Tuhinga
Nā wai te waikano toto waiporoporo i whakawhanake? Te kikorangi metilīni, Malachowski, Romanowsky, me Giemsa
He whero te eosin. He kikorangi te kikorangi metilīni. Whakaranua ngā mea e rua, pania te ranunga ki tētahi paparanga toto kua whakamaroketia, ā, ka waiporoporo ētahi wāhanga o taua paparanga.
Ehara i te mea ka pēnei ngā wāhanga katoa. I tētahi tauira kua pai te whakarite, ka whero-waiporoporo ngā karihi o ngā pūtau toto mā, ā, ka pēnei anō te tae o te pūmatū ira i roto i tētahi pirinoa malaria, engari ka noho māwhero ngā pūtau toto whero e karapoti ana, ka noho kiwikiwi-kikorangi hoki te pūwētau. Mā te waiporoporo e taea ai te wehewehe ngā momo pūtau.
Kāore he waiporoporo i roto i tētahi o ngā pounamu. Ka puta noa taua tae ina tūtaki tētahi hua motuhake o te pirau o te kikorangi metilīni ki te eosin i runga i te kiriata karāhe. I ngā tau 1880 me ngā tau 1890, kāore tētahi i mōhio kei reira taua hua, kāore rawa rānei i mōhio he aha taua mea. Ko te hunga e whai ana i te tae i mahi takitahi ki ngā waikano poke, ā, kāore he huarahi pono hei kimi he aha kei roto i tētahi pounamu i muri i tana noho ki te whata mō ngā marama e rua.
Koia te take he maha ake i te kotahi ngā whakautu ka taea te tautoko ki te pātai o te taitara, ā, koia hoki te take i rerekē ai te whakautu i 2011.
He kitenga i rerekē ai i te panonitanga o te ranunga
Kāore te waikano i waihangatia i te wā kotahi. I whanake haere. Nā ia panonitanga ki te ranunga i kitea ai kotahi tonu te mōhiohio hou, ā, ko te raupapa o aua kitenga te huarahi mārama rawa hei whai i te hītori.
| Tau | Ngā mea i roto i te rīhi | Ngā mea i taea te kite |
|---|---|---|
| 1865 | Te waikawa pikiri, te waikano waihanga tuatahi i whakamahia ki te toto, nā Wilhelm Erb | He tauira rite ki te reihi i roto i ētahi pūtau toto whero. |
| 1876 | Te kikorangi metilīni, nā Heinrich Caro rāua ko Adolf von Baeyer i BASF | Ngā huakita kohi, i ngā mahi a Robert Koch. Ngā pūtau toto i te kārangi kikorangi kotahi. |
| 1880 | Te kikorangi metilīni me te fuchsin waikawa, te waikano kūpapa a Ehrlich | He whero ngā pūtau toto whero me ngā kōpura eosinophil, he kikorangi hōhonu ngā karihi, he kikorangi kōmā te pūwētau lymphocyte, ā, he kōpura waiporoporo pōuri i mau ai ngā waikano e rua. Koia te take ka kīia taua pūtau he neutrophil. Te tatau tuatahi i ngā momo pūtau toto mā. |
| 1888 | Te kikorangi metilīni me te eosin. Czesław Chęciński | Te pirinoa ake: he āhua kikorangi rite ki te putiputi daisy (Plasmodium malariae), he āhua toronaihi hoki (ngā gametocyte o P. falciparum). Kāore tōna karihi i kitea. |
| 1890 | He nui ake te kikorangi metilīni, he iti ake te waipiro, me te hauwaihā pāhare pāporo. Albert Plehn | He whānui ake, he hōhonu ake te whānuitanga o ngā tae, tae atu ki ngā pūtau toto whero tae rōhi me ngā kōpura eosinophil tae rōhi. He whero, he kikorangi anake tonu. |
| 1890 | Te eosin me te kikorangi metilīni i whakakawakawatia ki te borax. Ernst Malachowski | He pūmatū ira whero-waiporoporo i roto i te pirinoa, ā, ka taea te wehewehe te karihi i te pūwētau. I āta mahia, ā, e ai ki āna kōrero, i taea te whakaputa anō. |
| 1891 | Te eosin me te kikorangi metilīni nō tētahi pounamu whai puruhekaheka kua neke atu i te rua marama te pakeke. Dmitri Romanowsky | Ko taua waiporoporo anō, kotahi te putanga, mā tētahi tikanga kāore i taea e ētahi atu te whakahoki. |
| 1898 ki 1902 | He waikano maha-tae i tangohia mā te chloroform (Nocht); te mewaro (Jenner); te whakarewa anō i te tōtā ki te waipiro (Leishman, Reuter, Wright); he waikano kua āta inea me te glycerol (Giemsa) | Ka puta te waiporoporo ina hiahiatia, i tētahi hua i ōrite te mahi i te taiwhanga whai muri. Kāore i puta te waiporoporo i tā Jenner putanga, nā te kore waikano kua maha-taetia. |
| 1940 ki 1943 | Nā Lillie, Roe me Wilcox ngā wāhanga i wehewehe, i whakamātau takitahi hoki | Ko Azure B te wāhanga e whakaputa ana i te waiporoporo, kaua ko te ranunga katoa. |
Ko te tauira o te tīwae whakamutunga te mea matua. Nā ia ahunga whakamua i whānui ake ai te whānuitanga o ngā tae, ā, nā ia whakawhānuitanga i kitea ai tētahi atu hanganga. Ehara te waiporoporo i te whakapaipai noa i te tikanga; koia te rerekētanga i waenga i te kite kei reira tētahi pirinoa me te kite i ōna wāhanga. He hītori roa ake tō te haerenga o te waikano ake i tētahi wheketere waikano a BASF ki ngā mahi hauora, me ōna ake tuhinga. Kei tētahi rārangi wā o ngā kaitāpae me ngā hononga ki ngā puna te raupapa katoa o runga, me te puna e tautoko ana i ia tāurunga.
Whakaahua: ko aua ranunga e ono anō, kua tuhia hei whakaatu i ngā mea i roto i te rīhi me ngā mea i puta i reira. Kei ngā porowhita ngā waikano; kei ngā poraka i raro ngā tae i taea e aua waikano te whakaputa i tētahi paparanga toto. Kāore he poraka whero-waiporoporo i mua i 1890, ā, kei ngā ranunga katoa i muri mai taua poraka.
Te tangata i āta whakamahi i te borax
He rata a Ernst Malachowski i Breslau, arā ko Wrocław ināianei. I pau tōna ao mahi i te mahi rata motuhake me tētahi whare haumanu iti nāna rāua ko tētahi hoa mahi i whakahaere, ā, i mahia āna mahi taiwhanga i tōna wā wātea. I whānau ia ki Strzelno i te 12 o Poutū-te-rangi 1857, i ako i te rongoā ki te Whare Wānanga o Breslau, ā, mai i 1882 ki 1887 i mahi hei kaiāwhina rongoā ā-roto i te Hōhipera All Saints, koia te hōhipera tuarua nui rawa o Tiamana i taua wā.
I tīmata ia i 1888 ki te waikano takirua a Chęciński rāua ko Plehn. I tētahi tauira i whakaritea i 1889, i kite ia he rerekē te tae i mau ki te pūmatū ira o te karihi o te plasmodium i tērā o te pūwētau, engari kāore i taea e ia te whakaputa anō. I whakamātau ia ki te whakawaikawa i te kikorangi metilīni, ā, i kino ake te hua. I whakamātau ia ki te whakakawakawa ki te borax, ā, i whai hua i ia wā. I whakaatu tūmatanui ia i te tikanga i te 15 o Pipiri 1890, ā, i whakaputa i tētahi whakamārama whānui ake i Hereturikōkā 1891, tae atu ki te tohutohu mō te borax. I tuhia e ia e rua tekau mā whā hāora te roa o te whakapoke, ā, he māmā te whakaputa anō i ngā hua.
He wā roa te rua tekau mā whā hāora i tētahi taiwhanga tātari mate, ā, kāore tana pepa i tino aro ki te tae waiporoporo-whero o te karihi o te pirinoa. Ahakoa te take, kāore tētahi i whai i te whakakawakawatanga āta whakamaheretia o te kikorangi metilīni kia mahia anō rā anō e Nocht i 1898. Kāore a Malachowski i tuhi anō mō te whakapoke toto.
Ko te take i iti rawa ai te mōhiotanga mōna tae noa ki nā tata nei, he take pūranga kē, ehara i te take ngaro. Tata tonu kāore he tohu o tōna ao i ora tonu i ngā tuhinga hauora, ā, kotahi noa te ara i tae mai ai ngā mea i ora tonu. I wehe tana tamāhine a Marie i Tiamana ki Rānana i 1939, i mahi i te Ope Taua o Peretānia, ā, i noho pūmau ki Kānata. I tau tana kohinga tuhinga ā-whānau ki te Leo Baeck Institute i New York. I mate tana tungāne a Leo i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao. I whakahekea tana tuahine a Eva i Breslau ki te puni whakawhiti o Izbica i Paengawhāwhā 1942, ā, kāore i hoki mai. I whakamate tōna whaea a Hedwig i a ia anō i te 22 o Paengawhāwhā 1942, kia kaua ia e tatari ki taua whakahekenga anō. I mate kē a Malachowski i 1934, i mua i aua mea katoa.
Ki te pērā te mutunga o tētahi hītori ā-whānau, ka mutu hoki te whakahua i taua hītori hei puna. Ko ngā pepa e rua i whakahoki i a Malachowski ki te hītori whanaketanga o te waikano, i whakaputaina tahi i 2011, i whakahiatotia mai i ngā tuhinga pūranga i Poznań me Wrocław, me ngā tuhinga a Marie i New York.
He pounamu whai puruhekaheka me tētahi Ruhiana waimarie
I ako a Dmitri Romanowsky i te rongoā ki te Military Medical Academy i St Petersburg, ā, i mahi ia mō te malaria mō te nuinga o tōna ao mahi. I 1890 i whakaputa ia i tētahi tikanga, ki tā te tuhinga, he tata pū ki tā Chęciński: he kikorangi metilīni kāore i whakarerekētia me te eosin, engari he paku nui ake te eosin.
I Mahuru 1891 i whakaputa ia i te tikanga i rongonui ai tōna ingoa, ā, i huna te taipitopito matua i roto i ngā tohutohu. Ko āna hua pai rawa i ahu mai i te wairewa metilīni kua penapenatia, arā he wairewa pūtake o te kikorangi metilīni kua tū mō te neke atu i te rua marama, e tupu ana te puruhekaheka ki runga. Nā te puruhekaheka me te wā e tū ana i tango ai ētahi rōpū metil i te waikano. Kāore a Romanowsky i mōhio ki tēnā, kāore hoki i taea e ia te whakahaere, ā, kāore i taea e ērā atu kaimahi i whakamātau i tana tikanga te whakaputa i te waiporoporo. I tukuna tana tuhinga whakapae ki St Petersburg i Pipiri 1891, koia te take e whakaarotia ai i te kōrero whānui ko 1891 te tau i kitea ai.
I Pipiri 1890 kē te whakaaturanga a Malachowski, neke atu i te kotahi tau i mua, ā, i whai hua tana tikanga nā te āta whakamahere.
Te take i tapaina ai ki te tangata hē
Nā Kristine Krafts, Ernst Hempelmann me Barbara Oleksyn ngā taunakitanga mō Malachowski i whakahiato, ā, e whā ngā mea e poua ai. Ko te rā o te whakaaturanga tūmatanui, arā ko Pipiri 1890 ki te taha o Mahuru 1891. Ko te kupu āta whakamaheretia ki te taha o te kupu waimarie tūpono. Ko te meka i whakaputaina e Malachowski tana tikanga katoa, tae atu ki te borax, engari i whakawhirinaki tā Romanowsky ki tētahi taurangi kāore i whakahaeretia. Me te kitenga i ngaro tata tonu te whakamārama o te karihi o te plasmodium, me te waiporoporo nāna taua karihi i whakakite, i ngā tuhinga mō ngā tau e whitu, nā te kore e taea e tētahi te whakaputa anō i te putanga tūpono.
He hāngai tā rātou whakatau. I te pepa haurongo ka kī rātou he "whakahēnga nui" taua whakawhiwhinga hōnore, ā, ka whakahua rātou i a Ralph Lillie, nāna i tuhi i 1978, "tērā pea me kī tēnei whānau waikano he waikano Malachowski".
E tautohetia ana taua kerēme, pērā i te nuinga o ngā kerēme mō te tangata i kite tuatahi, ā, he pai ake te whakamārama i te āhua o te tautohe i te whakatau. Me mārama te tautohe mō te tangata tuatahi ki te kī he aha rā te mea i kitea. Mehemea ko te tae waiporoporo te kitenga, kei a Malachowski te whakaaturanga tuatahi kua tuhia. Mehemea ko te tikanga kua whakaputaina te kitenga, i whakaputa ngā tāne e rua i 1891, ā, i tapaina ki a Romanowsky. Mehemea ko te whakamārama te kitenga, kāore he kerēme a tētahi o rāua, nā te mea kāore tētahi i mōhio ko te pakari haere he tangohanga rōpū metil, kāore hoki tētahi i taea te whakamārama he aha i puta ai taua tae. Ko taua take whakamutunga te mea ka mahue i ngā kōrero rongonui. He poke te wāhanga hohe, kāore anō kia tautuhia e tētahi, ā, nā te tangata tuatahi i āta whakaputa taua tae i whakamahi tētahi tohutaka i ahu mai i te whakamātau, i taea hoki te whakahoki, kaua i te māramatanga ki ngā mahi a taua tohutaka.
Ko ngā pepa e rua o 2011 ngā whakamārama whakaputa whānui rawa mō ngā taunakitanga e tautoko ana i a Malachowski, ā, ka taea te pānui koreutu i ngā mea e rua ki PubMed: ko te arotake roa kei PMID 21235291, ko te pepa haurongo kei PMID 21660627. Kei te pūkete PubMed mō te arotake tētahi kōrero urupare ki taua arotake, i whakaputaina ki taua hautaka anō i muri mai i taua tau, kei 86(5):366. He whakamaharatanga tika tēnei i tautohetia taua kerēme i ngā tuhinga i tōna putanga tonutanga mai.
Ehara taua tautohe i te rerekētanga whakaaro mō te matū. E whakaae ana ngā tāngata katoa e whai wāhi ana he aha te waiporoporo, ā, ko ēhea wāhanga e whakaputa ana. Ko te tautohe mō te tangata i tae tuatahi atu, me te pātai mēnā ka whai mana tētahi putanga tūpono kāore i taea e tētahi te whakahoki hei kitenga tuatahi.
Ngā hua i kawea mai e ngā ingoa o muri
Mehemea nā Malachowski te waiporoporo i whakaputa tuatahi, he aha i mau ai ngā ingoa o Romanowsky, Wright me Giemsa ki te waikano?
Nā te mea ehara tētahi waikano ka whai hua kotahi noa i ngā ringaringa o tōna kaihanga i te tauhohe matū pono. Nā ngā mahi o muri i huri ai tētahi ranunga hārakiraki hei mea ka taea e tētahi kaitoi taiwhanga i tētahi atu whenua te whakamahi i tētahi Tūrei.
Nā te whakaaro arorau a Nocht i tutuki ai. I muri i te kore e whiwhi hua pono mai i tētahi waikano kūpapa māmā, i whakatau ia me ahu mai te waiporoporo i tētahi mea kei roto i te kikorangi metilīni, ehara taua mea i te kikorangi metilīni ake, ā, i haere ki te kimi. I kite kē a Unna ka whakapokea ngā kōpura o ngā pūtau mast ki te whero e ngā wairewa kikorangi metilīni kua tawhito, ā, i whakatakoto ia i te whakaaro ka hangaia he matū hou i te pakari haere o te waikano. I whakaatu a Bernthsen i 1885 ka tangohia ngā rōpū metil i te kikorangi metilīni i ngā āhuatanga kawakawa, ā, ko aua hua ngā mea e kīia nei ināianei ko ngā azure. Nā Nocht te hautanga hohe i tango mā te chloroform, ā, ko tāna anake i taea te tapa ko te whero nō te kikorangi metilīni; nā Michaelis i tapa he azure I i 1901. Nā Jenner ngā take whakarite i whakatika. Nā te whakarewa anō i te tōtā kikorangi metilīni me te eosin ki te mewaro pū i puta ai he wairewa kotahi pūmau, i whakapūmau i te paparanga i a ia e whakapoke ana, ā, ka mutu te whakapūmau mā te wera. Nā Leishman rāua ko Reuter te waikano kua maha-taetia i whakakotahi ki tētahi whakarewa waipiro, ā, ka whiwhi rāua i te pūmautanga me te waiporoporo i te wā kotahi. Nā Wright tētahi wā whakatipu tekau mā rua hāora i te 65 °C, me te tekau rā e tū ana, i whakakapi ki te kotahi hāora i roto i te mamaoa rere. I mutu rawa tā Giemsa whakawhirinaki ki tētahi wairewa kua pakari matapōkeretia. I whakamahia e ia ngā rahinga kua āta inea o ngā waikano e mōhiotia ana, me te glycerol i roto i te mewaro, kia mau tonu te hua i te wera o ngā rohe pārūrū. Kāore rawa ia i whakaputa i tana tikanga hanga i te azure metilīni parakore. I hokona e ia ki te taiwhanga o Dr Grübler i Leipzig, nā taua taiwhanga i hoko hei azure I, me te kī ko tā rātou putanga anake te waikano Giemsa tūturu.
E tautohetia tonutia ana te tuakiri o taua azure. Ki ētahi he kikorangi metilīni kua maha-taetia noa iho, ki ētahi atu he nui te azure B i roto. I puta te whakautu i tētahi pakanga. I te kore e taea te tiki waikano nō Tiamana, i kitea e tētahi rōpū o te United States Public Health Service, arā a Ralph Lillie me Maurice Roe rāua ko Aimee Wilcox, i ahu mai te whakapoke pai rawa i ngā wāhanga motuhake e toru: te kikorangi metilīni kāore i whakarerekētia, tōna hua pirau kua tangohia ētahi rōpū metil, arā ko te azure B, me te eosin. Nā Azure B i whakakapi te azure I kāore i taea te tiki, ā, ko aua wāhanga e toru tonu te tūāpapa o te waikano e whakamahia ana hei tātari i te malaria i ēnei rā.
He pātai motuhake, he whārangi kē hoki, tō te matū e whakamārama ana i te pāhekoheko o aua wāhanga e toru i runga i tētahi kiriata karāhe. Kei te whārangi ngā tūranga o ngā waikano me te matū o ngā waikano momo Romanowsky ngā mahi a te azure B me te eosin takitahi, me te take ka whakaputa te takirua i tētahi tae kāore e puta i tētahi o rāua anake. Kei te whārangi ngā whakamahinga ki te karu whakarahi me te taiwhanga te taha whakamahi: ngā mea e kitea ana i tētahi tauira kua whakaritea, me te aromātai mēnā e hāngai ana tētahi hua ki te tikanga e hiahia ana koe ki te whakamahi.
Te wāhanga o te hītori e hāngai tonu ana ki ēnei rā
Kāore tētahi taipitopito o tēnei kōrero i mutu te pono i 1902. Mō te āhua rima tekau tau, he poke kāore anō kia tapaina te wāhanga tino nui o te waikano malaria paerewa o te ao. I noho tūpono ki reira, i rerekē tōna rahinga i waenga i ngā pounamu, he muna tauhokohoko tōna tuakiri mō tētahi wā o taua wāhanga, ā, i tautohetia tōna ōwehenga tae noa ki ngā tau 1940. Kāore te hunga whakamahi i te waikano i noho whakaarokore. Kāore he huarahi e mōhio ai rātou he aha kei roto i te pounamu.
Ko te putanga hou o taua raruraru anō he whakaritenga e whakamārama ana i tētahi wāhanga anake o te matū. Ko te ū ki te USP te huarahi ki te taumata parakore teitei rawa e tukuna ana e te mākete, nā te mea he paerewa whakaputa oti katoa, ehara i te inenga kotahi: te tuakiri, te parakore, ngā poke waro tae atu ki ngā waikano azure, ngā whakarewa e toe ana, ngā poke huānga, te toenga i muri i te tahu, ngā tepe moroiti me ngā tāoke ā-roto o ngā huakita. Ka tiki a Blupreme i tana kikorangi metilīni i tētahi kaihanga rongoā, ā, ka whakaputa i te tiwhikete tātaritanga katoa, kia taea ai te tirotiro ia rārangi o taua rārangi take, kaua e kī noa kua tutuki. Ko tētahi tiwhikete e pūrongo ana i tētahi hua whakamātau konganuku taumaha, ā, ka kī he ūnga ki te USP, he rite ki tētahi pounamu o ēnei rā kua tapaina "kikorangi metilīni kua pakari": tērā pea he tauhohe matū pai, engari kāore te tapanga e whakamārama he aha kei roto.