Te whakamātautau pātara kikorangi: te matū, te tukanga, me ngā kitenga

Kei runga i te paepae tētahi pounamu māhea. He rite tōna āhua ki te wai. Ka rūrūhia e tētahi, ā, ka tino kikorangi te wai. Ka whakatakotoria ki raro, ka memeha te kikorangi i roto i te kotahi, e rua rānei meneti. Rūrūhia anō, ka hoki mai te kikorangi. Ka taea e te whakakī kotahi tēnei huringa te tukurua kia rua tekau ngā wā, neke atu rānei.

Ko te whakapae tuatahi a ngā ākonga, he mea kei te huna i roto i te pounamu, he mea rānei nā te rūrū i whakaranu i ngā paparanga e rua. He whaihua te hē o ēnei whakapae e rua hei akoranga. Ko te tae nō tētahi waikano kotahi, arā ko te methylene blue, e noho ana puta noa i te wai. Ko te mea e rerekē ana, ko te maha o ngā irahiko e kawea ana e te waikano. He huringa hāora-whakaiti tēnei whakaaturanga kua kitea ki te karu, ā, ko ia taurangi ka kitea e te akomanga, te wā rūrū, te pāmahana, te kukū, e hāngai ana ki tētahi wāhanga o te matū.

Ngā āhua e rua o te waikano kotahi

Ko te methylene blue kua hāoratia he pūnaha mowhiti papatahi, whai utu tōrunga. He kaha tana mimiti i te awhe 600 to 700 nanometres, ā, ka kitea e te karu hei kikorangi hōhonu. Ka whakamāramatia ngā āhua e rua me ō rāua tūāwhiorangi i te aratohu ki te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o te methylene blue.

Mā te whakaitinga ka tāpirihia ngā irahiko e rua me tētahi iraoho, ka puta ko te leucomethylene blue: kāore ōna utu, ehara i te papatahi, ā, he āhua kore-tae. I roto i te wairewa kawakore, ko te haurua-tauhohenga ko MB+ + H2O + 2 e- ⇌ LMB + OH-. Ka taea katoatia te hokinga whakamuri o tēnei hātepe. Ko te kikorangi te tohu kua hāoratia, ko te kore-tae te tohu kua whakaitihia, ā, kāore he āhua tuatoru hei whai. Nā reira he whakaurunga mārama tēnei ki te matū hāora-whakaiti.

Te huringa: ka whakaiti te glucose, ka whakahāora anō te oxygen

E toru ngā matū matua kei roto i te pounamu: methylene blue, glucose, me te kawakore kaha, arā ko te potassium hydroxide, ko te sodium hydroxide rānei. Ka whakatairangatia e te kawakore te glucose kia noho hei āhua tauhohe kua tangohia te iraoho, ā, ka tuku irahiko ēnei ki te waikano:

reducing sugar + MB (blue, oxidised) -> oxidised sugar products + LMB (colourless)

Mā tēnei hātepe pōturi ka memeha te tae i te wā e tū ana te pounamu. Ko te glucose te kaituku ka whakapaua. Ko te mahi a te waikano he kawe irahiko noa iho, nō reira ka rato ētahi pata ruarua mō te pounamu katoa. E kī ana ētahi whakamārama ā-akomanga tawhito ka huri te glucose hei gluconic acid. Ka taea e taua whakamāramatanga poto te matapae i ngā kitenga, engari me mōhio ngā kaiwhakaako kāore i oti: e whai ana tētahi tātaritanga ā-hanganga i whakaputaina ki Royal Society Open Science i te hāoratanga mā tētahi enediolate tauhohe ki tētahi dicarbonyl, kātahi ka wāwāhia hei waikawa iti ake.

Ka whakahurihia e te rūrū te hua e kitea ana. Mā te whakakorikori ka rewa te oxygen mai i te hau o te wāhi mahunga kua mau ki roto, ā, ka whakahāoratia anō e te oxygen te waikano kua whakaitihia:

LMB (colourless) + O2 -> MB (blue) + reduced oxygen products

Ina waiho kia tū, ka pau te oxygen kua rewa, ka whakaiti anō te glucose i te waikano, ā, ka memeha te tae. I roto i ngā huringa maha, ko te matū whānui ko te hāoratanga o te huka e te hau, ā, ka huri tonu te waikano hei takawaenga hāora-whakaiti, kāore e whakarerekētia. He takawaenga kē tēnei, ehara i te whakakōkī pū, nā te mea ka haere tonu te hāoratanga o te huka me te kore o taua waikano. Ehara hoki te memeha o te tae i te pirau: mehemea kua whakangaromia te waikano, kāore e taea te whakahoki mai mā te rūrū. Mō te pupuri kia pūmau ngā putunga waikano i waenga i ngā whakaaturanga, tirohia ngā kōrero mō te whakahaere me te rokiroki i ngā wairewa methylene blue.

Tukanga mō tētahi whakaaturanga whai-tiaki

He whakaaturanga whai-tiaki tēnei, ehara i te mahi ā-kāinga. Me whai whakamarumaru karu, karapu hoki mō te kawakore, me tētahi kaiwhakaako hei whakahaere i te whakarite me te whakapai. E rua ngā whakaritenga kua tuhia e ōrite ana te hanganga, engari he rerekē te rahinga.

Ko te pepa tohutohu mō te whakaaturanga i whakaputaina e te tari matū o Indiana University e whakamahi ana i te āhua 5 percent potassium hydroxide, 4 percent glucose, me te 1 percent aqueous methylene blue. Ringihia kia ōrite ngā rahinga o ngā wairewa kawakore me te glucose ki roto i tētahi pounamu pūataata 250 or 500 millilitre kia haurua te kī, ā, waiho te toenga hei wāhi mahunga hau. Tāpirihia ētahi pata ruarua o te waikano, whakakapia, hiritia te hononga, kātahi ka waiho kia tū kia memeha rā anō te kikorangi. Ka whakawhānuihia e te tukanga a te Royal Society of Chemistry taua ariā ki tētahi ipu whai-purū 1 litre: 300 millilitres o te wai, 10 grams o te glucose, 8 grams o te potassium hydroxide (or 6 grams of sodium hydroxide), me ētahi millilitres ruarua o te putunga waikano waimeha.

Hei whakahaere, rūrūhia kaha. Ka tino kikorangi i roto i ētahi hēkona. Whakatakotoria te ipu ki raro, ā, ine i te wā o te memeha. E ai ki te Royal Society of Chemistry, neke atu i te rua tekau ngā huringa ka taea mō ia whakakī. Kaua rawa te pounamu e whakakī ki te niao: ki te kore he hau e mau ki roto, kāore he rahui oxygen hei rewa ki te wai.

Ngā mea hei mātaki, me ngā mea ka whakarerekē i te wā

Inea ngā mea e toru: te rūrū kia tino kikorangi (seconds), te tū kia kore-tae (up to a few minutes), me te maha o ngā huringa i mua i te ngoikore o te kikorangi. I te mutunga tata o ia memeha, tirohia te mata. He maha ngā wā ka noho tonu tētahi paparanga kikorangi angiangi ki te paenga hau, i reira ka kuhu tonu mai te oxygen mā te tūringiringi. Ko taua rārangi te tūringiringi kua kitea ki te karu.

E whai ana te tauhohenga pounamu kikorangi i te ture tere ā-whakamātau i pūrongotia me te tukanga a te Royal Society of Chemistry: rate = k[MB oxidised][glucose]OH-. Ka taea ia wāhanga te whakamātau i te akomanga. Mā te nui ake o te glucose, te kawakore, te waikano rānei ka poto ake te wā kikorangi. Mā te mahana ka tere ake te memeha; ka pōturi te ipu mātao. Mā te kaha ake o te rūrū ka nui ake te oxygen ka rewa, nō reira ka roa ake te kikorangi. Mā te nui ake o te wāhi mahunga ka roa ake te whakahaere. Ina ngoikore rawa ngā huringa, ā, ka kōwhai te wai, kua pau te huka, kua kohikohi hoki ngā hua taha. He hua anō taua pito e tika ana kia tuhia.

Raumahi kitenga

Tāruatia tēnei ripanga ki ngā pukatuhi, kotahi rarangi mō ia whakamātau. Ko tēnei raumahi me te hoahoa tauhohenga i runga ake nei ngā rauemi tā mō tēnei tuhinga.

Ngā pātai matapae, me whakautu i mua i ia whakamātau:

• He kikorangi te pounamu i muri tonu i te rūrū. Ko tēhea āhua o te waikano te nuinga, ā, nā te aha i puta ai?
• Ka tū te pounamu, ā, ka memeha. Ko tēhea tauhohenga kei te toa, ā, ko tēhea matū kei te pau?
• I muri i ngā huringa maha, ka ngoikore te kikorangi, ka āhua kōwhai hoki. Me whakahoki mā te waikano, te kawakore, te glucose rānei, ā, he aha ai?
• Tuhia he kauwhata o te tae ki te wā mō tētahi huringa. Tohua te wāhi e kuhu ai te oxygen ki te wairewa.

Ngā whakautu mā te kaiwhakaako: (1) methylene blue kua hāoratia, kua whakahāoratia anō e te oxygen kua rewa mai i te wāhi mahunga; (2) te whakaitinga e te glucose, ka pau te glucose; (3) te glucose, te kaituku whakawhāiti, nā te mea ka huri tonu te waikano me te kore e whakarerekētia; (4) he pikinga koi i te rūrū, he hekenga āta haere i te tū, ā, ko te kuhu oxygen i te wā pikinga anake.

Ngā tauhohenga whanaunga e tika ana kia mōhiotia

Ka whakakapi te whakaaturanga rama waka i te methylene blue ki te indigo carmine, ā, ka huri mā te kōwhai, te whero, me te kākāriki i te wā e tukuna ana te oxygen. He whānui te whakamahinga o te ingoa green bottle: i ētahi wā mō taua momo, i ētahi wā mō ngā whakaritenga kākāriki ake pērā i ngā pūnaha ascorbic acid, i tētahi pūnaha huringa whākōkī i whakamāramatia e te American Chemical Society rānei. Whakaingoatia te momo kei runga i te paepae kia kore ai ngā ākonga e whakakotahi i ngā kitenga mai i ngā matū rerekē.

Haumaru me te whakahaere

Me whai tiaki i ngā wā katoa. Me mau whakamarumaru karu mō ngā maringi matū me ngā karapu ina whakahaere i te wairewa kawakore, ina rūrū rānei i te ipu whai-purū. Ka tahu te kawakore, ka whakapoke te waikano i te kiri me te papanga, ā, mēnā ka whakaritea ngā putunga waikano ki te ethanol, ka tāpirihia he whakarewa muramura ki te paepae. Kia mau tonu te purū o te ipu i te wā e rūrūhia ana. Muri iho, puritia ngā wairewa kua pau kia whakahaeretia i raro i ngā ture taiwhanga a tō whakahaere ake. He rerekē ngā whakaritenga mō ngā para kawakore whai-waikano i waenga i ngā whakahaere me ngā mana ā-ture, nō reira whai i te tukanga a tō taiwhanga ake, kaua e tango noa i tētahi tukanga nō tētahi atu puna.

Ki te hiahia koe ki ngā inenga tau, kaua ki ngā panonitanga tae anake, ko ngā whakamātautau ine-rahi mō te methylene blue te wāhi hei haere tonu i muri i tēnei whakaaturanga.

He aha i mau tonu ai tēnei pounamu ki ngā akomanga

Ka whakakotahihia e tētahi ipu ngā ariā e whā. Ka kitea te hāora-whakaiti hei tae, kaua hei whakamāramatanga noa. Ka whakaatu tētahi takawaenga me pēhea te whakaatu a tētahi rahinga iti o tētahi matū i te āhua o tētahi rahinga nui o tētahi atu. Ka kitea te wehenga o te nekehanga tauhohenga i te thermodynamics: ka toa te oxygen i te wā e tukuna ana e te rūrū, ka toa te glucose ina mutu taua tuku. Ā, ko te tūringiringi, tētahi o ngā tukanga puku rawa o te matū, te pūtake o te whakaaturanga katoa, nā te mea ka tīmata ia kanapa kikorangi i te whakawhitinga o te oxygen mai i te hau ki te wai. Kua tika te noho o tētahi whakaaturanga ki te paepae mēnā ka āhei ngā ākonga ki te matapae, ki te ine wā, ki te whakamārama hoki i ēnei mea katoa mā tētahi matawā me tētahi ripanga.