Te kikorangi metilīni hei tohu: he aha rawa tā te panoni tae e whakaatu ai

Ka tāpiri tētahi kaitoi taiwhanga i te kikorangi metilīni ki tētahi ipurau, ka whakarite i te pH, kātahi ka tatari kia whakaatu te tae i te kawatanga. Kāore he panoni mārama e puta. Ka tāpiri kē ia i tētahi maturuturunga wairewa waikawa askōpiki, ā, ka ngaro te kikorangi. Ka rū ia i te ipu i te hau, ā, ka hoki mai te kikorangi. He ōrite te waikano, engari e rua ngā whanonga tino rerekē. Ko taua rangirua te tino kaupapa o tēnei tuhinga: he tohu whakahāora–whakaheke te kikorangi metilīni e urupare ana ki te whakawhitinga irahiko, ehara i te tohu pH e urupare ana ki ngā iraoho. Kia mārama taua rerekētanga, ka mārama hoki ngā taipitopito katoa.

Ka taea te whakarāpopoto i te ture mahi ki te rerenga kotahi. Ko te kikorangi e tohu ana kei reira te āhua kua whakahāoratia. Ko te kore tae e tohu ana kei reira te āhua kua whakahekea, arā, te kikorangi leucometilīni. Ka taea e ngā mea katoa e whakawhiti irahiko ana te huri i te āhua. Kāore e taea e ngā waikawa me ngā pāpāhua anake, ahakoa ka panoni te pH i te ngaohiko e puta ai taua hurihanga.

Te takirua kei muri i te tae

Ko te kikorangi metilīni kua whakahāoratia te katote tōrunga methylthioninium, he pūnaha phenothiazinium papatahi, e toru ōna mowhiti, ka tukuna hei tote pūhaumāota. Ka tuhia e PubChem hei methylthioninium chloride. I roto i te wairewa wai waimeha, ka ngongo te waetahi i te rama tata ki te 664 nm, ā, ko taua ngongo te take e kitea ai te kikorangi e te kanohi. He ōrite te anga o tōna hoa kua whakahekea, te kikorangi leucometilīni, engari kua tāpirihia he iraoho ki te hauota o te mowhiti waenga, ā, kua whati te rōpū whakaputa tae. Nā reira he tata kore tae, me tōna pae ngongo kaha kei te rohe hihi katinga (te tāurunga PubChem mō te āhua leuco).

E rua ngā irahiko ka whakawhitia e te tauhohenga tapeke, engari ka whakawhirinaki te maha o ngā iraoho ki te pH, nā te mea ka tāpirihia he iraoho ki te āhua kua whakahekea i roto i te waikawa. Ko te whakamārama tohutoro i te whakaata i te matū whakahāora–whakaheke e tuku ana i te pūmanawa hiko paerewa tata ki te +0.53 V i te pH 0, me te pūmanawa hiko ōkawa tata ki te +0.011 V i te pH 7, e whakaritea ana ki te kawehiko hauwai. I waenga i aua wāhi, ka neke te pūmanawa hiko i runga i te pH. Ka kitea e te ine ia–ngaohiko o ēnei rā i te rangahau mō te whanonga whakahāora–whakaheke me ngā pūmanawa hiko o ngā waikano he tata ki te 29.5 mV mō ia waeine pH mai i te pH 4 ki te 10 pea, e hāngai ana ki tētahi tukanga irahiko-rua, iraoho-kotahi. Kei raro i te pH 4, he tata ki te 88.5 mV mō ia waeine pH, e hāngai ana ki tētahi tukanga irahiko-rua, iraoho-toru. Nō reira, kāore he tikanga o tētahi pūmanawa hiko kua pūrongotia me te kore o tōna pH. Me ui tonu ko tēhea rōnaki, ko tēhea kawehiko tohutoro hoki kei muri i taua tau, nā te mea kāore e taea te whakataurite tōtika i ngā uara kua hoatu ki ngā tohutoro hiriwa ki ngā uara o te tauine hauwai. Mā te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o te matū e whakatau te rōpū whakaputa tae, ā, ka toro atu tētahi whārangi hoa mō te hoahoa pānui whakahāora–whakaheke ki te whakamahinga o te takirua nei i ngā kōwhiringa waihanga.

Nā tōna tūnga waenga i te tauine pūmanawa hiko i whaihua ai te waikano. I te pH 7, kei waenga ia i ngā matū whakahāora ngāwari: he kaha tonu ki te tango irahiko i ngā kaituku pai pērā i te askōpāta, i te NAD(P)H rānei, engari he ngāwari tonu ki te tuku atu i aua irahiko ki te hāora memeha, ki ngā pokapū rino(III) rānei. Nō reira, ka huri haere, kāore e mau ki tētahi āhua. Mā te whakaheke e whakakore tōna tae. Mā te hau e whakahāora anō. He ōrite te ara i ngā ahunga e rua.

He aha i puta tonu ai ngā pātai mō te pH

E toru ngā pūtake rangirua e hoki mai ana i ngā taiwhanga me ngā akomanga, ā, he whakatikatika motuhake mō ia mea.

Tuatahi, ka neke te pH i te pūmanawa hiko, ā, he rite te āhua ki tētahi urupare pH. Ki te whakapiki i te pH, ka māmā ake te whakaheke i te takirua i tētahi pānui kawehiko pūmau, nō reira ka tere ake te whakakore tae a taua kaituku anō. Engari kāore tētahi hīkoi tāpiri iraoho anake e whakaputa i te whakawhitinga mārama mai i te kikorangi ki te kore tae i roto i te awhe noa. E ai ki tētahi arotake arohaehae 2025 mō ngā āhuatanga o te kikorangi metilīni, ka noho tata pūmau te tihi 665 nm mai i te pH 2 ki te 12, he iti noa ngā panoni o te ine ngongo. Mā ngā iraoho e whakarite te ngaohiko. Mā ngā irahiko e huri te tae.

Tuarua, ka whakapohehe te tapanga whakarōpūtanga ariā. I tēnei wā, ka kawemai a PubChem i tētahi tūranga ChEBI e kī ana he tohu waikawa–pāpāhua te waikano. Kaua taua tapanga e pānuitia hei taunakitanga e rite ana te whanonga o te kikorangi metilīni ki te phenolphthalein, ki te whero metilī rānei. Kāore e pēnei ana i ngā mahi wairewa wai noa.

Tuatoru, ka whakamahi te ranunga Tashiro i te ingoa. He ranunga te tohu Tashiro o te whero metilī me te kikorangi metilīni. Mā te whero metilī e tuku te urupare waikawa–pāpāhua, ā, mā te kikorangi metilīni e tuku he papamuri kikorangi ki te tirohanga, kia huri ai te panoni whero-ki-te-kōwhai hei panoni tae hanumi koi ake. E hoatu ana tētahi waihanga Tashiro arumoni i te pH 4.4 ki te 6.2, ā, e tautuhi ana tētahi waihanga ITW Reagents i te whero-waiporoporo i te pH 4.4 ki te kākāriki i te pH 5.8. Ehara tētahi o aua awhe i te awhe whakawhitinga o te kikorangi metilīni ake. Ko te waikano te matū papamuri tae, ehara i te pūoko.

Me tūpato ki tētahi āhuatanga kei te tapa o te awhe. Tata ki te pH 13, ka taea e ngā āhuatanga tino kawakore te whakaputa matū whero ki te māwhero o te momo waiporoporo metilīni mā te wāwāhitanga ki te wai kāore e taea te whakahoki. He tūkinotanga matū taua māwhero, ehara i te pūwāhi mutunga o tētahi tohu. Me whakaarohia hei tohu kia whakarērea te wairewa, kaua hei pānui.

Ngā wāhi e whaihua ai hei tohu whakahāora–whakaheke

Ko te whakamahinga tawhito ko te tātari maturuturu Lane-Eynon mō te huka whakaheke. Ka tātaritia tētahi wairewa Fehling kawakore wera mā te tāpiri huka i ia maturuturu, ā, ka tāpirihia te kikorangi metilīni ina tata ki te pūwāhi mutunga. Ka ngaro te kikorangi e toe ana ina nui ake te āheinga whakaheke o te huka i tērā e hiahiatia ana mō te konukura(II). Ka pupuri te tukanga AOAC Lane-Eynon i te ranunga kia koropupū tonu, kia pēhi ai te putanga korohū i te whakahāoratanga anō e te hau. Ko te tikanga, he torutoru maturuturu wairewa waikano ka whakamahia. E whakaatu ana te panoni tae kāore he konukura e taea ana te whakaheke e toe ana. He kōrero whakahāora–whakaheke tēnei mō te ipu, ehara i te kōrero pH.

I whakamahia taua arorau i wāhi kē i ngā tātari maturuturu o mua. Ka taea te whakakapi i te māngaro ki te waikano waimeha i ētahi tātari maturuturu whakamahi iodine, i ngā wā e kore ai te māngaro e tika nā te waipiro, me ngā kukūtanga mahi tata ki te 0.05 g mō ia rita. Heoi, ka tūpono hanga tētahi pūhui iodine–waikano ki te nui rawa te waikano, pēnei i tā Sinnatt i whakaatu ai i te tau 1912. Ka whakarārangi hoki ngā kohinga pukapuka tohutohu i te waikano mō te tātari maturuturu whakamahi titanium me te tātari maturuturu iodine. I te tikanga waikawa askōpiki a Gal o 1936, ka whakahekea te waikano ki ngā tangohanga huaora C, kātahi ka tātari maturuturu whakamuri i te waikano e toe ana ki te titanium trichloride. He tikanga hītori tēnei ināianei, ehara i te tikanga mahi auau, engari e whakaatu ana i te tauira: ka whakaheke te kaituku i te kikorangi ki te kore tae, ā, ko te ngaronga o te kikorangi te pūwāhi mutunga.

Ka whakahaere ngā tikanga hāora memeha i taua takirua ki te ahunga kōaro. Ko tētahi huarahi kua whakaputaina ka whakaheke tuatahi i te waikano ki te hukahuka i roto i te waiwaihā kawakore whai wai, kātahi ka tuku kia whakahāora te hāora memeha i te āhua leuco kore tae kia hoki ki te kikorangi tata tonu. Ka pānui tata ki te 600 nm, tae noa ki te āhua 13 micrograms mō ia milliliter, e ai ki te whakamārama a Okumura rāua ko Hashitani. Kaua tēnei e rangiruatia ki te tātari maturuturu Winkler tawhito mō te hāora memeha, e whakamahi ana i te māngaro mō tōna pūwāhi mutunga. E tautuhi ana te SOP Winkler a NOAA i te māngaro tata ki te 1 percent. He kāhui tikanga motuhake ngā tikanga hāora kikorangi metilīni, ā, he kōaro te ahunga o te panoni tae.

Ko te pounamu kikorangi o te akomanga taua takirua anō i te tauine iti: ka whakaheke te hukahuka i roto i te wairewa kawakore i te waikano kikorangi ki te āhua kore tae i a ia e tū ana. Mā te rū e whakarewa te hāora, ā, mā taua hāora e whakahāora anō kia kikorangi. Kei te whakaaturanga pounamu kikorangi te tukanga katoa me ōna whakahaere, ā, kei te whārangi tūāwhiorangi me ngā pānga kukūtanga ngā tūnga pae ngongo me ngā nekehanga nā te whakahiatotanga. Ko te pūnaha mahi anake kei tēnei tuhinga, nā te mea me whai āhuatanga motuhake te tukanga me ngā tūāwhiorangi.

Tūtohi āhua tae: ngā āhua, ngā āhuatanga, ngā herenga

Ko tēnei ripanga te tohutoro taketake mō te tuhinga. Pānuihia te rārangi katoa i mua i te whakawhirinaki ki tētahi pūwāhi mutunga.

Ngā hapa e whakapōuri ana i te pūwāhi mutunga

Ko te hau te mea tuatahi hei whakapae ina neke haere tētahi pūwāhi mutunga. He māmā te whakahāora anō i te āhua leuco, otirā i ngā pūnaha kawakore. Nō reira, ka kikorangi anō pea tētahi tātari maturuturu i tae ki te kore tae, ina waiho kia tū, ina hurihurihia kaha rānei. Aukatihia te hau ina hira te pūmautanga, whakatauiratia te rū, ā, pānuihia i tētahi wā pūmau.

Ko te rama te mea tuarua hei whakapae. He hohe ā-matū te waikano i raro i te rama, ā, ka taea e te whitinga rama i te wā kei reira ngā kaituku te whakakore tōna tae mā ngā ara e whai hua ana kua tangohia ō rātou rōpū metilī. Rokirokitia ngā wairewa waikano tātari ki te pōuri, ā, kaua e whakahaere i ngā pūwāhi mutunga i raro i ngā rama tēpu mahi tino kaha.

Ko te kukūtanga te mea tuatoru. Ka tāpae te katote tōrunga kua whakahāoratia hei waerua, hei whakahiatotanga nui ake hoki, me tētahi pae ngongo kua neke tata ki te 610 ki te 615 nm. Nō reira, ka puta he āhua rerekē i tōna tihi noa i tētahi wairewa kukū, ahakoa kāore he poke. Waimehatia kia tae ki te āhua waetahi i mua i te whakatau i ngā tūāwhiorangi, i ngā pūwāhi mutunga rānei.

E rua ngā rītaha iti ake te kitea e tika ana kia kōrerotia, nā te mea ka tino pā ki ngā mahi kukūtanga iti. Ka piri te waikano ki ngā mata whakawhiti karāhe–wai kia taea te ine, ā, ka rītaha ai ngā wairewa paerewa waimeha me ngā ine tere tauhohenga. Ko ngā ipu, ngā ipu ine rama rānei, he mea hanga ki te waerau, te whakatika i ngā wā e hira ana te tika. Ka whai hoki te waikano arumoni i ngā poke thiazine whanaunga, tae atu ki Azure B, i tangohia motuhaketia i ngā rangahau whakapurenga o mua. Nō reira, me tautuhi ngā mahi tātari i te kōeke, kaua e whakapae he ōrite ā-matū ngā pounamu katoa kua tapaina he kikorangi metilīni. Kua āta waiho ngā taipitopito tūāwhiorangi mō te nekehanga whakahiatotanga ki te whārangi tūāwhiorangi.

He rārangi arowhai poto mō te tēpu mahi

Whakamahia he pūreirei i te wairewa, ā, tuhia te pH ki te taha o ia pūmanawa hiko me ia pūwāhi mutunga. Whakaritea ngā āhuatanga hāora kia pūmau: he koropupū me te taupoki korohū mō ngā mahi momo Lane-Eynon, he taupoki hau ngoikore ā-tauhohenga, he wā pūmau rānei mō ērā atu mahi. Me waimeha rawa kia kitea ai te waetahi, tiakina ngā wairewa i te rama, kōwhiria ngā taputapu waerau i ngā kukūtanga iti, ā, tuhia te kōeke waikano. Mēnā ko te pH tonu te whāinga, whakamahia he tohu waikawa–pāpāhua tūturu, he ranunga Tashiro kua tautuhia rānei. Whakahuatia te awhe o te ranunga hei awhe o te ranunga, kaua rawa hei awhe o te kikorangi metilīni.

Ka mau tonu te ariā i raro i ēnei tikanga whakahaere. He tino mārama tā te kikorangi metilīni whakaatu i te āhua whakahāora, nā te tino rerekē o te ngongo rama kitea o ōna āhua e rua. Whakaarohia te tae hei pānui whakahāora–whakaheke i mahia i tētahi pH kua tohua, i raro i ngā āhuatanga hāora me te rama kua tohua, me tētahi kōeke waikano kua tohua, ā, ka tika tōna tūranga i te tātari maturuturu. Ki te whakaarohia hei ritimu, ka whakapohehe tonu i a koe i ia wā.