Tuhinga
Te whakamātautau urunga waikano kikorangi metilīni: he aha tā te ipu iti kāore he waikano e whakaū ai
Ka ui tētahi whakamātautau urunga waikano kikorangi metilīni mēnā ka taea e tētahi wairewa waikano o waho te uru ki tētahi takai hiri i raro i ngā tikanga whakawero kua tautuhia. Ka taea e te waikano kikorangi i roto i tētahi ampūle, ipu iti rānei, te tohu i tētahi pakaru. Ki te kore he waikano e kitea, ko te tikanga kāore te whakamātautau i kite i te urunga i raro i aua tikanga. Kāore tērā anake e whakaū ana he kore moroiti te hua.
Mā taua rerekētanga e whakatau te āhua o te hoahoa whakamātautau. He māmā te hanga whakaaturanga ā-kanohi e whakaponohia ana mā tētahi ipu iti pakaru. He nui kē atu te mahi hei whakaatu ka taea e tētahi tikanga te kite pono i ngā koha e hāngai ana ki tētahi hua motuhake.
Whāia te waikano mā roto i te takai
I tētahi whakamātautau rumaki noa, ka whakatakotoria ngā ipu hiri ki tētahi puna waikano, ā, ka tukuna ki tētahi raupapa pēhanga kua whakaritea. Mā te whakaheke i te pēhanga o waho ka puta pea te haurehu i tētahi ipu turuturu. Mā te whakahoki i te pēhanga i te wā e rumakina tonutia ana te ipu ka panaia pea te wairewa waikano ki roto. Kātahi ka horoia te taha o waho, ā, ka tirohia ngā mea o roto mā te kanohi, ka tātarihia rānei kia kitea ai te matū whaiwhai.
He mea nui te ara katoa: me tae te whakawero ki tētahi turuturu, me whakawhiti te wai mā reira, ā, me nui tonu te waikano o roto kia kitea ai. Ka kore pea te whakamātautau e tutuki i tētahi o aua wāhanga. Kāore pea tētahi hongere iti kua āraia e te hua, e te haurehu mau rānei, e mahi pērā i tētahi kōhao tuwhera he ōrite te diameter ā-ingoa.
Mō tētahi ampūle karāhe kua hiritia mā te whakarewa, ko te koha e hāngai ana he kapiti pea, he hiri kāore i oti rānei. Mō tētahi ipu iti whai puru, kei roto hoki i te pūnaha te āhua o te ngutu karāhe, te rauemi rapa-tāwariwari, me te āhua o te whakamau i te katinga. Ko te whakamātautau i te āheinga o tētahi puru kua werohia ki te hiri anō e aro ana ki tētahi atu pātai mō te wā whakamahi. He raruraru takai ēnei e pā ana ki a rātou anō, engari ehara i te tauira whakamātautau ka taea te whakawhitiwhiti noa.
He wāhanga te kukūtanga o tētahi tikanga, ehara ko te tikanga katoa
Kāore he whakautu kotahi ki te pātai “He aha te kukūtanga o te kikorangi metilīni e whakamahia ana mō tētahi whakamātautau turuturu?” ki te kore e tautuhia te tukanga. Ka mahi ngātahi te kukūtanga waikano, te hanganga wairewa, te wā whakapā, te pēhanga, te rōrahi whakakī, me te tikanga kite.
E whakaahua ana tētahi tuhinga pūranga a USP Pharmacopeial Forum nō 2008 i tētahi wairewa 0.1%, e whakahuatia ana hei 1 g/L, mō tētahi whakamātautau motuhake i te āheinga hiri-whaiaro o tētahi katinga rapa-tāwariwari. Ehara taua tauira o mua i te tohutaka whānui mō ngā ampūle, ngā pūwero whakakī-mua, ngā pūnaha ipu iti katoa rānei o nāianei.
Mō te kōwhiri tikanga i nāianei, ka whakarato te upoko 1207 o USP i te anga mō te tōtikatanga o te takai mō ngā hua kore moroiti, ā, ka aro te upoko 1207.2 ki ngā hangarau whakamātautau turuturu. Ka āta whakatūpato tōna kupu whakataki i ngā kaipānui kia tirohia te whānuitanga me ngā putanga hou rawa o ngā paerewa kua tohutoroa. Ka aro te upoko 382 o USP ki te tika ā-mahi o ngā pūnaha takai mō ngā hua tuku mā te werohanga e whai wāhanga rapa-tāwariwari ana. Kāore e taea e tētahi hukihuki awheawhe tawhito te whakakapi i te tuhinga whaimana e hāngai ana me tētahi tukanga kua whakamanaia.
Nō reira, ko te pātai ā-mahi: ka kitea e tēnei tikanga katoa te turuturu e hāngai ana ki tēnei hua me tēnei takai? Kāore te kōwhiri i tētahi puna waikano pōuri ake e whakautu i tēnā. Tuhia te hanganga me te kukūtanga o te wairewa kia mārama pū, tae atu ki ngā matū tāpiri me te pūtake o ngā ōrau katoa.
Mā ngā tauira whakahaere e wehe ai te hua whaihua i te whakamātautau kāore i tutuki
Whakamahia tēnei rerenga mahi whakamāori hua ina arotake ana i tētahi tikanga, pūrongo whakamātautau rānei. Me whakapūmau ngā tuakiri o ngā tauira whakahaere me ngā paearu whakaae i mua i te whakamāori i ngā hua o ngā tauira kāore anō kia mōhiotia.
| Wāhanga | Taunakitanga e hiahiatia ana | Ki te ngaro te taunakitanga | Whakatau hē hei karo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tautuhia te whāinga | Te hua, te whirihoranga takai, te wāhanga o te huringa ora, me te āwangawanga turuturu | Ka whakautu pea te whakamātautau i te pātai takai hē | “E tika ana ngā whakamātautau turuturu katoa.” |
| Whakamātauria te ara mā te whakawero | Ngā takai whai koha e mōhiotia ana, e tohu ana i te āheinga e kīia ana mō te tikanga | Ka tohu pea tētahi tauira kāore he waikano, kāore anō kia mōhiotia, i te whakawero kāore i whai hua | “I mahi te tauira whakahaere pakaru nui, nō reira ka kitea ngā koha iti.” |
| Tirohia te tohu papamuri | Ngā tauira whakahaere tōraro tōtika kua whakahaeretia tahi me ngā tauira | Ka pōhēhētia pea te parahanga o waho, te tae o te ranunga rānei, hei urunga | “I puta mai ia tohu kikorangi mā tētahi turuturu.” |
| Tirohia te pānuitanga | Ngā mea o roto kua tāpirihia he waikano, ngā paerewa tātari e tika ana rānei | Ka huna pea ngā mea o roto i tētahi kukūtanga waikano iti | “Mā te taputapu tairongo e whakaū he whakamātautau takai tairongo.” |
| Whakamāoritia te hua o te tauira | Ngā tauira whakahaere whaimana me tētahi ture whakatau kua tautuhia i mua | Me whakatewhatewha te hua | “Ko te kore waikano he kore moroiti, he kore matū whakakirikā hoki.” |
He rerekē ngā pātai e whakautua ana e tētahi tauira kua tāpirihia he waikano me tētahi takai kua āta whakakohatia. Ka ui te tāpiritanga waikano mēnā ka kitea te waikano kei roto kē. Ka ui te takai whai koha mēnā ka taea e te waikano te uru, kātahi ka kitea mā te rerenga mahi katoa. Me wehe e tētahi rangahau pū ngā āheinga e rua.
He māmā te rangirua i ngā paepae kite e rua
Ko te paepae kite ā-tātari e pā ana ki te nui o te waikano ka taea e te pānuitanga te wehe i te tohu papamuri. Ko te āheinga kite o te whakamātautau takai e pā ana ki ngā koha ka kitea e te tikanga katoa, me te tōtika o taua kitenga i ia wā. Kāore tētahi paepae ā-tātari tino pai e whakaora i tētahi whakawero kāore e kawe i te waikano mā tētahi turuturu e hāngai ana.
Koinei te take e hāngai ai ngā hua urunga waikano ki te tūponotanga: kāore te noho mai o tētahi koha e whakaū ka kitea te whakawhitinga o te matū whaiwhai i ia whakawero. Me whai whakamātautau tāruarua me ngā koha kua āta tautuhia ō rātou āhuatanga hei whakapūmau i te mahinga, kaua ko te whakarite i tētahi rahinga kōhao iti rawa e hāngai ana ki ngā pūnaha katoa.
Ka whakaatu te rangahau taketake i te whakawhirinaki ki te pūnaha. I tētahi rangahau o ngā pūwero whakakī-mua i 2016, i pūrongo a Lu me ōna hoa kāore te kikorangi metilīni i tika mō te kite pono i ngā pakaru iti i ngā pūwero whai hua rongoā i tirotirohia e rātou. I whakawhanake rātou i tētahi huarahi e whakamahi ana i te waikano kōrekoreko me te kitenga mā te tātari tūāwhiorangi. E tautoko ana taua kitenga i te arotake ngātahi i te matū whaiwhai me te pānuitanga; kāore e whakapūmau i tētahi tikanga whakakapi kotahi mō ngā takai katoa.
I whakamahia e tētahi atu rangahau urunga waikano i whakaputaina i 2000 te FD&C Red No. 40, ehara i te kikorangi metilīni, ā, i whakatauritea te urunga waikano me te urunga moroiti mā ngā ipu iti kua pakaru, kua whakaurua hoki he ngongo moroiti. Ahakoa he rite te tairongo i taua pūnaha whakamātau, ehara i te mea he ōrite ia kawa waikano kikorangi ki tētahi whakawero moroiti.
Kia wehe tonu ngā pātai kounga e whā
Te turuturu o te takai: Ka taea e tētahi matū te whakawhiti i te rohe o te takai i raro i ngā tikanga whakamātautau? Ka whakarato te urunga waikano i te taunakitanga mō tēnei pātai.
Te tōtikatanga o te ārai moroiti: Ka taea e te takai te pupuri i tōna ārai moroiti i roto i ngā tikanga rokiroki me ngā tikanga whakamahi e hāngai ana? Hei hono i tētahi whakamātautau ā-tinana ki tēnei kerēme, me whai whakamārama whakamana e tika ana. E tautoko ana ngā aratohu FDA mō te whakamātautau tōtikatanga i roto i ngā kawa pūmautanga i ngā huarahi kua whakamanaia hei whakaatu ka mau tonu te tōtikatanga o te takai. Ka āta whakakore aua aratohu i te whakakapinga o te whakamātautau tuatahi i te kore moroiti o te hua: tērā pea kua whakakīa tētahi takai tōtika ki ngā matū kua poke.
Ngā matū whakakirikā me ngā tāoke ā-roto: Kāore te whakamātautau turuturu e ine i ēnei whakapoke. Ka whakarite ngā aratohu FDA mō ngā whakahaere whakaputa me te tukanga i te parahanga moroiti me te whakamātautau matū whakakirikā, tāoke ā-roto huakita rānei, hei whakaritenga kounga motuhake. Kāore tētahi hua waikano kāore e kitea he tae e whakarato i tētahi o aua inenga.
Te mauroa o te mata karāhe: Ka ātete pea tētahi ipu ki te turuturu, engari ka puta he matūriki, he tihorenga paparanga rānei, ki tōna mata o roto. Ka aro te upoko 1660 o USP ki te mauroa o te mata o roto me te hanganga o ngā matūriki karāhe. Ehara te whakatae mata, te whakamahi rānei i te karu whārahi hei tirotiro i te karāhe, i te kitenga ōrite ki te urunga o te waikano ki tētahi ipu iti hiri.
Hei whakamutunga, he rerekē te mea e tirohia ana, te whāinga, me te whakamāoritanga o ngā whakamātautau waikano haumanu mō ngā ara tūhono rerekē me ngā turuturu o ngā hanganga tinana. Kāore tētahi whakamātautau takai rongoā e whakarato i tētahi kawa haumanu. I roto i ngā whakamahinga ā-tātari o te kikorangi metilīni, he matū whaiwhai te waikano i konei: ka whakawhirinaki te whakatau ki te ara i whakamātauria me ōna tauira whakahaere, kaua ki te kitea, ki te kore rānei e kitea, te tae kikorangi anake.