Tuhinga
Te whakamātautau whakahekenga kahurangi metilīni mō te miraka: te mātāpono me ngā herenga
Ka hiki ake tētahi tauira i ngā ipuipu miraka e rua. Kua mā tētahi i roto i te kotahi hāora. Kua noho kahurangi tonu tētahi mō te rima hāora. Ka tohu ia ki te mea kahurangi, ka mea he haumaru hei inu.
E whakaatu ana taua whakatau i te hē o tana māramatanga. Kāore te whakamātautau kahurangi metilīni mō te miraka e kite mēnā he haumaru. E whakaatu ana i te tere o te taupori moroiti i taua ipuipu ki te whakaheke i te pūmanawa pitihāora me te whakahekenga i raro i ngā āhuatanga kua whakaritea. Ko te hua pōturi e tohu ana he iti te tapeke o te mahi pākia i te tauira. Kāore e whakaatu ko ēhea rauropi kei roto, mēnā he tukumate tētahi o aua rauropi, mēnā rānei i tika te whakapāwera i te miraka.
He mea nui tēnei wehewehenga nā te mea he āhua whakaponohia te whakamātautau. Ka ngaro te kahurangi. Ka puta he tau i te karaka. Ka whakapoapoa ngā tau i te tangata kia nui rawa tana whakamāoritanga i te hua. Ka mau tēnei tuhinga ki te whakamāoritanga whai hua, ka aukati hoki i te whakamāoritanga mōrearea.
He aha rawa tā te whakahekenga e ine ai
He kahurangi te kahurangi metilīni ina pitihāoratia, ā, he tata kore tae ina whakahekea hei kahurangi metilīni leuco. He hāora memeha kei roto i te miraka hou, ā, mā taua hāora e noho kahurangi ai te waikano. Ka pau taua hāora i ngā huakita e hā ana, e whakatī ana hoki, ā, ka tukuna mai e aua huakita ngā pūhui whakaheke. Ina heke rawaka te pūmanawa pitihāora me te whakahekenga, ka tango te waikano i ngā irahiko, ka ngaro tōna tae. E whakaahua ana te tuhinga moroiti miraka a te University of Guelph i taua raupapa anō: ka tangohia te hāora, kātahi ka hangaia ngā matū whakaheke i te wā o te mahi pākia a ngā huakita.
E ai ki ngā rangahau matarohia i te Journal of Dairy Science, he tukanga e rua ōna wāhanga: i te tuatahi ka whakapau te hapori moroiti i te hāora, kātahi ka tere te whakahekenga o te waikano e ngā wāhanga o te miraka. Nō reira, ko te māramatanga tika ki te whakamātautau whakahekenga kahurangi metilīni mō te miraka, he whakamātautau i te mahi pākia whakakotahi, ehara i te tatau pūtau. Ka whakamārama te whanonga pitihāora me te whakahekenga o te kahurangi metilīni i te matū kei muri i taua huringa.
Ka whakahokia te pito mutunga e te hāora. Ina pā te waikano leuco kua whakahekea ki te hau, ka pitihāoratia anō, ka kahurangi anō. Nō reira, mā te rūrū, te riringi, ngā ipuipu whānui, me te nui o te mokowā hau i runga ake i te wai e whakaroa ai te hua. He maha ngā wā ka mau tonu tētahi porowhita kahurangi angiangi ki te mata e pā ana ki te hau, ahakoa kua kore tae te wai i roto i te ipuipu. Ka whakaae ngā tukanga paerewa ki taua porowhita, kāore e tatari kia ngaro.
Ka hua mai he whakararuraru tuarua i te momo rauropi. Ka tere te whakaheke a ngā huakita coliform me te maha o ngā rauropi whakaputa waikawa raktiki i te waikano. Ka pōturi te whakaheke a te maha o ngā rauropi e tipu ana i te mātao me ngā rauropi e ora tonu ana i te wera, kāore rānei e whakaheke. Ahakoa he ōrite te tatau i runga i te pereti o ngā tauira miraka e rua, ka rerekē pea te wā e ngaro ai te kahurangi mā ngā hāora maha. Mā taua meka anake e whakakore te whakaaro kia hurihia te wā hei maha o ngā koroni.
He tukanga taiwhanga whai mana whakahaere
Ka rerekē ngā taipitopito o ngā putanga ā-wāhi me ngā putanga pukapuka ako, nō reira ka whai mana tētahi hua i roto anake i te tikanga nāna taua hua i whakaputa. Ko te whai ake tētahi putanga tikanga mō te taiwhanga kai:
- Kohia te miraka mata me te whakaiti rawa i te whakaurunga hau, ā, whakamātaohia wawe. Whakaranua mā te āta huripoki i mua i te tango tauira.
- Kuhua te 10 mL miraka ki tētahi ipuipu horomata me te 1 mL wairewa waikano mō te whakamahi. Ko tētahi kukū e whakamahia whānuitia ana he 0.005 ōrau waikano, me te ōwehenga miraka ki te waikano o te 10 ki te 1.
- Purua te ipuipu, āta huripokina kia rua ngā wā, ā, kuhua ki tētahi kaukau wai i roto i ngā meneti ruarua. Ko te pāmahana whakatipu noa ko te 35 ki te 38 nekehanga Celsius, i runga i te paerewa kua whakaingoatia. Tuhia ko tēhea paerewa e whāia ana e koe.
- Tiakina ngā ipuipu i te mārama i te wā whakatipu, nā te mea ka whakatere te mārama i te whakahekenga.
- Pānuitia i te 30 meneti, kātahi ka pānui i ngā wā auau kua whakaritea. Ko te pito mutunga ko te wā e rite ai te ipuipu ki tētahi tauira tohutoro miraka kua kohuatia, e tae ai rānei ki te ngaronga tae kua tautuhia e te tukanga.
- Puritia tētahi ipuipu o taua miraka anō kāore i tukatukahia hei tauira whakahaere ā-kanohi, ina hiahiatia e te tikanga.
E whakarato ana te pukapuka whakamātautau miraka a FAO i tētahi putanga ā-wāhi mārama o tēnei raupapa: 10 mL miraka me te 1 mL waikano, te puru, te āta huripoki, te whakatipu tata ki te 37 ki te 38 nekehanga, me ngā pānuitanga ia 30 meneti. Ka whakamahia te miraka kua kohuatia i ōna ipuipu whakahaere hei whakangaro i te pūnaha whakaheke māori, hei whakatakoto hoki i te paearu whakataurite tae.
Ko te hoahoa i runga ake nei te rohe o ngā āhuatanga me whakahaere. Kia ōrite ngā rōrahi, te waikano, te pāmahana, te whakaranunga, te tiaki i te mārama, me te ture mō te pito mutunga. Ina hurihia tētahi o ēnei, ka huri hoki te wā i te karaka. Koia te take e kore ai ngā putanga ā-kāinga e whakamahi ana i tētahi kukū waikano i kōwhiria noa e taea te whakataurite ki ngā kōeke taiwhanga.
He aha tā te wā whakahekenga e tohu ai
Ko te wā roa ake e tohu ana i te iti ake o te tapeke mahi i raro i ngā āhuatanga kua whakatakotoria. Ko te wā poto ake e tohu ana i te nui ake o te tapeke mahi. Ka hono ngā ripanga ako miraka i ngā kōeke āwhiwhi ki aua wā. Hei tauira, i tētahi pūnaha i takea mai i te BIS, ko te 5 hāora neke atu he tino pai, ā, ko te iti iho i te 30 meneti he kino.
Ko te whānui o aua rerekētanga te akoranga. Kāore he kōeke kotahi e hāngai ana ki ngā hua 5 hāora katoa. Nō te tukanga nāna taua kōeke i tautuhi te hua. Nō reira, ko te whakatakotoranga pūrongo e taea ana te tautoko ko tēnei:
He X hāora te MBRT i raro i te tikanga kua whakaingoatia, e hāngai ana ki te kōeke o taua tikanga.
Kāore rawa e tika te kī he X waeine hanga koroni ia mL te MBRT. E ai ki ngā aratohu i takea mai i te Standard Methods, kaua ngā hua whakahekenga waikano e pūrongotia hei maha huakita. He pātai rerekē hoki tā te tukanga whakakano ngāwari mā te kahurangi metilīni e whakautu ai, nā te mea ka whakaatu i te āhua o ngā pūtau i raro i te karu whakarahi, kaua i te tapeke mahi i roto i tētahi ipuipu.
Te ripanga whakamāoritanga me ngā herenga
Ko tēnei ripanga te tohutoro taketake mō te tuhinga. Pānuitia te katoa o ia rārangi whakapae. Kāore tētahi pūtau kotahi e tū motuhake.
| Te kitenga, te kerēme rānei | Tāna e tohu ai | Tāna e kore e taea te whakaū | Ngā āhuatanga whakararuraru matua |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ka tere te ngaro o te kahurangi, i raro i te 2 hāora i tētahi pūnaha miraka mata | He nui te mahi whakaheke, e hāngai ana ki te nui o ngā moroiti, ki te ngoikore rānei o te kounga rokiroki | Ngā momo rauropi, te tatau pū, ngā tāoke, te rahunga rānei o te whakapāwera | Te rokiroki mahana, te hapori moroiti whai coliform maha, te mārama, te iti o te rahinga waikano |
| He wā takawaenga, 2 ki te 4 hāora | He āhua nui te mahi; ka whai kōeke i roto anake i te pūnaha kua whakaingoatia | Te haumaru, te korenga rānei o ngā rauropi whakaheke pōturi | Te pāmahana whakatipu tiketike, ngā rerekētanga whakaurunga hau, te wehenga o te ngako |
| He whakahekenga pōturi, 5 hāora neke atu | He iti te tapeke mahi i taua pūnaha | Te korenga o ngā tukumate, te whakapāwera, te haumaru rānei i ngā matū | Ngā toenga paturopi, ngā matū tiaki, te hāora memeha tāpiri, te nui o te rahinga waikano |
| Ka mau tonu te porowhita kahurangi ki te mata, i te wā kua kore tae te wai o roto | Te pitihāoratanga anō i te paenga hau, he pānga tapa noa | Te rahunga o te whakamātautau, te tauhohenga kāore anō kia oti rānei | Te ipuipu whānui, te puru wewete, te whakatuwhera auau hei tirotiro |
| He ipuipu mā i muri i te whakatipu i te miraka kua whakawerahia | He pūnaha whakaheke kua rerekē, me te mahi a ngā rauropi kua ora tonu | I ōrite taua whakawera ki te whakapāwera kua whakamanatia | Te wharanga i te wera, te whakaoranga i te wā whakatipu, te whakapoke i muri mai |
| Tētahi uara MBRT kotahi ka whakahuahia me te kore tikanga | Kāore ngā āhuatanga whakamātautau e mōhiotia | Tētahi kōeke, tatau rānei | Kāore i pūrongotia te hanganga waikano, te ōwehenga, te pāmahana, te whakaranunga, me te ture mō te pito mutunga |
Ko ngā tirohanga e takea ana i te tipu, pērā i ngā papanga whakatipu huakita, tonu te huarahi mō te tatau me te wehe i ngā rauropi. Ka tātari tuatahi te ipuipu whakahekenga. Ka tautohu, ka tatau hoki te pereti.
Ngā mea e kore e taea e te whakamātautau te whakaū mō te haumaru
Kāore tētahi hua pōturi e taea te whakaū kāore he tukumate. He iti noa pea te wāhi o tētahi tukumate ki te tapeke whakapau hāora, ahakoa he nui tōna rahinga hei pānga ā-haumanu. Mā ngā tikanga e hāngai ana ki te rauropi ake e kite ai ngā tukumate. E ai ki te Standard Methods o nāianei, he wāhanga motuhake tēnei i te tātari tuatahi mō te kounga whānui.
Kāore e taea te manatoko i te whakapāwera. Ka whakamahia te whakamātautau whākōkī alkaline phosphatase, tētahi atu tikanga kua whakamanatia rānei, hei manatoko i te tukatuka wera i raro i ngā aratohu akuaku miraka a Codex. Kāore tētahi ipuipu mā, kahurangi rānei e whakaatu i te hītori wā me te pāmahana o te puranga.
Kāore e taea te whakamana i te haumaru kai. Ka whakawhirinaki te haumaru ki ngā tukumate, ngā tāoke kua hangaia kētia, ngā toenga rongoā, ngā whakapoke matū, te hītori o te mekameka mātao, me te whakapoke i muri i te tango tauira. Ki tā Codex, he raupapa o ngā tikanga whakahaere te haumaru miraka, kaua he hua tātari tuatahi kotahi.
He rerekē te horopaki taiwhanga kai i te whakamātautau ā-kāinga
I tētahi taiwhanga miraka, ka whakamahia te whakamātautau hei tātari tuatahi i te miraka e tae mai ana, hei whakataurite i ngā kaiwhakarato i roto i te wā, hei whakaako rānei i te mātai moroiti pitihāora me te whakahekenga i raro i te tirotiro a tētahi kaiwhakahaere. Ka taea te whai i te takenga o ngā tauira. Kua whakatauritea ngā matū tauhohe ki te paerewa. Ka tuhia ngā pāmahana. Ka tukuna ngā para ki te pūnaha tuku para taiwhanga.
Kāore tētahi o aua whakaritenga i te whakamātautau ā-kāinga. He āwhiwhi ngā rōrahi kīhini. He nui te rerekē o ngā kukū waikano e hokona ana i te ipurangi. He maha ngā wā ka whakatipuria i tētahi rūma mahana, kaua i tētahi kaukau wai kua whakatikahia ki te paerewa ine. Ka puta tonu te huringa tae, ā, ka āhua pono te hua ki te tangata, ahakoa kua ngaro katoa ngā mana whakahaere nāna i whai tikanga ai.
Ko te mōrea nui ake kei te whanonga. Ka whakapoapoa tētahi ipuipu kahurangi i te kāinga i te tangata kia inu i te miraka mata, ahakoa ka tukuna tonutia taua miraka e tētahi taiwhanga mō ngā tatau pereti, ngā tātari tukumate, me ngā tirohanga toenga. I hangaia te whakamātautau kahurangi metilīni mō te miraka hei whakarōpū kōeke i te miraka mata ka tae mai, kaua hei whakamana i te miraka hei kai mā te tangata. He ōrite te herenga o te tātari tere ake mā te resazurin: he tere ake te pānui tae, engari kāore tonu he whakautu mō ngā tukumate.
He ture poto mō te tēpu taiwhanga
Whakaritea te waikano, te ōwehenga, te pāmahana, te whakaranunga, te mārama, me te pito mutunga kia hāngai ki te paerewa. Pūrongotia te wā me te ingoa tikanga me te kōeke. Whakamāoritia ngā meneti me te whakaaro anō ki te hītori rokiroki, te momo hapori moroiti, ngā toenga, me te kounga o te tango tauira. Ka tohu te wā poto i te mahi e tika ana kia tirotirohia. Kāore rawa te wā roa e whakamana i te haumaru.