Ngā whakamātautau rewena ki te puru metilīni: te tatau pūtau ora me te ine i te wā whakahā

E rua ngā ngongo kei runga i te tēpu taiwhanga. He puru ēnei e rua. I tētahi, ki te kitea he pūtau puru mā te karu whakarahi, he rewena mate tērā. I tērā atu, ki te huri te ngongo mai i te puru ki te kore tae, e tohu ana kei te ora, kei te whakahā hoki te rewena. Kotahi te waikano, engari he tauaro ngā whakamāramatanga. Ki te rangirua ēnei whakamātautau e rua, ka huripokina ngā whakatau katoa.

Ko taua rerekētanga te kaupapa matua o tēnei tuhinga. He waikano hāora-whakaheke te puru metilīni: ina hāoratia, he puru; ina whakahekea, ka noho hei puru leucomethylene kore tae. Ka whakamahia taua tukanga matū i te tatau pūtau ora mā te mātakitaki poto ki te karu whakarahi. Ka whakamahia hoki i tētahi whakamātautau whakahā mā te ine i te wā o tētahi tauhohenga i roto i te ranunga katoa. Me whai tikanga whakahaere, mana whakamātau, me te āta arotake motuhake ia whakamātautau.

Te tatau pūtau ora: he whakawai poto, kia pānuitia wawe

Ko te tikanga whakahaere e whakamahia ana i ngā whare mahi pia te putanga kua tino whakatauritea. Whakaritea he puru metilīni 0.01% w/v ki roto i te konutai citrate 2%, whakaranua ki te whakatarewatanga rewena i te ōwehenga 1:1, kātahi ka tirohia te ranunga i muri i tētahi wā poto kua whakaritea. He rerekē ngā wā kua whakaputaina: mai i te 1 ki te 2 meneti i te pukapuka ārahi a te Brewing Science Institute, ki te takiwā o te 5 meneti i ngā tikanga rangahau; e whakahau ana te tikanga OIV mō te koiora moroiti o te wāina kia tirohia i roto i te 10 meneti. Ka eke te kukū o te waikano i te ranunga tatau ki te takiwā o te 0.005%. Whakakīa he rūma tatau Neubauer kua whakapaingia, ā, i te whakarahi tata ki te 400x, whakarōpūtia ngā pūtau puru pōuri hei pūtau kāore e āhei ki te ora, me ngā pūtau kāore i whai tae hei pūtau e āhei ana ki te ora. I te tikanga OIV, ka tatauria ngā pūtau puru māmā hei pūtau ora; he tohu kē tēnei o te raruraru o te whakawhirinaki ki te whakatau a te kaitirotiro, ka kōrerotia ki raro.

Ka tātaihia te kukū pūtau i runga i ngā inenga āhuahanga o te rūma. Ina tatauria te tapawhā katoa o waenganui, he 1 mm te roa o ia tapa, ko te maha o ngā pūtau i ia mL he N whakareatia ki te tauwehe waimehatanga, whakareatia ki te 10^4. Ko N te maha i tatauria i taua horahanga, e ai ki ngā tikanga ASBC mō te rewena. He māmā ake te tātai i te ōrau e āhei ana ki te ora: ko ngā pūtau kāore i whai tae whakawehea ki ngā pūtau katoa, whakareatia ki te 100. Tatauria kia tata ki te 400 pūtau hei whakatau tata i te āhei ki te ora, e whai ana i te rangahau FEMS e whakataurite ana i ngā tikanga whare mahi pia me te tikanga OIV. Kia ōrite tonu te ture mō ngā paenga; hei tauira, whakaurua ngā pūtau kei runga i ngā rārangi tukutuku o raro me te taha mauī, engari kaua e whakauru i ērā kei runga me te taha matau.

Me whakarite he ture mō ngā puku i mua i te tīmatanga o te tatau. He tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana te tatau i tētahi puku hei pūtau motuhake ina tae tōna rahi ki te takiwā o te haurua o tōna pūtau whaea; ki te iti iho, tatauria tahitia me te whaea. Ahakoa ko tēhea ture ka kōwhiria, whakamahia ki ia tapawhā, ā, tuhia ki te pepa tatau kia taea ai e te tangata whai muri te whakamahi anō.

Pepa tatau (tāngia tēnei)

He rauemi taketake tēnei pepa tatau i hangaia mō tēnei tuhinga. Tāruatia ki tētahi pukatuhi, tāngia rānei kia kotahi mō ia tauira.

Āhei ki te ora (%) = 100 x kāore i whai tae / (kāore i whai tae + puru pōuri). Ngā pūtau katoa i ia mL = N x tauwehe waimehatanga x 10^4, ko N te tatau mai i te horahanga rūma kua tautuhia. Tuhia te wā whakawai ki te taha o te hua, nā te mea kāore e taea te whakaputa anō i tētahi tatauranga āhei ki te ora mēnā kāore i tuhia tōna wā.

He aha i rerekē haere ai ngā tatauranga āhei ki te ora

Ko te wā te whakararuraru tuatahi, ā, e rua ōna pānga tauaro. Ka whakaheke ngā pūtau e hohe ana ā-pākia i te waikano, nō reira ki te pānuitia moata rawa, ka kitea pea ngā pūtau ora i mua i te otinga o taua whakahekenga, ka hē te whakarōpū hei pūtau mate. Engari he paitini tonu te pānga roa o te waikano, ka tūkino tūturu i ngā pūtau ka whai tae puru, ā, ka puta he tohu tae hē mō te matenga. Nā reira, ka whakahau tētahi tikanga whakaako taiwhanga kia oti te aromatawai i roto i te 5 meneti, e tuhia ana i tētahi tikanga whakaako rewena nō Wisconsin. Ko te kōrero tika, e whakawhirinaki ana te aromatawai ki te puru metilīni ki te wā. Nō reira, whakaritea kia kotahi te wā poto, ā, kia pūmau taua wā mō ia tauira o tētahi raupapa.

He rītaha tuarua tō ngā tauira he iti te ōrau e āhei ana ki te ora. E whakatūpato ana te tikanga kua whakatauritea, ka nui rawa pea te whakatau tata a te puru metilīni i te āhei tūturu ki te ora i raro iho i te takiwā o te 80%, nā te mea ehara i te mea ka mau tonu te kaha whakaputa uri o ngā pūtau e taea tonutia ana te whakaheke i te waikano. E whakaahua ana ngā tuhinga mahi pia i taua ngoikoretanga o te pono ina tino heke te āhei ki te ora. Whakamahia te puru metilīni hei whakatau tata tere, āhua noa, ā, whakaūngia ngā whakatau matua mō ngā tauira he iti te āhei ki te ora, pērā i te whakamahi anō i tētahi ahurea rewena hei whakatupu pia, mā te tatau koroni ki ngā pereti whakatipu, mā tētahi atu waikano tāpiri rānei.

Ko ngā pānga o te ranunga tauira te tuatoru. Ka whakahaerehia te tikanga OIV i te pH tata ki te 4.6, ā, e whakatūpato ana he aukati ngā tauira pH iti, he kaha hoki te pūnaha whakapūmau pH, i te whanonga tika o te waikano. E tohutohu ana hoki kia kaua e whakamahia te whakamātautau ki ngā tauira kei runga ake i te 100 g/L huka, nā te mea ka kitea ngā pūtau hei puru māmā ka pōhēhē ai te pānui. I kitea i tētahi whakataurite whakamātau mō te pH whakawai he tino rerekē te tairongo puta noa i te awhe i whakamātauria, e hāngai ana ki tētahi rangahau mō te tikanga puru metilīni e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pH. He mahanga motuhake ngā para: ka rite ngā matūriki whai tae i ngā ranunga witi paru ki ngā pūtau mate, ka nui ake ai ngā rerekētanga i waenga i ngā kaiwhakamahi.

Kua inea aua rerekētanga; ehara i te kōrero noa iho. I tētahi whakamātautau whare mahi pia e ono marama te roa, i pūrongotia i te whakataurite FEMS mō te rewena, ko te toharite o te ine whakapāheke paerewa mō ngā inenga puru metilīni takirua he 6.1%, ka whakatauritea ki te 0.2% mō te tatau pūtau rere mā te oxonol. I rerekē hoki ngā hua a ngā kaiwhakamahi tokorua mā te nui tae atu ki te 13 ira ōrau mō te tauira kotahi. I kitea i tētahi whakataurite ā-tau o ngā tikanga āhei ki te ora i te tau 2023 he tino tōtika ake te mātakitaki karu whakarahi kōrekoreko me te tatau pūtau rere, me te whakaatu hoki e whakawhirinaki ana te mahi o ia tikanga ki te momo koiora me te ranunga tauira. Ko te whakaahuatanga tikanga rongonui a Painting rāua ko Kirsop (PMID 24430080) tonu te pūtake tohutoro, ā, ka whakanoho tētahi arotake whānui o ngā whakamātautau āhei ki te ora me te kaha hohe o te rewena (PMID 25154541) i te puru metilīni ki waenga i ngā whakamātautau tautoko, kaua hei whakamātautau whakatau whakamutunga. Ehara te puru trypan i te whakapainga aunoa i konei: ka tohu tērā i te ngaronga o te noho tōtika o te kiriuhi, engari ka tohu te puru metilīni i te urunga o te waikano me te mahi whakaheke. Nō reira, ka rerekē pea te whakarōpūtanga o ngā pūtau e pāngia ana e te taumahatanga i raro i ēnei waikano e rua.

Te whakamātautau whakahā: inea te wā ngaro ai te puru

Kāore rawa te whakamātautau tuarua e whakamahi i te karu whakarahi. Ka whakaurua te rewena, te kūhuka, me te puru metilīni waimeha ki tētahi ngongo kati, ā, ka inea ki te karaka te wā e ngaro ai te puru. I te pākia o ngā pūtau, ka hangaia he kaikawe irahiko whakaheke e huri ai te waikano puru ki tōna āhua kore tae, ā, ka hāora anō te hāora memeha i taua waikano kia hoki ki te puru. Ina whakahekea e ngā pūtau te nui o te hāora, ka kaha ake te whakahekenga kupenga, ka ngaro te tae o te ngongo. Nō reira, e whakaata ana te wāhi mutunga i te taurite o te whakahā, te kukū waikano, me te wātea o te hāora. Me pūrongo taua hua hei wā whakaheke puru metilīni, hei wā ngaro tae rānei, kaua hei tere inenga tōtika o te whakapau hāora rāpoi.

Whakamahia he waikano tino waimeha ake i tērā mō te tatau pūtau ora, kia tau ai te wā ine ki tētahi awhe pai mō te mahi. He pai te whakataurite a te pukapuka ārahi AQA mō ngā mahi whakamātau e hiahiatia ana i te taumata A i tēnei: he 1 g kūhuka mō ia 100 mL wai kua whakamahanatia ki te takiwā o te 30 C, he 5 g rewena maroke ka tāpirihia i mua tonu i te whakamahinga, me tētahi waikano mahi tata ki te 0.001%, ka whakaritea mā te waimeha i te 0.1 mL o tētahi wairewa matua 1% kia eke ki te 100 mL. Whakaranua he 2 mL o te whakatarewatanga rewena me te kūhuka ki te 2 mL waikano mahi, tukua kia taurite ki te pāmahana whakamātau, rūrūtia kotahi mō te 10 hēkona, tīmatahia te matawā, ā, kaua e rūrū anō. Mā te rūrū e whakauru anō te hāora, ka hoki te ngongo ki te puru; koinei te pānga horihori nui rawa nā te tikanga whakahaere. E kī ana a AQA, ko te tikanga ka ngaro te tae o te ranunga i roto i te takiwā o te 5 meneti i te 35 C. Ko ngā toharite o ngā whakamātautau he 275 s i te 20 C, he 128 s i te 35 C, me te 145 s i te 45 C. He tauira ēnei nō tētahi whakaritenga kotahi, ehara i te paerewa mō ngā whakaritenga katoa. E tautokona ana te hononga ā-tau i waenga i te tere whakaheke me te rewena hohe ā-pākia i raro i ngā āhuatanga kua whakahaerehia e ngā rangahau whakaheke motuhake, tae atu ki te rangahau kua whakarārangitia hei PMID 25773544 me te rangahau mō te tukanga i roto i Yeast (2014).

Whakaaturanga o te huringa ā-wā (rauemi taketake)

He whakaaturanga taketake te ripanga kei raro i hangaia mō tēnei tuhinga, mā te whakaritenga āhua AQA kua whakaahuatia i runga: he 2 mL ranunga rewena me te kūhuka, me te 2 mL waikano mahi tata ki te 0.001%, kotahi te rūrū mō te 10 hēkona, kātahi ka waiho kia tupu i te pāmahana kua whakaritea me te kore whakakorikori. He pānuitanga tauira ngā tāurunga, kei te hōputu e tika ana kia tuhia e tētahi rōpū ākonga. Ko te taupū tere kua tautuhia hei 1 whakawehea ki te wā ngaro tae, i roto i ngā hēkona. Whakahaerehia aua ngongo anō, ā, whakakapia ēnei tāurunga ki ngā uara kua inea.

Whakaahuatia te taupū tere ki te pāmahana mō ngā ngongo A, B, me C. Ka piki te ānau, kātahi ka papatahi, ka heke rānei. Koinei te tauira e tūmanakohia ana mō te mahi e whakahaerehia ana e ngā whākōkī, ehara i te rārangi torotika. Ehara ngā ngongo D, E, me F i ngā ira raraunga o taua ānau. Ko ēnei ngā mana whakamātau e taea ai te whakamārama i te ānau.

Ngā mana whakamātau e whai tikanga ai ia whakamātautau

Me whai hoa whakamātau e toru ia whakahaere whakahā. Me noho puru te rewena kua kohuatia, kua whakamatea rānei, me te kūhuka me te waikano, hei whakaatu e whakawhirinaki ana te whakahekenga tere ki te pākia ora. Ko te rewena ora me te waikano, kāore he kūhuka tāpiri, he mana whakamātau mō te matū whāngai. Engari me tūmanako tonu ka āta ngaro te tae, nā te mea ka whakapau te rewena i ōna pūngao rāhui o roto. Ko te kūhuka me te waikano, kāore he rewena, te tauira pātea matū. He mea tino hiahiatia tēnei, nā te mea ka taea e te kūhuka i te taiao kawakore te whakaheke i te puru metilīni ahakoa kāore he pūtau.

He momo mana whakamātau kē e hiahiatia ana mō te tatau pūtau ora: ko te pūmautanga o te tikanga whakahaere. Kia ōrite te wairewa waikano matua, te ōwehenga whakaranu, te wā whakawai, te horahanga rūma, me ngā ture puku me ngā ture paenga. Ki te taea, me tatau me te kore mōhio ki te tuakiri o te tauira. Ina rerekē ngā hua a ngā kaiwhakamahi tokorua mā te tekau ira ōrau, ka kitea i te pepa tatau te take i te nuinga o te wā: he rerekē te wā, he rerekē te paepae hei whakatau i te puru, he rerekē rānei ngā ture puku. E hono ana ngā tikanga whakarite me te tirotiro i ngā pūtau whai tae ki ngā tikanga whakawai kitakita māmā, ā, kei te pukapuka whakaahua whakawai mō te karu whakarahi tētahi tirohanga whānui ake ki ngā mea ka tohua e te waikano i roto i ngā momo tauira. Mō te ahupūngao o te pānui ā-tau i te kaha o tētahi tae puru, e whakamārama ana te tohutoro mimiti kua tapaina ki ōna āhuatanga he aha me haere tahi ai ia whakarea me ngā āhuatanga o tōna whakarewa, pH, me te kukū.

Kōwhiria te whakamātautau kia hāngai ki te pātai. Ko te maha o ngā pūtau e ora ana i tēnei wā he pātai tatau, ka whakautua mā te karu whakarahi me tētahi pepa tatau. Ko te kaha whakahā o tēnei ahurea he pātai mō te tere o te tukanga, ka whakautua mā te matawā me ngā ngongo kua whakahaerehia ō rātou āhuatanga. Ka whakamahia te puru metilīni mō ēnei e rua, engari kaua rawa i roto i te ngongo kotahi i te wā kotahi.