Te kikorangi metilīni ki ngā kiriata koiora: he aha ngā mea ka inea e ngā rangahau taiwhanga whakahohe-ā-mārama

Ehara te kiriata koiora i te huinga pūtau e mānu ana i te wai. He hanganga kē: he pūtau e piri ana ki tētahi mata, e mau ana i roto i tētahi anga matū nā rātou anō i hanga, arā, he huka mekameka-maha, he pūmua, he DNA kei waho i ngā pūtau, ā, ka rerekē haere te nui o te hāora me ngā matūkai mai i waho ki roto. Nā taua hanganga ka kore pea e whai hua ki aua rauropi anō kua tipu hei kiriata tētahi pūhui ka patu i ngā huakita mānu i roto i ngā meneti ruarua. Me pānui ngā kerēme katoa mō te kikorangi metilīni me ngā kiriata koiora i runga i te mōhio ki taua hanganga, nā te mea mā te anga matū e whakatau te nui o te waikano ka tae ki ngā pūtau, me te nui o te mārama ka tae ki te waikano.

E toru pū ngā puna kōrero ka tirohia i tēnei arotake. He whakamārama tūāpapa tētahi. He whakamātautau taiwhanga ngā mea e rua. Ko te wehe i aua tūranga te tikanga matua o tēnei arotake, ā, mā reira e karo ai te hapa tino kitea i tēnei kaupapa: ko te whakahua i tētahi hua nō te rīhi taiwhanga me te mea nei he taunakitanga mō te rongoā i te pokenga o te tangata.

He matū te kaupapa o te puna whakamārama tūāpapa, ehara i te patu rauropi

Ko te mea tawhito rawa o ēnei puna e toru he arotake ā-kōrero mō te whanaketanga o ngā matū tairongo-mārama fenotīazinium, i whakaputaina i te tau 2005. Ka whai tēnei i te kikorangi metilīni mai i tōna whakamahinga hei waikano i te rautau 19 ki tōna tū hei pūhui matua mō te haumanu whakahohe-ā-mārama mō te mate pukupuku, ā, nō muri mai mō te haumanu matū patu moroiti mā te whakahohe-ā-mārama. Ko tāna takoha he whakamārama i te hononga o te hanganga ki te mahi: mā te tāpiri rōpū metili ki te rōpū ngongo-mārama ka piki te hononga ki te ngako, te putanga hāora takitahi, me te kaha patu huakita mā te mārama, me te pōturi haere hoki o te whakahekenga matū ki te āhua leuko, he iti ake tōna mahi. Ka whakapuaki mārama hoki taua arotake i te raruraru o tēnei wāhanga rangahau. Ko te nuinga o ngā pūrongo i whakamahi i ngā waikano arumoni paerewa, ā, he āhua iti noa te whanaketanga o ngā matū whakapapa mai i aua waikano.

Whakamahia taua arotake mō te wāhanga pūnaha-mahi o tō tauira ā-hinengaro: ka whakaoho te mārama i te waikano, ka taunekeneke tōna āhua takitoru ki te hāora mā te whakawhiti pūngao Type II hei hanga hāora takitahi, mā te whakawhiti irahiko Type I rānei hei hanga tuwhena. Nā taua whakaeke maha-āhuatanga ka iti te hāngai o ngā tikanga ātete tikanga noa ki te patu rauropi mā te whakahohe-ā-mārama. Kaua e whakahua i tēnei arotake hei taunakitanga mō tētahi whakahekenga log. Kāore i inea e tēnei arotake tētahi. Kei te kohinga taunakitanga mō te haumanu whakahohe-ā-mārama te whakamārama whānui ake o te matū ā-mārama kei muri i taua pūnaha-mahi, ā, kei te āhua o te ngongo a te kikorangi metilīni i te mārama whero ngā ture roangaru e whakatau ana mēnā ka taea e tētahi rama te whakakaha i taua mahi.

E rua ngā whakamātautau kiriata koiora, e rua ngā momo putanga rerekē

Ka whakamātautau ngā pepa whakamātautau e rua i te mahi whakahohe-ā-mārama a te kikorangi metilīni ki ngā kiriata koiora o te waha i te 660 nm, engari kāore rāua e ōrite i te nuinga o ērā atu āhuatanga. He rerekē ngā hapori rauropi, ngā pakeketanga, ngā whakaritenga waikano, ngā rahinga mārama, ā, ko te mea matua, he rerekē ngā inenga mutunga. Ko taua rerekētanga te aronga o tēnei tuhinga, ā, koirā hoki te kaupapa o te whakataurite taketake kei raro iho.

Ko te mea tuatahi he rangahau taiwhanga mō tētahi kiriata koiora pakeke, maha-momo, i raro i te pae niho, i whakaputaina i te tau 2024. I whakatipuria tahitia ngā momo e toru tekau mā toru ki runga i ngā titi polystyrene i roto i tētahi Calgary Biofilm Device, i whāngaia i raro i ngā tikanga kore-hāora, i whakakapihia te wē whakatipu i muri i te 72 hours, ā, i haere tonu te whakatipu kia tae ki te wā i whakaritea, arā, te 7 days. Ko te maimoatanga he kikorangi metilīni herekore, he 0.01 percent tōna kukū, me tētahi LED whero 660 nm, tata ki te 330 mW per square cm, mō te 5 minutes, i te tawhiti 2 mm. Ina whakareatia aua uara, ka puta he tata ki te 99 J per square cm. He hoahoa tauwehe mārama, e whā ōna rōpū: he rōpū whakatairite kāore i maimoatia, he waikano kāore he mārama, he mārama kāore he waikano, me te waikano me te mārama.

Ko te mea tuarua he rangahau taiwhanga mō te kiriata koiora o te waha e tīmata ana ki te noho ki tētahi mata, i whakaputaina i te tau 2021. I whakatipuria tahitia ngā momo Streptococcus e whā mō te 24 hours ki ngā pereti 96-poka me te 1 percent huka sucrose. Ko te matū tairongo-mārama he kikorangi metilīni kua honoa ki ngā matūriki mitanano beta cyclodextrin, he 4.65 micromolar tōna kukū. He whakaritenga kawe tēnei i hangaia hei kawe i te waikano mā roto i ngā tauārai kiriata koiora. He whero ngā puna mārama e rua, he 660 nm te roangaru, ā, he 90 second ngā wā whakamārama, engari he tino rerekē ngā rahinga mārama: he 320 J per square cm mō te rōpū taiaho, he 8.1 J per square cm mō te rōpū LED. Ko ngā rōpū whakatairite he waikano kāore he mārama, he taiaho anake, he LED anake, he wairewa tote hei whakatairite tōraro, me te 0.2 percent chlorhexidine hei paerewa whakatairite patu moroiti.

He pūnaha ine rerekē te hapori kore-hāora, 33 ngā momo, e 7 day te pakeke, i te kiriata e tīmata ana ki te noho, 4 ngā momo, e 24 hour te pakeke. Kāore e tika kia tātaihia te toharite o ngā tau e whai ake nei.

He aha tonu ngā mea i inea e ia rangahau

I te rangahau kiriata koiora pakeke, ko ngā inenga mutunga ko te mahi pākia mā te whakahekenga TTC i pānuitia i te 485 nm, me te nui o ngā huakita mā te hono DNA DNA ā-papataki ki ngā pūoko mō ngā momo 33, me tētahi paepae kitenga e tata ana ki te 10,000 pūtau. Kāore i mahia he whakatipu ki ngā pereti hei tatau rauropi ora, he ine papatipu koiora mā te waikano crystal violet, he whakaahua ora-mate, he whaiwhai rānei i te tipu anō. Nā te LED anake i whakaheke te mahi pākia mā te tata ki te 50 percent, ina whakaritea ki ngā rōpū kāore he LED; nā te waikano me te LED i whakaheke mā te tata ki te 55 percent. I runga i te tātari tauanga, i noho te rōpū waikano anake ki te rōpū kotahi me te rōpū whakatairite kāore i maimoatia. Mō ngā tatauranga i takea mai i te DNA, he iti ake te waikano anake, te LED anake, me te waikano me te LED i te rōpū whakatairite, he rerekētanga whai tikanga ā-tauanga tēnei, engari kāore he rerekētanga whai tikanga i waenga i aua rōpū e toru. E kī tōtika ana ngā kaituhi i te hua: kāore ngā maimoatanga i whakangaro i te kiriata koiora maha-moroiti kua tau, kua piri hoki. Me wāwāhi ā-tinana te kiriata koiora pakeke huri noa i ngā niho, ā, ko te whakahohe-ā-mārama he āwhina tāpiri noa, i tōna whakamahinga whānui rawa.

I te rangahau mō ngā rauropi noho tōmua, ko te inenga mutunga ko ngā moroiti ora i whakahokia mai mā ngā wē whakatipu kōwhiri, ā, i whakaaturia ngā tatauranga ki tētahi tauine taupūkōaro. Kāore te rōpū waikano kāore he mārama i rerekē i te wairewa tote. Nā ngā rōpū whakahohe-ā-mārama e rua, arā, te taiaho me te waikano kua takai, me te LED me te waikano kua takai, i whakaheke ngā tatauranga rauropi ora mā te tata ki te 4 log i te nui rawa, ina whakaritea ki te rōpū whakatairite tōraro. He whakahekenga 10,000 whakareatanga, he 99.99 percent rānei, mō taua inenga, ā, kāore tētahi o aua rōpū i rerekē ā-tauanga i te chlorhexidine. Kāore ngā uara mō te mārama anake me te waikano i te pōuri anake i pūrongotia hei tau log motuhake e tika ana kia whakawhirinakihia. Nō reira, ko te whakarāpopototanga pono ko tā te pepa e tautoko ana: nā te waikano kua takai, kua whakahohehia e te mārama, te whakahekenga; kāore nā te waikano i te pōuri; ā, i ōrite te rahi o te whakahekenga ki te paerewa whakatairite patu moroiti i tēnei tauira kiriata taitamariki.

Kāore tētahi o ngā pepa i ine i te tipu anō i muri i te maimoatanga, i te papatipu koiora e toe ana, i te hanganga rānei o te anga matū. Kāore te whakahekenga CFU e whakaatu i tētahi mea mō te anga matū e toe ana. Kāore te hekenga pākia e whakaatu i tētahi mea mō ngā rauropi kua ora tonu. Kāore te tatauranga DNA e āhei ki te kī ko wai e ora ana.

Te whakataurite i ngā whakamātautau ine me ngā inenga mutunga

Ko tēnei ripanga te rauemi whakataurite mō tēnei tuhinga. Pānuitia whakapae tētahi rārangi kia kite ai he aha tā tētahi rangahau e whakaū ana, ā, pānuitia whakararo tētahi tīwae kia kite ai ko ēhea pātai kāore i whakautua e tētahi o ngā rangahau.

E toru ngā rerekētanga me whakahirahira. Tuatahi, i te tauira pakeke, nā te rōpū mārama anake tata te pānga pākia katoa. Nō reira, ehara te uara 55 percent i te patunga rauropi nā te waikano. Tuarua, i te tauira taitamariki, kāore te whakaritenga waikano i te pōuri e mahi, ā, ka puta te pānga i te wā anake e whai mārama ana. Koinei te tohu o te whakahohe-ā-mārama. Tuatoru, ko te hekenga 80 percent i ngā tatauranga i takea mai i te DNA ka tata ki te 0.7 log ā-pāngarau mēnā ko ngā tatauranga rauropi ora te taurangi, engari ehara. Nō reira, kaua rawa taua hekenga e whakahuahia hei patunga rauropi log. Kei te kohinga mō ngā kiriata koiora o te waha me te rangahau niho ngā whakamārama e pā ana ki ngā kiriata koiora niho, ā, kei te aratohu tikanga taiwhanga ngā taipitopito o te tikanga whānui mō te wehe i ngā tauira, ngā ara tuku, me ngā inenga mutunga i waenga i ngā rangahau.

He aha i tika ai kia whai ture pānui motuhake ngā rangahau kiriata koiora

E whā ngā taurangi e whakatau ana mēnā he tikanga tō tētahi hua kiriata koiora mō te kikorangi metilīni i tua atu i tōna ake pereti.

Ko te pakeketanga o te kiriata koiora me tōna anga matū te tuatahi. He mātotoru ake ngā kiriata tawhito, he maha ake ngā hononga whakawhiti, ā, he uaua ake mā te waikano te kuhu ki roto. E tautuhi ana ngā kaituhi o te tau 2021 i te kuhu o te waikano me te ngoikore o te toro o te mārama mā roto i te kiriata koiora kua whakaritea hei here matua. He whakamātau ngā rautaki kawe, pērā i te takai ki te cyclodextrin, ki te whakautu tonu i taua here. Nā reira he taurangi whakamātautau te whakaritenga matū, ehara i te taipitopito noa.

Ko te tātai rahinga mārama te tuarua. Tata ki te whā tekau whakareatanga te whānuitanga o ngā uara pūngao mārama ki ia horahanga i konei, mai i te 8.1 ki te 320 J per square cm i te roangaru kotahi, ā, ko te kaha mārama ki ia horahanga kei waenga i te 90 mW me te maha W per square cm. Ehara te roangaru ōrite i te whakamārama ōrite, ā, kāore tētahi rangahau i whakarerekē nahanaha i te rahinga mārama kia rawaka ai mō te tautuhi i tētahi ānau.

Ko ngā rōpū whakatairite te tuatoru. Kāore e taea e tētahi rangahau kāore he rōpū waikano i te pōuri te whakakore i te tūpono o te paitini taketake. Kāore hoki e taea e tētahi rangahau kāore he rōpū mārama anake te tuku i tētahi pānga ki te whakahohe-ā-mārama. Kei roto i ngā pepa e rua ēnei rōpū e rua, he painga tēnei o ā rāua tikanga. E whakaatu ana te pepa kiriata pakeke i te take e hira ai te rōpū mārama anake: ki te kore taua rōpū, ka pānuitia te hua pākia hei pānga nā te waikano.

Ko ngā inenga mutunga te tuawhā. Ko te oranga, te pākia, te nui o te DNA, te papatipu koiora, te hanganga, me te tipu anō he kerēme rerekē e ono. Kāore tētahi pepa i konei e ine i neke atu i te rua. Ina koa, kāore te tipu anō i inea i tētahi o ēnei rangahau. Nō reira, kāore te pūmautanga o te pānga i inea, ehara i te mea kua whakaaturia.

He aha ngā mea kāore e whakaūngia e tēnei mō te rongoā i te pokenga

Kāore he rere toto, he pūtau ārai mate, he rere hūare, he whakahoutanga o te wē o te awaawa pae niho, he tango ā-tinana rānei i te kiko me ngā putunga, i roto i ēnei whakaritenga. Ehara te kukū waikano i tētahi poka pereti i te kukū i roto i te kiko i muri i tētahi ara tuku ki te tangata. Ehara te whakamārama kotahi mō te 5 minute, mō te 90 second rānei, ki tētahi kiriata taiwhanga taitamariki, pakeke rānei, i te hōtaka haumanu. Ko ngā kaituhi o te rangahau kiriata pakeke tonu e kī ana i tēnei mā tā rātou whakaahua i te whakahohe-ā-mārama hei āwhina tāpiri pea ki te tango ā-tinana, kaua hei tikanga whakakore motuhake.

He whāiti, he pūmau hoki te whakarāpopototanga tika. Ka taea e te kikorangi metilīni kua whakahohehia e te mārama te pēhi i te pākia me te nui i takea mai i te DNA i roto i tētahi hapori taiwhanga pakeke o te waha, me te kore e whakangaro i taua hapori. I taua whakaritenga, nā te mārama anake te nuinga o te pānga ki te pākia. Ka taea e te waikano e kawea ana e te cyclodextrin, kua whakahohehia e te mārama, te whakaheke i ngā tatauranga rauropi ora mā ngā raupapa whakareatanga tekau i roto i tētahi kiriata taiwhanga taitamariki o ngā huakita Streptococcus, ki tētahi taumata e rite ana ki te chlorhexidine i roto i taua tauira anō. Ko te hāngai o tētahi o ēnei kitenga ki te pokenga i te tangata ka whakawhirinaki ki te tuku matū, te taenga atu o te mārama, te hāora, te hanga o te tinana, me ngā inenga mutunga haumanu kāore rawa ēnei whakamātautau i hoahoatia hei ine.