Tuhinga
Te whakamātautau whakahekenga kikorangi metilīni mō te wai o te puku tuatahi
Ka waea mai tētahi wahine kātahi anō ka puta i te whare wānanga i tētahi pāmu, he ngongo kikorangi kei tōna ringa. Tekau meneti ki muri i tāpirihia e ia te kikorangi metilīni ki te wai o te puku tuatahi, ā, kei reira tonu te tae kikorangi. Ka pātai ia mehemea me hoatu anō he waikano ki te kau.
E whakaatu ana taua pātai i tētahi māramatanga hē. I te whakamātautau whakahekenga kikorangi metilīni mō te wai o te puku tuatahi, ka kuhua te waikano ki te ngongo, kaua rawa ki te kararehe. Kei roto i te ngongo te katoa o te whakamātautau. Mā te ine i te wā e ngaro ai te tae kikorangi ka mōhiotia tētahi āhuatanga o ngā moroiti i taua tauira, ehara i te maimoatanga e hiahiatia ana e te kararehe.
E mārama ana te take o te rangirua, nā te mea e whakamahia ana te kikorangi metilīni i roto i ngā horopaki haumanu kararehe motuhake e toru. Ka wehewehea aua horopaki i tēnei tuhinga, ka whakaaturia hoki me pēhea te whakamāori i te wā whakahekenga i te taha o te pH, ngā kararehe pūtau-kotahi, te kounga o te tango tauira, me ngā tohu haumanu.
He aha tā te whakamātautau e ine nei
He kikorangi te kikorangi metilīni ina hāoratia, ā, ka tata kore tae ina whakahekea. He kaha te āheinga whakaheke o te wai hou o te puku tuatahi nō tētahi kararehe hauora, nā te mea e kaha ana ngā huakita hāora-kore ki te whakapūkara i te kai. Ina whakaranua he waikano iti ki taua wai, ka tangohia te tae e te pākia o ngā huakita i roto i ētahi meneti ruarua.
Nō reira, he māmā te mātāpono whakahaere: ka hohoro te whakakore a te taupori moroiti hāora-kore e kaha ana ki te mahi i te tae kikorangi, ā, ka pōturi te whakakore a te taupori kāore e kaha ana ki te mahi, kua tūkinotia rānei. Ko te wā poto e tohu ana i te kaha ake o te āheinga whakaheke i taua tauira. Ko te wā roa e tohu ana i te ngoikore o te mahi a ngā moroiti, mēnā i tika te tango me te whakahaere i te tauira.
Kāore tēnei e ine tōtika i te pūmanawa hāoratanga-whakahekenga o te puku tuatahi. I tētahi rangahau tikanga mō ngā kau, i whakatauritea te whakamātautau whakahekenga ki ngā inenga tōtika i te mirihiko. Kāore i kitea he hononga rārangi i waenga i te wā whakahekenga me te pūmanawa hāoratanga-whakahekenga i inea. Ko te whakatau, kaua ngā inenga e rua e whakaarotia hei inenga whakawhiti mō te taurangi kotahi. Kei PubMed te whakarāpopototanga o te whakatauritetanga katoa. Whakaarohia te whakamātautau whakahekenga hei whakamātautau i te mahi a te taupori moroiti, kaua hei kawehiko utu iti.
E whakatakoto ana te whakamārama a Merck/MSD mō te kūnatu hē māmā i ngā kararehe whakahoki kai i te wā whakahekenga roa ki roto i te huinga tohu kotahi me te pH rerekē o te puku tuatahi me te iti iho o ngā kararehe pūtau-kotahi. Kāore he uara kotahi e whakatau i te mate. Mā te huinga tohu kē e whakatau.
He tikanga paerewa i te taha o te kararehe
He paku rerekē ngā tikanga i waenga i ngā kura, nō reira tuhia ngā rōrahi me te pāmahana pū e whakamahia ana e koe, ā, whakatauritea ngā hua nō taua tikanga anake. Ko tētahi putanga e whakaakona whānuitia ana:
- Tangohia kia 10 ki te 20 mL i te iti rawa o te wai hou o te puku tuatahi, me te whakaiti i te huware, te pānga ki te hau, me te mātaotao. Whakamātauria wawe.
- Whakaritea he kikorangi metilīni 0.03 ōrau, arā, he 0.3 mg mō ia mL.
- Tāpirihia he waikano e rite ana ki te 5 ōrau o te rōrahi wai. Arā, he 1.0 mL waikano ki te 20 mL wai, he 0.5 mL waikano rānei ki te 10 mL wai. He ōrite te ōwehenga wai ki te waikano o ēnei mea e rua, arā, 20 ki te 1.
- Waiho he ngongo tuarua o te wai kāore anō kia tāpirihia he waikano, nō taua tauira anō, hei tauira whakahaere mō te tae.
- Āta whakaranua, tīmata tonu i te ine wā, ā, puritia te ngongo ki tētahi pāmahana e tata ana ki te pāmahana tinana, tata ki te 37 ki te 39 nekehanga Celsius, e ai ki te tikanga ā-rohe.
- Tuhia te wā kia ōrite ai te ngongo whakamātautau ki te tauira whakahaere. Tērā pea ka mau tonu tētahi mowhiti kikorangi angiangi i te mata e pā ana ki te hau, nā te mea ka hāoratatia anō te waikano ki reira e te hāora. Kaua e tatari kia ngaro taua mowhiti.
Ka whakamārama te matū hāoratanga-whakahekenga o te kikorangi metilīni i te take e whai pānga ai te hāora i konei. Mā te kaha o te rūrū, te whānui o te waha tuwhera o te ngongo, te roa rānei o te whakaroa, ka uru te hāora, ka roa ake hoki te mau o te tae kikorangi i tōna mau ki roto tonu i te puku tuatahi. He mea nui ngā taipitopito o te tikanga tango wai o te puku tuatahi kia kore ai e whakapokea mō taua take anō. Ka waimehatia te tauira e te huware, ka piki hoki te pH. Nō reira, ina whakamahia he ngongo puku, he maha ngā kaiwhakaora kararehe ka whakarere i te wāhanga tuatahi mēnā he nui tonu te wai ka taea te tango.
He aha tā ngā kitenga rerekē e ine nei
Kotahi anake te pātai ka whakautua e te wā whakahekenga. E whakaatu ana te aromatawai puku tuatahi i raro nei i te āwhina a ia kitenga i te taha o te kararehe. Whakamahia te rārangi katoa, kaua te pūtau kotahi.
| Kitenga | He aha tāna e ine nei | Kitenga noa i te taha o te kararehe | Ngā take whakararuraru noa |
|---|---|---|---|
| Te wā whakahekenga kikorangi metilīni | Te kaha whakaheke o ngā huakita hāora-kore e mahi ana i roto i te tauira | Mō ngā kau, he 2 ki te 6 meneti i te nuinga o te wā; mō ngā hipi me ngā koati, he tere ake i te nuinga o te wā. Ka whakamahia te 6 meneti hei paepae whaihua mō te mahi rawaka, ā, he tino rerekē i te noa ngā wā neke atu i te 10 meneti | He tauira mātao, kua whakaroatia, kua pā ki te hau, kua waimehatia rānei e te huware; he iti ngā matū hei pākia i muri i te kore hiahia kai mō te wā roa; ngā rongoā patu moroiti mā te waha; te whakataurite i ngā ōwehenga waikano, ngā pāmahana rānei e rerekē ana |
| Te pH o te puku tuatahi | Te taiao matū, te nui o te waikawa, o te pāpāhua rānei | Mō ngā kau e whāngaia ana ki te kai muka nui, he tata ki te 6.0 ki te 7.2 i te nuinga o te wā; he maha ngā pukapuka mō ngā kararehe whakahoki kai iti e tohu ana i te 6.5 ki te 7.5; ka huri te uara i runga i te kai me te wā mai i te whāngai | Ka piki te pH o ngā tauira i tangohia mā te ngongo puku nā te poke huware; te ngaronga o te hauhā i muri i te tango; ka heke te pH nā te whāngai witi |
| Te maha me te nekeneke o ngā kararehe pūtau-kotahi | Te āhua ora o te taupori kararehe pūtau-kotahi whai makawe, otirā ngā momo nunui e tairongo ana ki ngā whakararu | He maha ngā rauropi o ngā rahi rerekē, e kaha ana te neke ki tētahi ahunga i roto i tētahi pata hou, mahana | Ka pōturi te nekeneke nā te mātaotao; ka taea e te waikawatanga taumaha te whakakore i ngā kararehe pūtau-kotahi; mā te whakaroa ka āhua pōturi te tauira noa |
| Te haunga, te tae, me te āhua o te wai | Te āhua o te whakapūkaratanga me te whakapoke | He wai paku kakara, he parauri kākāriki, he paku tāpiapia | He haunga pirau, he haunga kawa rānei ina tino raruraru te taurite o ngā moroiti; he wai tino waimeha, he wai nui rawa te huware rānei i muri i te tango tauira hē |
| Ngā kōpeketanga o te puku tuatahi me te hiahia kai | Te mahi a ngā puku o mua me te kai a te kararehe katoa | He kōpeketanga auau, he whakahoki kai pūmau i roto i tētahi kararehe mataara | He panoni tata o te kai, te mamae, te maroketanga, te māuiui puta noa i te tinana |
Ko te ripanga te tino aronga. Ko te wā whakahekenga roa, me ngā kararehe pūtau-kotahi pōturi, me te pH rerekē, me ngā kōpeketanga ngoikore, e tohu ana i te ngoikore tūturu o te mahi a ngā moroiti. Ki te roa anake te wā i roto i tētahi kararehe mataara e whakahoki kai ana, ā, e kaha ana ngā kararehe pūtau-kotahi ki te mahi, ko te tauira kē te take e whakapaetia ana, kaua ko te puku tuatahi. Tangohia anō he tauira i mua i te mahi.
Te whakamāori i te wā i te taha o te pH me te hītori
Mā te kai e whakarite te uara taketake. Ka tere te whakapūkara o ngā kai he nui ngā kai kukū, ā, ka taea te whakakore i te tae o te waikano i roto i te kotahi meneti pea. Ka hia meneti kē pea mō ngā kai tarutaru maroke, ahakoa he hauora ngā kararehe. Nō reira, kāore te wā tere anake e whakaū ana i te hauora pai ake. E whakaū ana kē i te tūtakitanga o te nui ake o ngā matū ka taea te whakapūkara ki ngā moroiti e kaha ana ki te mahi.
Ka whati taua ia māmā nā te nui rawa o te witi kua kainga. Tērā pea ka tino kaha te whakapūkaratanga o ngā warowaihā i te tīmatanga, kātahi ka pēhia te taupori moroiti noa me ngā kararehe pūtau-kotahi e te tūkino waikawa, ka roa hoki te whakahekenga. Koia tētahi ture whakaako e kī ana kāore te whakamātautau e whai mana ina kei raro te pH o te puku tuatahi i te 5.5 pea. I taua wā kua rerekē te taupori moroiti e whakamātauria ana.
He aratohu whaihua mō ngā huinga tohu:
- Ko te pH noa me te whakahekenga i roto i te 6 meneti pea e tohu ana i tētahi taupori moroiti e kaha ana ki te mahi.
- Ko te pH noa me te whakahekenga tino roa e tohu ana i te ngoikore o te mahi nā te kore hiahia kai, te pānga o ngā rongoā patu moroiti, tētahi tauira kua raruraru rānei.
- He maha ngā wā ka whai mai te pH tiketike me te whakahekenga roa i te kore hiahia kai mō te wā roa, i te mea he iti ngā matū hei pākia. Engari whakaarohia hoki te poke huware nā te ngongo.
- Ko te pH iti me te ngoikore o te mahi a ngā kararehe pūtau-kotahi e whakaarahia ana te māharahara mō te raruraru taurite moroiti e pā ana ki ngā warowaihā. He āwhina ngā aratohu whakamāori pH o te puku tuatahi i konei. Ko ngā uara kei raro i te 5.5, me te ngoikore puta noa i te tinana, e tohu ana ki te nui rawa o te witi kua kainga me te waikawatanga taumaha, kaua ki te kūnatu hē māmā.
Tuhia i ngā wā katoa ngā tetrasaihikini i hoatu tata nei mā te waha, ngā katote-kawe i roto i te kai, ngā rongoā patu moroiti i whakamahia mō te wā roa kia pā puta noa i te tinana, ngā panoni ohorere o te kai, te roa o te kore hiahia kai, me te nui o te wai e inumia ana. E āta whakatūpato ana te pukapuka MSD ka tino pēhia te taupori moroiti o te puku tuatahi e ngā tetrasaihikini mā te waha. Ka āta whakamahia ngā katote-kawe hei whakarerekē i ngā taupori huakita. Ki te kore taua hītori, kāore e taea te whakamāori i tētahi wā roa.
Me ōrite te hiranga o te kounga o te tango tauira. I kitea i roto i ngā rangahau whakahaere he tiketike ake te pH, he iti iho hoki ngā waikawa ngako whakaeto, o ngā tauira ngongo puku i ērā o ngā tauira i tangohia mā te ngongo urunga pūmau nō ngā kararehe kotahi, nā te huware te nuinga o taua rerekētanga. I tino roa ake te wā whakahekenga i te 60 meneti i muri i te tango mō ia rōrahi i whakamātauria, ā, ko ngā tauira iti ngā mea i tino pāngia. Tangohia kia 10 mL i te iti rawa, whakamātauria i roto i te 30 meneti, whakahaerehia wawe te whakamātautau whakahekenga, puritia te tauira kia mahana, ā, whakaitihia te pānga ki te hau.
E toru ngā whakamahinga kia kaua e rangiruatia
Kotahi te waikano, e toru ngā pūnaha rerekē.
Tuatahi, ko te whakamātautau wai o te puku tuatahi kua whakamāramatia i konei. Ko te tauira, ko te wai o te puku tuatahi kua tangohia. Ka tāpirihia te waikano ki waho o te tinana i te 0.03 ōrau. Ko te paearu mutunga, ko te wā kia ngaro ai te tae. Ko te kaupapa, ko te aromatawai i te kaha whakaheke o ngā moroiti e mahi ana.
Tuarua, ko te kikorangi metilīni ka hoatu ki tētahi kararehe whakahoki kai e ora ana. Ko te tauira whakamahinga kua whakapūmautia, ko te maimoatanga mā te ia toto mō te paihana pākawa, pākawa-iti rānei me te metahaemoglobinemia, arā, te āhua e whakahokia ai e te rongoā te haemoglobin e taea ana te mahi. Ka whai mana ngā ture mō te horopeta, te hanganga o te rongoā, ngā toenga rongoā, me te wā tatari i mua i te whakamahi i ngā hua kararehe. Kāore taua whakatau e pā ana ki te ine wā i tētahi ngongo. Ki te whakamahia te waikano hei tohu whai i roto i te tinana i tētahi tukanga motuhake, ko te mātāpono ko te ara e haere ai te waikano, kaua ko te tere e whakahekea ai e ngā moroiti o te puku tuatahi.
Tuatoru, ko te whakamātautau whakahekenga miraka. Ko te tauira, ko te miraka. Ka tāpirihia te waikano ki te tauira miraka. Ko te ngaronga tere o te tae kikorangi e tohu ana i te nuinga o te wā i te kaha ake o te mahi a ngā moroiti me te ngoikore ake o te kounga rokiroki. Ko te whakahekenga pōturi e tohu ana i te kounga pai ake. Nō te mātai moroiti kai me te whakamātautau kounga miraka tēnei, kaua nō te haumanu puku tuatahi, ā, ehara i te tatau huakita.
Mā te āta whakahua i ngā ingoa ka āraia te hapa: te wā whakahekenga wai o te puku tuatahi, te maimoatanga kikorangi metilīni ka pā puta noa i te tinana, te whakamahinga rānei hei tohu whai, me te whakamātautau whakahekenga miraka. Kotahi te rerenga kōrero e mau ai te ture haumaru. Ka noho te waikano mō te whakamātautau puku tuatahi ki roto i te ngongo taiwhanga, ā, ka whakarerea taua ngongo. Kāore rawa e hoatu ki te kararehe hei whakahaere i te whakamātautau.
He ture poto mō te waea mai i te pāmu
Whakatauritea te waikano ki te paerewa 0.03 ōrau me te 1 wāhanga waikano ki te 20 wāhanga wai, whakamātauria te wai hou ki tētahi pāmahana e tata ana ki te pāmahana tinana mā te whakataurite ki tētahi tauira whakahaere kāore i tāpirihia he waikano, ā, whakamāoritia ngā meneti i te taha o te pH, te nekeneke o ngā kararehe pūtau-kotahi, te kounga o te tango tauira, te kai, ngā rongoā, ngā kōpeketanga, te hiahia kai, ngā tūtae, me te āhua o te wai i roto i te tinana. Kāore te tau kotahi e whakatau i te kūnatu hē. Mā te huinga tohu e hāngai ana tētahi ki tētahi kē e whakatau.