Tuhinga
Te puru metilīni i te ahumoana me ngā ika hei kai: ngā whakamahinga me ngā herenga
Ka noho pea te koi me te carp hei momo ika kotahi. Ko te rerekētanga whai take, ehara i te koiora. Ko te whakamahinga whakamutunga kē. Ka kauhoe tētahi i tētahi hōpua māra, ā, kāore rawa e uru ki te mekameka kai. Ka whakatipuria tērā atu hei kai mā te tangata, ā, ka taka ngā matū katoa e pā atu ana ki a ia ki raro i ngā ture haumaru kai. Kei runga tonu te puru metilīni i tēnei paenga: he rongoā maimoatanga mōhio whānui mō ngā whare whakapao ika me ngā puna ika i tētahi taha, he matū kāore i whakaaetia mō ngā ika hei kai i tērā atu.
Ka puta te rangirua nā te ōrite o te āhua o ēnei horopaki e rua. He ōrite tonu te āhua o tētahi rumakanga puru mō ngā hua i tētahi whare whakapao ika whakarākei ki tētahi rumakanga puru mō ngā hua i tētahi whare whakapao ika hei kai. He ōrite te tae o te wai. He ōrite te āhua o te tukanga. He tino rerekē ngā ture.
Ngā whakamahinga o te puru metilīni i ngā whare whakapao ika me ngā puna ika
Kua whakamahia te puru metilīni i te whakatipu ika mō ngā tekau tau, ko te nuinga hei maimoatanga mō ngā hua. Ko tōna tino whāinga ko Saprolegnia, he hekaheka wai ka tupu ki runga i ngā hua kua mate, i ngā hua kāore i whakatōkia, kātahi ka horapa ki ngā hua ora. Ka whakaahuatia ēnei rumakanga i ngā pukapuka tawhito mō ngā whare whakapao ika: mō te carp i te pukapuka FAO mō te whakaputa ika carp ririki, ā, mō te sturgeon i te pukapuka FAO mō te whare whakapao sturgeon. E tuhi ana ēnei tuhinga i ngā tikanga tiaki ika o tō rātou wā. Ehara ēnei i ngā whakaaetanga o nāianei mō ngā ika hei kai; ka hoki anō te ripanga i raro nei ki tēnei take.
Mō ngā ika whakarākei, e kī ana ngā hua o nāianei ka taea te rongoā i ngā pokenga harore o te mata o te tinana me ētahi rauropi pūtau-tahi o waho. Kei te whārangi hua puru metilīni a Kordon ngā pokenga harore o ngā hua, ngā pokenga harore o te mata o te tinana o ngā ika, me ngā pokenga tuarua nā ngā rauropi pūtau-tahi o waho, tae atu ki Ichthyophthirius (ich), Chilodonella me Costia. Ka whakaahuatia hoki te waikano hei āwhina i te urupare ki te paihana nitrite me te paihana cyanide i ngā puna ika. E rua ngā herenga i taua tapanga me āta whakaaro. Tuatahi, e kī ana a Kordon kāore te hua i tohua mō Oodinium (velvet), nō reira ko ngā kerēme whānui i te ipurangi e mea ana ka ora te velvet i te puru metilīni anake, kei tua atu i ngā kōrero e tautokona ana e tēnei kaihanga. Tuarua, ā, koinei te mea tino nui mō tēnei tuhinga, e kī ana a Kordon kāore te hua i whakaritea hei whakamahi ki ngā ika hei kai i raro i ngā ture a te US FDA me te EPA. Nō reira, ehara te wātea o te hua mō ngā puna ika i te taunakitanga kua whakaaetia mō te mekameka kai.
He tino rerekē ngā kukū o ngā rumakanga kua whakaputaina, ā, he whakatūpato tēnei kia kaua e tāruatia ngā tohutao mai i tētahi horopaki ki tētahi atu. E whakarārangi ana a Kordon i te āhua 3 ppm mō ētahi rā mō te maimoatanga puna ika, i tētahi whakamahinga kotahi o te 3 ppm mō ngā hua, me tētahi rumakanga 50 ppm kia kaua e roa ake i te 10 hēkona. Kei ngā tuhinga mō ngā whare whakapao ika ngā uara mai i ngā rumakanga 0.1 ppm ki ngā rumakanga 50 ki te 100 mg/L mō te kotahi hāora i ngā pukapuka tawhito. Whakaarohia ēnei hei tauira o ngā kōrero kua whakaputaina, kaua hei tūtohutanga ka taea te whakawhitiwhiti. Ka whakarerekē te momo ika, te wāhanga o te oranga, te matū o te wai, me te tūnga ā-ture i te tatauranga. Me whai ngā kaipānui e mahi ana ki ngā ika whakarākei i ngā tikanga ine rongoā mō ngā puna ika, ā, me whai ngā kaipānui e mahi ana ki ngā hua i ngā kawa mō ngā hua me ngā whare whakapao ika, kaua e hanga tikanga noa mai i tēnei tirohanga whānui.
He whakatūpato anō nō ngā ika taiwhanga. I ngā whare zebrafish, ka tāpirihia auautia te puru metilīni ki te wai whakatipu kukune, ki te āhua 0.00005 ki te 0.0001 ōrau. I kitea i tētahi rangahau i te 2025, ahakoa ēnei kukū tiaki ika, i whakarerekēhia te pākia hāora puta noa i te whanaketanga tōmua: i te tuatahi ka piki te kohi hāora, ā, nō muri ka heke te whakapau pūngao o ngā torongū i muri i te paonga, e ai ki te pūkete uru tūwhera mō PMID 39856203. Kāore tēnei kitenga e hāngai tōtika ki te whakatipu ika hei kai, engari ka tautoko i tētahi whakaaro whānui: ahakoa te āhua o ngā ika he māori noa, ā, he āhua kore pānga te maimoatanga, ka taea tonu te whakarerekē i te mahi o te tinana. Koinei te take ka tono ngā kaiwhakahaere ture i ngā raraunga mō ngā toenga matū me te haumaru, kaua i te āhua o waho anake.
Te ariā e whakatau ana i ngā mea katoa: te kararehe whakaputa kai
Kāore ngā kaiwhakahaere ture e whakarōpū i te puru metilīni mā te pātai mēnā ka whai hua. Ka pātai rātou he aha te whakamahinga o te kararehe e maimoatia ana. Ko te ika e whakatipuria ana hei kai mā te tangata he kararehe whakaputa kai, ā, me whai whakaaetanga ngā rongoā katoa ka whakamahia ki taua ika i raro i ngā ture mō ngā kararehe hei kai, me ngā paepae toenga matū me ngā wā tatari i mua i te hauhake kua whakatauria. Ko te ika whakarākei kāore rawa e kainga, ka taka ki raro i tētahi atu huinga ture mō ngā hua. Kāore ngā paepae toenga matū i te kai e pā ki aua ika, engari tērā pea me whai whakaaetanga tonu ngā matū rongoā kararehe.
E toru ngā hapa ka hua mai i te kore mōhio ki tēnei rerekētanga. Ka maimoatia e tētahi whare whakapao ika ngā hua, ngā punua ika rānei kua whakaritea mō te mekameka whakaputa kai, me te mea nei he ika whakarākei, nā te mea he ririki, ā, he roa tonu te wā i mua i te hauhake. Ka tukuna, ka hokona rānei e tētahi kaipupuri mōkai ngā ika whakarākei, pērā i te carp, ki tētahi horopaki kai, me te kore mōhio ehara te ingoa momo anake i te mea e whakatau ana i te ture. Ā, ka pānui tētahi kaihoko i tētahi tapanga mō te puna ika, ka whakapae ko te wātea i te toa he tohu kua whakaaetia mō te haumaru kai. He ōrite te hapa i ia take: ko te whakamahi i te ariā ika whakarākei i te wā ko te ariā ika hei kai te mea whakahaere. Ka whakaatu hoki ngā herenga hototahi mō ngā tātari, ngā tipu me ngā taika i taua mātāpono i roto i te puna ika: mā te horopaki e whakatau mēnā e tika ana tētahi maimoatanga.
Te ripanga tohutoro mō ngā whenua me ngā horopaki whakaputa
Ko tēnei ripanga te rauemi tohutoro matua mō tēnei tuhinga. Ka whakarāpopoto mēnā kua whakaaetia te puru metilīni mō ngā ika hei kai, me te tūnga o te whakamahinga mō ngā ika whakarākei i ngā takiwā ture e rima. Kua āta whiriwhiria ngā kupu: i te nuinga o ngā wāhi, ko te kōrero tika ko te “kāore i whakaaetia”, ko te “kāore i whai mana” rānei. He rerekē tēnei i tētahi aukati kua whakaingoatia māriretia i roto i te ture.
| Takiwā ture | Ngā ika hei kai: kua whakaaetia? | Te horopaki whakarākei me te horopaki ehara i te kai | Mana whakahaere |
|---|---|---|---|
| Te Hononga o Amerika | Kāo. Kāore he rongoā puru metilīni kua whakaaetia e te FDA mō ngā ika hei kai kei runga i te rārangi rongoā ahumoana kua whakaaetia e te FDA. Ko ngā hua kāore i taua rārangi e hokona ana mō ngā ika hei kai, he rongoā kararehe kāore i whakaaetia, e ai ki te reta a te FDA ki ngā ngaio ahumoana. Kia mōhio: ehara tēnei i te whakarārangitanga i raro i te ture aukati whakamahinga ki waho i ngā tohutohu tapanga i 21 CFR 530.41; ko te “kāore i whakaaetia” te kupu tika. | He hua mō ngā puna ika kei te wātea, engari kāore te hoko ā-toa e tohu kua whakaaetia e te FDA. Ka whai pānga ngā tikanga whakaū ture mō ngā toenga matū e whakaahuatia ana i te aratohu FDA mō ngā kaimoana ahumoana ina uru ngā ika ki te mekameka kai. Me whai whakamarumaru haumaru kai te whakamahinga a te rata kararehe ki waho i ngā tohutohu tapanga i raro i 21 CFR 530.20, ā, kāore tēnei e hanga whakaaetanga whānui. | FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine |
| Te Kotahitanga o Ūropi | Kāo. Kei te Ripanga 1 o Regulation (EU) No 37/2010 ngā matū e whakaaetia ana mō ngā kararehe whakaputa kai, e whakaahuatia ana i te aratohu EMA mō ngā paepae mōrahi o ngā toenga matū. Kāore te puru metilīni i taua rārangi, nō reira ko te kupu tika ko te “kāore e whakaaetia mō ngā kararehe whakaputa kai”. | Kāore te take paepae toenga matū e pā ki ngā ika whakarākei ehara i te kai, engari me whai whakaaetanga tika tonu te hua rongoā kararehe i raro i ngā ture e hāngai ana. | European Commission, EMA |
| Te Kīngitanga Kotahi | Kāo, i raro i te anga ture mō ngā kararehe hei kai. Ka whai a Airani ki te Raki i ngā ture Ripanga 1 a te EU; i Peretānia Nui, me whai tūāpapa MRL i te rēhita GB, me noho rānei ki waho i te whānuitanga o aua ture, i mua i te whakamahinga ki ngā kararehe hei kai, i raro i te aratohu Cascade a te VMD me ngā ture VMD mō ngā paepae mōrahi o ngā toenga matū. Kāore i kitea he tūāpapa e tutuki ana ngā whakaritenga mō te puru metilīni i ngā ika hei kai. | He take whakaaetanga hua motuhake te whakamahinga mō ngā ika whakarākei, ā, kaua e whakapaetia ka hāngai taua whakaaetanga ki ngā ika ka uru ki te mekameka kai. | Veterinary Medicines Directorate |
| Kānata | Kāo. Kāore te puru metilīni i te rārangi a Health Canada mō ngā rongoā kua whakaaetia mō ngā kararehe wai whakaputa kai, e whakaahuatia ana i te kaupapa here rongoā ahumoana a Health Canada. Ko te whakamahinga ki waho i ngā tohutohu tapanga mā te rata kararehe i raro i te kaupapa here ELDU o Kānata, me ngā ara tuku rongoā mō ngā ohotata, he whakawāteatanga whāiti, ehara i te whakaaetanga. | Ka taea anake i raro i ngā ture whakaaetanga e hāngai ana o Kānata; ehara te “ehara i te kai” anake i te tohu e āhei ana te hokohoko ā-ture i tētahi hua. | Health Canada, CFIA |
| Ahitereiria | Kāore i kitea he whakaaetanga mō ngā ika hei kai. E tono ana te APVMA kia rēhitatia ngā hua matū rongoā kararehe, kia whai raihana rānei, e ai ki tana aratohu rēhitatanga. Kua rēhitatia ētahi hua whakarākei kei roto te puru metilīni, pērā i te ranunga mō ngā puna ika i te tapanga APVMA Multi Cure. Engari ko tētahi raihana puru metilīni o nāianei mō ngā kurī anake, e āta whakakore ana i ngā momo kararehe whakaputa kai (raihana APVMA PER13488). Nō taua raihana anake taua whakakorenga, ā, kaua e whakahuahia hei aukati whānui. | Kei te wātea ngā hua kua rēhitatia mō ngā puna ika whakarākei; me whai tūāpapa ā-ture motuhake te whakamahinga ki ngā ika hei kai. | APVMA |
I ētahi wā ka pātai ngā kaipānui mō te malachite green hei tauira o mua. He painga tō te whakataurite, engari he rohe tōna. He hītori motuhake tō te malachite green e pā ana ki te whakaū ture mō ngā toenga matū i ētahi takiwā ture. He rerekē te tūnga o te puru metilīni: kāore i ngā rārangi matū e whakaaetia ana, kāore hoki i whakaingoatia i roto i aua aukati anō. Kāore e tika te whakamahi i te hītori o te malachite green hei taunakitanga he ōrite tonu te whakarōpūtanga o te puru metilīni.
Te take ehara te tatari roa ake i te wā tatari kua whakaaetia i mua i te hauhake
Ko te wā tatari i mua i te hauhake he wā kua whakaaetia e te kaiwhakahaere ture, i takea mai i ngā raraunga mō te whakahekenga o ngā toenga matū. E whakaatu ana aua raraunga ka heke te nui o te matū i ngā kiko hei kai ki raro i tētahi paepae ā-ture i mua i tētahi wā kua tautuhia. Ka herea e Health Canada me te APVMA aua wā tatari ki aua momo raraunga. Mō tētahi matū kāore i whakaaetia, kāore hoki he paepae kua whakatauria, kāore he maha o ngā rā tatari ka kōwhiria e te kaiwhakamahi e hanga noa ai i tētahi wā tatari kua whakaaetia.
Kotahi te whakawāteatanga whai here. Ka whakaaetia e ētahi takiwā ture kia whakatauria e tētahi rata kararehe he wā tatari mō te whakamahinga ki waho i ngā tohutohu tapanga, mā tētahi ara whai mana, pērā i AMDUCA i te US, te whakamahinga rongoā ki waho i ngā tohutohu tapanga i Kānata, te Cascade i te UK, me ngā whakaritenga mō ngā rata kararehe me ngā whakamahinga iti i Ahitereiria. He mahi ngaio tēnei mō tētahi take motuhake, i roto i tētahi anga ture whai whakamarumaru mō ngā toenga matū. Kāore e ōrite ki tētahi kerēme wā tatari kua whakaaetia mō tētahi hua a te kaihanga. Ā, i te horopaki o te EU me Airani ki te Raki, ko te kore whakarōpūtanga MRL he ārai tuatahi tonu e kore e taea te whakatika mā te tatari roa ake.
Ngā aratohu whaihua mō ia kaipānui
Me whakaaro ngā whare whakapao ika e whakatipu ana i te taraute, te hāmana, te tilapia, te catfish, te carp rānei hei kai, kāore te puru metilīni e wātea mō tō rātou mekameka whakaputa, ki te kore tētahi rata kararehe e tautuhi i tētahi ara whai ture i tō rātou takiwā, me te kawe i te haepapa mō te ū ki ngā ture toenga matū. Kāore ngā tohutao rumaki hua o mua e whakakore i tēnei. Ko ngā hua me ngā punua ika kua whakaritea mō te mekameka kai, he wāhanga tonu o taua mekameka.
Ko ngā kaitiaki puna ika, ngā kaitiaki koi, me ngā kaipupuri ika kōura e pupuri ana i ngā ika kāore rawa e kainga, e mahi ana i te taha whakarākei o te paenga. Whakamahia ngā hua kua tapaina mō taua kaupapa, whāia ngā tohutohu o te tapanga, ā, kaua e whakawhiti i ngā ika whakarākei ki ngā hōpua ika hei kai.
Me whakaū ngā rata kararehe ko tēhea anga ture e whakahaere ana i te take: ko ngā ripanga whakaaetanga i te tuatahi, kātahi ko ngā ture mō te whakamahinga ki waho i ngā tohutohu tapanga, ko ngā ture Cascade rānei, kātahi ko ngā tuhinga mō ngā toenga matū. Ko te wātea i ngā toa mōkai, ko ngā rahinga rongoā i ngā huinga ipurangi a ngā kaiwhakangahau, me ngā pukapuka tawhito mō ngā whare whakapao ika, he kōrero tiaki ika, ehara i te whakaaetanga.
He māmā te mātāpono matua ina kōrerotia māriretia. I whai wāhi te puru metilīni ki ngā paepae hua me ngā kāpata puna ika nā ngā tekau tau o ngā hua kitea ki ngā hekaheka wai me ngā pirinoa o waho. Ka puta i te whakaputa kai he pātai tuarua e kore e taea te whakautu mā ngā hua kitea: he aha e toe ana i roto i te kiko, ā, nā wai i whakaū he haumaru? Kia whakautua rā anō taua pātai e tētahi takiwā ture mā tōna ake tukanga whakaaetanga, ka noho tonu te rumakanga puru ki te taha whakarākei o te paenga.