Tuhinga
Te whakamātautau MBAS: te ine i ngā matū hohe-mata aniōni mā te kikorangi metilēni
Ka ine te whakamātautau MBAS i ngā matū e pāhekoheko ana ki te kikorangi metilēni i raro i tētahi tukanga tangohanga kua tautuhia. Ka whakamahia tēnei e ngā taiwhanga hei whakatau tata i ngā matū hohe-mata aniōni i roto i te wai. He inenga ā-rōpū tōna hua, ehara i te tautuhinga o ia rāpoi ngota hopiwē kei roto i te tauira.
He mea nui taua rerekētanga ina kī tētahi pūrongo “ngā matū hohe-mata aniōni hei MBAS.” Ka taea e tētahi hua te tautoko i te whakataurite i ngā tukanga maimoatanga, me te kore e whakatau ko tēhea matū hohe-mata kei reira. Ka rerekē hoki pea te hua nā te rerekētanga o te taiao matū o te tauira, ahakoa kāore i rerekē te kukū o te matū hohe-mata e whāia ana.
He aha tā te tohu kikorangi e ine ai
Ko te tikanga o MBAS ko ngā matū hohe ki te kikorangi metilēni. He waikano whai utanga tōrunga te kikorangi metilēni. Ka hono ngā matū whai utanga tōraro e tika ana ki taua waikano, kia hangaia he takirua katote ka taea te uru ki tētahi whakarewa waro. Ka ine te taiwhanga i te tae kikorangi i taua whakarewa, kaua ko te pānui noa i te tae o te wai taketake.
Ka whakamārama te whakaahuatanga hītori o te Tikanga EPA 425.1 i tēnei mātāpono tangohanga, ā, ka kī mārika kāore e taea e te whakamātautau te wehewehe ngā momo matū hohe-mata whai pānga me ngā inērite. Kei roto i tōna whānuitanga te wai inu, te wai mata, me ngā para ā-kāinga, ā-ahumahi hoki, engari kāore ngā wai tote e uru. Nō taua tikanga aua kōrero mō te whānuitanga; kaua e whakapae ka hāngai aunoa ki ia whakamātautau matū hohe-mata arumoni.
Kei te matū whakatika ā-paerewa te hua e whakawhirinaki ana. Ki te whakatika te taiwhanga mā te alkylbenzene sulfonate rārangi, arā, LAS, ka whakaatu te “mg/L hei LAS” i te urupare i kitea i runga i taua tauine tohutoro. Kāore tēnei e whakaū he LAS ngā matū urupare katoa. Me ui mō te matū whakatika ā-paerewa me te pūtake pūrongo i ngā wā katoa e whakatauritea ana ngā hua mai i ngā taiwhanga rerekē.
Ko tēhea tikanga me whakahuatia e te taiwhanga?
Mō ngā whakamātautau i raro i te Ture Wai Mā o Amerika, kei te ripanga tikanga o nāianei o 40 CFR 136.3 te Standard Methods 5540 C-2021 me te ASTM D2330-20 mō te ine i ngā matū hohe-mata mā te ine tae kikorangi metilēni. Me manatoko i te whakaaetanga e hāngai ana me te whānuitanga mahi o te taiwhanga i mua i te tono tātari hei aromatawai i te ū ki ngā ture.
He tuhinga hītori whaihua tonu te EPA 425.1, engari ehara tōna tauākī whakamanatanga tawhito i te whakakapinga mō te tirotiro i te ripanga o nāianei. Kāore te “tikanga MBAS” anake e rawaka hei tohutoro tikanga: whakaurua te tau tikanga me tōna whakahoutanga ki te pūrongo.
Me wehewehe hoki te MBAS i ētahi atu whakamātautau ine tae mō ngā matū hohe-mata. Hei tauira, ka tautuhi a Hach i te Tikanga 8028 hei tikanga waiporoporo tioata. Ahakoa he ōrite ngā momo tauira, ngā waeine pūrongo rānei, ehara tērā i te take kia whakawhitiwhiti noa i ngā tukanga matū tangohanga e rua.
Te rerenga mahi whakamātautau: kei hea ia whakatau e whai wāhi ai
Ka whakaahua te whakarāpopototanga o 5540 C a te National Environmental Methods Index i ngā tangohanga koroforma e toru mai i tētahi whakaritenga wai waikawa, te horoinga whakamuri ki te wai, me te inenga i te 652 nm. Ka whakamārama te rerenga mahi e whai ake nei i te kaupapa o aua mahi. Me ahu mai ngā rahinga tauhohenga matū me ngā paearu whakaaetanga i te tukanga whakahaere o te taiwhanga.
| Wāhanga | He aha ka mahia | He aha hei tuhi, hei tirotiro rānei |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Tautuhia te tauira | Kōwhiria te wāhi kohinga tauira me te hautanga tauira e hiahiatia ana. | Te momo wai, te wā kohinga, ngā totoka e kitea ana, me ngā maimoatanga tōmua. |
| 2. Whakaritea te tohutoro | Whakaritea ngā paerewa me ngā tauira pātea kua tohua. | Te tuakiri o te matū whakatika ā-paerewa, te pūtake kukū, me te awhe mahi. |
| 3. Tangohia ngā takirua katote | Whakapāngia te tauira kua whakaritea ki te kikorangi metilēni me te koroforma mā te raupapa tangohanga kua whakaritea. | Te kohinga tika o te wāhanga, me ngā uauatanga o te wehewehe. |
| 4. Horoia, ka ine | Horoia whakamuritia te tangohanga, ka pānui i tōna ngongo-mārama i te roangaru kua tohua. | Te oti o te horoinga, te āhua o te pūtau whatu, me te urupare o te taputapu. |
| 5. Whakatauria ngā herenga o te hua | Whakamahia ngā tātaitanga whakatika ā-paerewa me te waimehatanga, kātahi ka aromatawai i ngā mana kounga. | Te paepae pūrongo, ngā waeine, te tauwehe waimehatanga, me ngā herenga e pā ana ki te taiao matū o te tauira. |
Ko te mārama o ēnei tuhinga te whakatau i te kaha ki te whakamārama i te tau whakamutunga. Ka whakaū tētahi ānau whakatika ā-paerewa pai i te urupare o te taputapu ki ngā paerewa. Kāore taua ānau anake e whakaū ka rite te whanonga o tētahi wai para ahumahi ki aua paerewa.
Ka whakapiki, ka whakaiti rānei ngā whakararutanga i te hua
He whakararutanga ā-matū, ā-whatu hoki. Ka kawea pea e ētahi atu matū te waikano ki roto i te tangohanga, ā, ka āraia e ētahi te matū e whāia ana kia kore e pērā. Ka tautuhi te matapakinga tikanga a EPA i ētahi rōpū waro me ngā katote pararopi kore e urupare ana. Ka whakaahua hoki te whakarāpopototanga a NEMI i ngā katote tōrunga whakataetae me te piringa ki ngā mata matūriki.
| Whakararutanga, āhuatanga rānei | Pānga pea | Tirotiro whakamāramatanga |
|---|---|---|
| Ētahi atu pūhui hohe ki te kikorangi metilēni ka taea te tango | He tohu tāpiri ka whakaarotia nō te matū hohe-mata | Kaua e whakatau nā tētahi kai whakauru kua whakaingoatia te urupare katoa. |
| Pākawa ota, pūhaumāota rānei | He rītaha whakarunga i ngā tukanga whakaraerae | Tirohia te hanganga o te taiao matū o te tauira me te horoinga kua whakaritea. |
| Ngā matū hohe-mata katiōni, ngā amine rānei | He urupare iti iho nā te whakataetae ki te hanga takirua katote | Tūhuratia ngā ranunga matū me te iti o te whakaoranga o te matū tāpiri. |
| Ngā matūriki iri | He urupare iti iho i te wai nā te piringa ki ngā mata | Tuhia mēnā i reira ngā totoka, i tangohia rānei. |
| Pahuka, piringa rānei ki ngā mata o te ipu | Kāore tētahi wāhanga tauira e whakaata ana i te katoa o te tauira taketake | Arotakengia te kohinga, te whakaranu, me te tango tauira iti. |
He tauira tino whaihua kei tētahi rangahau a USGS mō tāna tukanga MBAS o mua. I puta he urupare tōrunga i ngā tauira mana kounga e mau ana i te pākawa ota, engari kāore he matū MBAS kē atu. I whakaū ngā kairangahau i te whakararutanga nā te pākawa ota me te pūhaumāota, ā, i whakauru rātou i tētahi tikanga whai wāhanga horoi whakarewa. I whakatūpato rātou ko tētahi hononga e kitea ana i waenga i te MBAS me te pākawa ota, tērā pea he whakaaturanga kē o te whakararutanga tātari tonu.
He kitenga hītori tēnei e hāngai ana ki tētahi tukanga motuhake, ehara i te taunakitanga he rītaha ngā hua MBAS katoa o ēnei rā. Ko tōna akoranga whaihua, me ui mēnā i ahu mai pea tētahi hononga i roto tonu i te whakamātautau, i mua i te whakamārama he tukanga taiao kē te take.
Kia noho te whakahaere tauira hei wāhanga o te inenga
Ka kukū ngā matū hohe-mata ki ngā rohenga i waenga i ngā wāhanga. Ka whakatūpato ngā aratohu NEMI ka taea e te pahuka te whakaheke i te nui o aua matū i te wai kei raro iho, ā, he mea nui pea te piringa ki ngā pakitara ipu ina he iti ngā kukū. Kaua e tango i te pahuka ka whakapae he ōrite te wai e toe ana ki te tauira i kohia.
Mō te horopaki ture o Amerika kua whakahuatia, ka whakarite te Ripanga II o 40 CFR 136.3 kia whakamātaohia ngā tauira matū hohe-mata ki te 6 °C ki raro rānei, ā, kia 48 hāora te wā pupuri mōrahi, i raro i ngā herenga o ōna tuhipoka raro. Whakaritea ngā pātara, te kawe, me te whiwhinga a te taiwhanga i mua i te kohinga tauira. Kāore e taea e tētahi tangohanga tika te whakahoki mai i ngā matū i ngaro i te kohinga, i te rokiroki rānei.
Pānuihia ngā mana kounga i mua i te whakamahi i te tau
Ka tautuhi ngā whakaritenga mana kounga o 40 CFR 136.7 i ngā mana pērā i ngā tauira pātea, ngā tirotiro whakatika ā-paerewa, ngā tauira mana taiwhanga, ngā tauira kua tāpirihia he matū tohutoro, me ngā tauira tārua. He rerekē ō rātou mahi. Ka tirotiro te tauira pātea i te whakapokenga; ka ui te tauira kua tāpirihia he matū tohutoro mēnā ka taea te whakaora taua matū i taua tauira; ka aromatawai te tauira tārua i te tukurua o te hua.
Whakaarohia tēnei tauira whakataurite tukanga: ka pūrongotia te 1.0 mg/L hei LAS mō te wai tomo, me te 0.2 mg/L hei LAS mō te wai puta. Mā te tātai ka kitea he hekenga 80% o te kukū MBAS kua pūrongotia. I mua i te kī he tangohanga 80% tēnā o ngā matū hohe-mata, tirohia mēnā e whakaata ana ngā tauira i ngā āhuatanga tukanga ka taea te whakataurite, e whakamahi ana i te pūtake pūrongo kotahi, ā, e pai ana ngā mana kounga. Kāore hoki te hekenga kukū e whakaū ana kua heke te papatipu matū ka tukuna mā te 80% mēnā kua rerekē te rere wai.
Ko te tikanga o tētahi hua kei raro i te paepae pūrongo, kāore e taea e te taiwhanga te ine pono i te rahinga MBAS kei raro i taua taumata kua tohua. Kāore tēnei e whakaū kāore he matū hohe-mata i te tauira, e tutuki ana rānei ngā whakaritenga kounga wai katoa.
Mō te kōwhiringa tikanga, tīmata ki te aratohu mō te kikorangi metilēni i ngā whakamātautau tātari. Mō te whakarite taiwhanga, whakamahia ngā aratohu whakahaere matū me te haumaru taiwhanga e hāngai ana. Tonoa he tikanga tātari mō tētahi momo matū motuhake ina me tautuhi tētahi matū hohe-mata ake hei whakatau take, kaua ko te ine i te urupare tōpū ki te waikano.