Te kikorangi metilīni mō ngā axolotl: ngā taunakitanga me ngā tūpato tiaki kararehe

Ka kite tētahi kaitiaki i te mea mā, rite ki te miro, ki runga i te pihapiha o tētahi axolotl, ka rapu i te kikorangi metilīni mō te harore axolotl, ā, ka kitea he pātara rongoā ika kei runga kē i te whata. He rite te āhua o te wai i ngā taika e rua, he rite te āhua o te miro, ā, e kī ana te pātara he rongoā mō te harore. Ko te whakaaro, he mārama noa te whakawhiti i taua whakamahinga.

Koinei te hapa matua e whai ana tēnei tuhinga ki te ārai. Ehara te axolotl i te ika whai waewae. He momo saramana e mau tonu ana ōna āhuatanga torongū ahakoa kua pakeke, he kiri e kuhu ai ngā matū, he pihapiha o waho rite ki te huruhuru, me whai wai makariri, ā, he iti noa tōna āhei ki te whakamanawanui i ngā ara poto e whakamahia nuitia ana e ngā kaitiaki ika. Kāore e taea te whakahāngai anō i ngā tohutohu mō te harore ika mā te whakataurite noa, ā, kāore ngā taunakitanga mō te kikorangi metilīni i ngā ika whenua e tautoko ana i tērā mahi.

Te taupatupatu o ngā ariā: te maimoatanga ika me te tūroro ika whenua

He whakamātautau māmā tā te kaihoahoa pūmanawa, a Daniel Jackson, mō ngā ariā. Ko te ariā he wāhanga mahi, kei a ia anō tōna āhua me āna ture. Tērā pea he rite te āhua o ngā horopaki e rua i runga i te mata, engari he rerekē ngā ariā e whakahaere ana i raro, ā, ko ngā mahi haumaru i tētahi ka kore e tika i tētahi atu.

He rite te āhua o te maimoatanga ika me te maimoatanga ika whenua. Kei ia mea he kararehe māuiui i te wai, he waikano ka tāpirihia ki te wai, me te tūmanako ka patua te harore. Engari, e toru ngā rerekētanga o ngā tūroro e whakarerekē ana i ia whakatau.

Tuatahi, he rerekē te ngongo matū. He tino ngāwari te kuhu o ngā matū mā te kiri o ngā ika whenua, nō reira ka hoatu auautia e ngā rata kararehe ngā rongoā mā te rumaki ki te wai. E tohutohu ana ngā aratohu paerewa kia whai whakaaro ngā rata ki te ngongo mā te kiri kua pāngia e te mate, me ngā rerekētanga o ngā momo, e whakamāramatia ana i ngā aratohu a Merck mō ngā tikanga haumanu mō ngā ika whenua. Ko te nuinga o ngā rongoā kei te wai ka ngongohia e ngā ika mā ngā pihapiha, ā, he iti noa te wāhi o te kiri i ngā ika nunui, e ai ki tētahi arotake nō 2023 mō te ngongo rongoā i ngā ika. Nō reira, he iti noa te kōrero a tētahi kukū ka taea e te ika te whakamanawanui mō te nui ka ngongohia e te axolotl. Me whakarere tētahi kōrero kua whakarahihia. He pūtau kawe hohe kei ngā pihapiha axolotl, kua kitea i te rangahau hanganga moroiti o ngā pihapiha axolotl, engari kāore he rangahau e whakaatu ana he nui ake te ngongo kikorangi metilīni mā ngā pihapiha axolotl i tō ngā pihapiha ika. Ā, i ngā rangahau rere matū tawhito mō ngā saramana whanaunga, i kitea he nui tonu te whakawhiti mā te kiri i te wā i herea ai ngā pihapiha, e ai ki tā Baldwin rāua ko Bentley.

Tuarua, he rerekē te taiao. E whakawhirinaki ana te tiaki axolotl ki te wai mātao me tētahi tātari koiora e mahi ana. Ko te paerewa mō te kāhui e whakamāramatia ana i te aratohu tiaki a te Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center e pupuri ana i ngā mea pakeke ki te tata ki te 15 ki te 18 nekehanga, ā, e whakatūpato ana kia kaua e puritia ki runga ake i te āhua 22 nekehanga. Ka whakamahia te wai kua tangohia te māota, me te tātari koiora hei huri i te haukini me te nitrite. Ko ngā mea katoa e whakakino ana i ngā huakita huri haukini ka whakakino autaki hoki i te tūroro, nā te mea ka putu tonu ngā para i te wā e maimoatia ana.

Tuatoru, he rerekē te tātaritanga mate. Ka kīia nuitia te mea mā, rite ki te miro, i runga i te axolotl he harore, engari ko te ingoa tiaki kararehe i te nuinga o te wā ko te saprolegniasis. He whakapokenga nā te pokepokea wai ki te kiri, ki ngā pihapiha rānei kua whara, e whakaputa ana i te mea mā, rite ki te miro. He kaha ake tōna pā ki ngā kararehe kua whara te paparanga hūare nā te haukini, nā te whāwhā rānei. E tūtohu ana te kōrero a te MSD Veterinary Manual mō ngā mate whakapoke o ngā ika whenua kia whakaūngia mā te waru kiri e kitea ai ngā aho harore, ngā pua nekeneke rānei. Mā te matapae ā-kanohi anake ka rangirua te pokepokea wai me ngā pāpaka huakita, te kiri e maunu ana, ngā kongakonga rānei.

He aha tonu ngā taunakitanga mō ngā ika whenua

He poto te whakarāpopototanga pono. Kua whakamahia i ngā rā o mua, kua whakahuatia i ngā pukapuka rārangi rongoā, ā, kotahi te whakamātau saramana e tino hāngai ana, engari kāore i angitu. Kāore he whakamātau whakahaere e whakaatu ana ka whakaora te kikorangi metilīni i te whakapokenga Saprolegnia kua mau ki ngā axolotl kua puta mai i te hua.

He pono ngā whakamahinga o mua, engari he ngoikore hei taunakitanga. E whakamārama ana tētahi pānui tawhito a te Indiana University Axolotl Colony, kua pūrangatia e te University of Kentucky, i te paninga o te kikorangi metilīni ki te tipu harore i ngā pihapiha me ngā matimati, i te pānui kāhui kua pūrangatia. E tuhi ana tērā i whakamātauria e tētahi kāhui i ngā tekau tau ki muri. Kāore e whakapūmau ana i tētahi kukū haumaru, i tētahi ōrau whakaora rānei. He pērā anō te ngoikore o te whakahuatanga i te pukapuka rārangi rongoā. Ko tētahi kohinga kōrero nā Smith i te ILAR Journal, e tino torohia ana, e whakarārangi ana i te kikorangi metilīni ki waenga i ngā rongoā patu harore mō ngā ika whenua, i runga i ngā tohutoro tawhito. Ko te ripanga rārangi rongoā he tuhinga mō ngā mea i pūrongotia, ehara i te hua o tētahi whakamātau. Kaua ngā kukū mō te rumaki kua tāngia ki reira e pānuitia hei tikanga kāinga kua whakamanahia.

He rerekē te tohu a te whakamātau saramana hāngai. I te rangahau mō ngā pūkoro hua o te saramana Hynobius dunni kua pāngia e tētahi whakapokenga rite ki te Saprolegnia, i whakaputaina ki The Herpetological Bulletin, i kīia kāore ngā rumakitanga kikorangi metilīni i angitu. He pai ake te tango ā-tinana i ngā hua kua whakapokengia me ngā hua kāore e ora. Ehara ngā pūkoro hua i ngā axolotl taitamariki, pakeke rānei, ā, he iti ngā tāruarua o te whakamātau. Heoi, koinei te whakamātau tino tata hei whakataurite, ā, kāore i tautoko i te waikano.

E whakaae ana ngā tuhinga whakahiato rangahau ki tēnei āputa. Ka whakarārangi tētahi arotake nō 2022 mō te saprolegniosis i te kikorangi metilīni ki waenga i ngā maimoatanga kua pūrongotia mō ngā ika whenua. Heoi, e whakatūpato ana ko te nuinga o ngā tikanga maimoatanga mō ngā ika whenua i tīkina mai i te rongoā ika, me te kore whakamātau rawaka mō te whai huatanga, te haumaru rānei ki ngā ika whenua ake. Ko taua whakatūpato te anga tika mō ia pātara rongoā ika e kōrerotia ana i raro nei.

Kāore anō hoki ngā raraunga haumaru kia oti. Kāore he rangahau axolotl he rawaka tōna mana tatauranga hei tautuhi i te awhe maimoatanga haumaru mō te kikorangi metilīni. Ka tuhi tētahi pepa tiaki kararehe mō te maimoatanga pirinoa o waho i ngā axolotl i ngā āwangawanga paitini mō te kikorangi metilīni i tēnei momo. Tērā pea ka pā he pānga kāore e mate ai te kararehe, ahakoa ka ora tonu, pērā i te kitenga i te wā i whakarerekē ai te tohu kikorangi metilīni i te whanonga o ngā tōngū me tō rātou tūponotanga kia mau. Ehara te ora tonu i te taunakitanga kāore he pānga.

He aha kē ngā tūtohutanga a ngā aratohu tiaki kararehe

E rite ana ngā puna tiaki kararehe mō te raupapa mahi, ā, ehara te kikorangi metilīni mō te kararehe kua puta mai i te hua i te pūtake o taua raupapa. He nui ake te hiranga o te raupapa i tō tētahi hua kotahi.

Me tīmata ki te wai. Whakamātauria te haukini, te nitrite, te nitrate, te pH, me te pāmahana, tangohia te māota, te chloramine rānei, ā, whakaūngia kei te mahi te tātari. E whakarite ana te pepa tiaki axolotl a Lafeber kua arotakengia e te rata kararehe kia kore te haukini me te nitrite, kia iti iho hoki te nitrate i te 10 ppm. Ka whakaurua te tātari, te panoni wai, me ngā pāmahana mātao ki roto i te ārai mate o ia rā. He wāhanga maimoatanga tēnei mahi, ehara i te take papamuri noa, nā te mea ka whakaraerae te kino o te haukini ki te paparanga hūare i te kararehe ki te pokepokea wai.

Me kimi tātaritanga mate mō ngā mea katoa i tua atu i tētahi ira iti noa. Ka taea e te rata kararehe te waru i te pāpaka, te whakaū i te pokepokea wai, te tango i te kiko kua kino i tētahi wāhi ina tika, me te wehewehe i tēnei i te whakapokenga huakita e hiahia ana ki tētahi atu momo tiaki. He kaupapa motuhake ngā tuhinga mō ngā hua ika, kua kōrerotia i te aratohu kikorangi metilīni mō ngā hua ika, ā, kua kōrerotia ngā tikanga whānui mō ngā taika ika i te aratohu whakatau maimoatanga mō ngā ika puna whakaatu. Kāore tētahi o ēnei e hāngai noa ki tētahi take ika whenua.

Whakamahia he maimoatanga e tika ana mō te axolotl i raro i ngā tohutohu a te rata kararehe. Ka whakarārangi a MSD i te maimoatanga tote, te tango kiko kino i ngā pāpaka ā-rohe, me ngā rongoā patu harore mō ngā ika whenua hei kōwhiringa e ai ki te take. Ka whakahuatia te kikorangi metilīni mō ngā hua, kaua hei tūtohutanga matua mō te mate kiri, pihapiha rānei kua mau kē. Me whakarerekē ngā tikanga tote, whakamahana rānei whānui mō ngā ika whenua kia hāngai ki te momo. I tētahi rangahau haumaru whakawhiti, kāore i kitea he tohu kino i te pānga poto ki te konutai pūhaumāota 5 ppt, engari i puta tonu ngā tohu kino i te 20 ppt, e ai ki ngā tuhinga hui a ARAV mō te whakamanawanui tote o te axolotl. I whakamātauria e taua rangahau te whakamanawanui, kaua te whakaora, engari e whakakore ana i te tārua tōtika i ngā tikanga tote nui. He here anō mō te whakamahana i tētahi kararehe e pai ana ki te 16 ki te 18 nekehanga. He kāwai motuhake ngā rongoā patu harore me whai whakahaunga, rerekē i ngā waikano puna ika. I te whakamahinga hāngai o te itraconazole ki ngā axolotl hei patu i te chytrid, i pūrongotia i tētahi rangahau whakakore whakapokenga i te kāhui taiwhanga, i whakakorea te whakapokenga mā tētahi hōtaka kua whakaitihia. Heoi, i tuhia tonutia he matenga, e tautoko ana i te nui rongoā me whakarite e te rata kararehe, kaua e hanga noa mai i tētahi rārangi pukapuka rongoā.

Me wawe te kimi aromatawai a te rata kararehe ina horapa te mea rite ki te miro, ina pā ki te nui o ngā kakau pihapiha, ina hoki mai i muri i te whakatikatika tiaki, ina haere tahi rānei me te ngoikore, te kore hiahia kai, te hekenga taumaha, ngā kōpukupuku tuwhera, te nekeneke uaua o ngā pihapiha, te noho pūmau rānei ki te mata o te wai. E tohu ana ēnei āhua tērā pea he mate whānui, he raruraru tuarua rānei. Me mātai mā te karu whakarahi me te whakamahere mō te momo ake, kaua mā tētahi rumakitanga kaha ake.

Rārangi arowhai hototahitanga hua: kawea tēnei ki tō rata kararehe

Ko tēnei rārangi arowhai te rauemi taketake o tēnei tuhinga. Kāore e tūtohu ana i tētahi tikanga. Ka whakaatu kē ko ēhea pātai me whai whakautu i mua i te kōwhiri i tētahi tikanga. Kawea te pātara, te whakaahua o te tapanga, me ēnei whakautu ki te hui.

Ki te kore he whakautu mō tētahi rārangi, kāore anō kia rite te whakatau maimoatanga. Ko te rārangi kāore anō kia whakautua he take kia tatari, kia kimi āwhina hoki, kaua kia kōwhiri i te nui rongoā kaha ake.

Ngā mahanga e pā motuhake ana ki ngā kaitiaki axolotl

E toru ngā mahanga e hoki mai ana i ngā wānanga ipurangi. Ko te whakamahana i te taika hei whawhai ki te harore he tango i tētahi tikanga ika pārūrū e whakakino ana i tētahi kararehe wai makariri e puritia ana ki te tata ki te 18 nekehanga. Ko te tārua i tētahi tikanga tote whānui mō ngā ika whenua he whakakore i ngā raraunga whakamanawanui mō te momo ake kua kōrerotia i runga. Ko te tuku rongoā ki te puna whakaatu nā te whakaaro he mahi tāpiri rawa te whakarite ipu motuhake, ka whakapā i te tātari koiora, ngā tipu, me ngā hiri ki tētahi waikano e mōhiotia ana ka whakapōrearea i ngā huakita huri haukini. Me whai tonu tētahi ipu motuhake i raro i ngā tohutohu a te rata kararehe i te wai kua tangohia te māota, te whakahaere pāmahana, te tuku hau ngāwari, me tētahi mahere aroturuki.

Kāore ēnei kōrero e mea ana he paitini pūmau te kikorangi metilīni ki ngā axolotl. E whakaatu ana te whakamahinga i ngā kāhui o mua kua whakamātauria. Engari ko te whakamātauria, ehara i te whakamātauhia hei whai hua, ā, ehara te whakamanawanui o te ika i te haumaru mō te ika whenua. Kia wātea rā anō ngā raraunga axolotl nō ngā rangahau whakahaere, he kōwhiringa kāore anō kia whakamanahia. Ki te tika tōna whakamahinga i tētahi wā, me noho tonu i roto i tētahi mahere tiaki kararehe, me tētahi tātaritanga mate kua whakaūngia, tētahi wāhi hototahi, me tētahi wāhi whakamutu kua tautuhia.