotokozedwe, mayunitsi, chiwerengero cha kuchepetsako, ndi zoletsa kutanthauzira chifukwa cha zinthu zina za m'chitsanzo.

Kutanthauzira chiwerengero chomaliza kumadalira mmene zolembedwa zimenezi zilili. Mzere woyerekezera wogwira bwino ntchito umatsimikizira yankho la chipangizo ku miyezo yodziwika. Iwo wokha sutsimikizira kuti madzi onyansa a m'mafakitale amachita mofanana ndi miyezo imeneyo.

Zosokoneza kuyeza zingawonjezere kapena kuchepetsa zotsatira

Kusokonezaku kumakhudza zochitika za mankhwala komanso kuwala. Zinthu zina zingatenge utoto kupita nawo m'chosungunulira, pamene zina zimalepheretsa chinthu chomwe chikufunidwa kuchita zimenezo. Zokambirana za njira ya EPA zimatchula magulu angapo a zinthu za organic ndi ayoni a inorganic omwe amapereka yankho. Chidule cha NEMI chimafotokozanso ma cation omwe amapikisana ndi kumamatira kwa zinthu pamwamba pa tinthu.

Chosokoneza kuyeza kapena mkhalidwe	Zotsatira zomwe zingachitike	Zoyang'ana potanthauzira
Zinthu zina zomwe zingachotsedwe ndipo zimagwira ntchito ndi methylene blue	Chizindikiro chowonjezera chomwe chimawerengedwa ngati cha surfactant	Pewani kunena kuti yankho lonse lachokera ku chinthu chimodzi chotchulidwa.
Nitrate kapena chloride	Zotsatira zokwera kuposa zenizeni m'njira zomwe zingakhudzidwe	Yang'anani zinthu za m'chitsanzo ndi kutsuka komwe kwatchulidwa m'ndondomeko.
Ma surfactant a cationic kapena ma amine	Yankho lochepa chifukwa cha mpikisano popanga mapeya a ayoni	Fufuzani zosakaniza zosiyanasiyana ndi kulephera kupezanso kuchuluka koyenera kwa chinthu chodziwika chowonjezeredwa m'chitsanzo.
Tinthu toyandama m'madzi	Yankho lochepa la gawo la madzi chifukwa cha kumamatira pamwamba pa tinthu	Lembani ngati zolimba zinalipo kapena zinachotsedwa.
Thovu kapena kumamatira pa chidebe	Gawo lotengedwa la chitsanzo silikuimiranso chitsanzo chonse choyambirira	Unikani kutenga chitsanzo, kusakaniza, ndi kutengamo zitsanzo zing'onozing'ono.

Chitsanzo chothandiza kwambiri chimachokera ku kafukufuku wa USGS wa njira yake yakale ya MBAS. Zitsanzo zowongolera khalidwe zomwe zinali ndi nitrate koma zopanda zinthu zina za MBAS zinapereka yankho losonyeza kuti zinthu zilipo. Ofufuzawo anatsimikizira kuti nitrate ndi chloride zinkasokoneza kuyeza ndipo anayambitsa njira yokhala ndi gawo lotsuka chosungunulira. Anachenjeza kuti mgwirizano wooneka pakati pa MBAS ndi nitrate ukhoza kusonyeza kusokoneza kwa kuyeza komweko.

Izi ndi zomwe zinapezeka kale pa ndondomeko inayake, osati umboni wakuti zotsatira zonse za MBAS za masiku ano ndi zokondera. Phunziro lake lothandiza ndi kufunsa ngati mgwirizano ungayambire mkati mwa mayesowo musanaufotokoze ngati njira yomwe ikuchitika m'chilengedwe.

Samalirani zitsanzo monga gawo la kuyeza

Ma surfactant amachulukana pamalo omwe zinthu ziwiri zimakumana. Malangizo a NEMI amachenjeza kuti thovu lingachepetse ma surfactant m'madzi omwe ali pansi pake, komanso kuti kumamatira pa makoma a chidebe kungakhale kofunika pamene kuchuluka kwake kuli kochepa. Musachotse thovu pamwamba n'kumaganiza kuti madzi otsalawo ndi ofanana ndi chitsanzo chomwe chinatengedwa.

Pa malamulo a ku United States omwe atchulidwa, Table II ya 40 CFR 136.3 imafuna kuziziritsa zitsanzo za ma surfactant kufika pa 6 °C kapena pansi pake ndi nthawi yosungira yosapitirira maola 48, potsatira mfundo za m'mawu ake a m'munsi. Konzani mabotolo, mayendedwe, ndi kulandiridwa ku malo oyesera musanatenge zitsanzo. Kuchotsa zinthu kochitidwa molondola sikungabwezeretse zinthu zomwe zinatayika potenga kapena posungira chitsanzo.

Werengani zowongolera khalidwe musanagwiritse ntchito chiwerengerocho

Malamulo owongolera khalidwe a 40 CFR 136.7 amatchula zowongolera monga zitsanzo zopanda chinthu choyezedwa, kuyang'ana miyezo yoyerekezera, zitsanzo zowongolera za malo oyesera, zitsanzo zowonjezeredwa zinthu zodziwika, ndi zitsanzo zobwereza. Ntchito zake zimasiyana. Chitsanzo chopanda chinthu choyezedwa chimayang'ana kuipitsidwa; chitsanzo chowonjezeredwa chinthu chodziwika chimayang'ana ngati chinthucho chingapezekenso kuchokera m'chitsanzocho; chitsanzo chobwereza chimayang'ana ngati kuyeza mobwereza kungapereke zotsatira zofanana.

Ganizirani chitsanzo choyerekezera njira: madzi olowa akufotokozedwa kukhala ndi 1.0 mg/L monga LAS ndipo otuluka ali ndi 0.2 mg/L monga LAS. Kuwerengera kumasonyeza kutsika kwa 80% kwa kuchuluka kwa MBAS komwe kwafotokozedwa. Musananene kuti uku ndi kuchotsedwa kwa ma surfactant kwa 80%, onetsetsani kuti zitsanzozo zikuimira mikhalidwe ya njira yomwe ingayerekezereke, zimagwiritsa ntchito maziko ofanana ofotokozera zotsatira, ndipo zowongolera zake ndi zovomerezeka. Kutsika kwa kuchuluka pa lita sikutsimikiziranso kuchepa kwa 80% kwa kulemera konse kwa zinthu zotulutsidwa ngati kuchuluka kwa madzi oyenda kwasintha.

Zotsatira zomwe zili pansi pa malire ofotokozera zimatanthauza kuti malo oyeserawo sangathe kuyeza kuchuluka kwa MBAS modalirika pansi pa mlingo womwe watchulidwa. Sizitsimikizira kuti chitsanzocho chilibe ma surfactant kapena kuti chikukwaniritsa zofunikira zonse za khalidwe la madzi.

Posankha njira, yambani ndi malangizo a methylene blue poyesa ndi kusanthula. Pokonzekera ntchito ya malo oyesera, gwiritsani ntchito malangizo oyenera a kasamalidwe ka mankhwala ndi chitetezo cha malo oyesera. Pemphani njira yosanthula yodziwika kwa chinthu chenicheni pamene chisankho chikufuna kuzindikiritsa surfactant inayake m'malo moyeza yankho lophatikiza la zinthu zosiyanasiyana ku utoto.