Te kikorangi metilīni i te rangahau ika hepapa: he tāpiritanga tiaki kararehe, he tauwehe whakararu whakamātau hoki

He kikorangi kōmā te wai hua ika hepapa i te nuinga o te wā, ā, he tokoiti rawa e tuhi ana i te take. Ko te waikano he kikorangi metilīni, ka tāpirihia hei ārai harore, ā, ka whakaarohia e te nuinga o ngā kawa he āhuatanga papamuri noa. Kāore e tika ana te whakaaro he papamuri tēnei. He pai ake te whakaaro he tauwehe whakamātau kāore i whakarārangitia: he mea kei roto i ngā ipu kua whiwhi i te maimoatanga, engari kāore i ngā rōpū whakahaere, he hohe ā-rongoā i ngā kukūtanga e whakamahia ana, ā, ka taea e ia te whakarerekē i ngā putanga e inehia ana e te whakamātau.

Ko taua wehewehenga te tūāpapa o ngā kōrero katoa kei raro nei. Ko te tiaki kararehe auau hei ārai harore tētahi take. He take kē te noho kūpapa o te tāpiritanga ki tō whakamātautau ine. He whakautu whakaahuru tā ngā tuhinga rangahau ika hepapa o nā tata nei mō te take tuatahi, engari he whakautu whakararu mō te tuarua.

He aha tonu tā ngā aratohu e whakahau ai

Kāore he paerewa kotahi, ā, koinei tētahi wāhanga o te raruraru. E whakaae ana ngā aratohu a te Kaunihera o Kānata mō te Tiaki Kararehe kia whakamahia te 0.5 mg/L, arā, te 0.00005%, i te wairewa kawe hua me ngā torongū hei whakaiti i te tupu harore. E whakaahua ana ngā aratohu Pākehā mō ngā kararehe taiwhanga i ngā kukune e puritia ana ki tētahi pāpāho e mau ana i taua 0.00005% anō i te nuinga o te wā. E tautuhi ana te tohutaka E3 a Cold Spring Harbor i te rua whakarea o tērā, arā, te 1 mg/L, te 0.0001% rānei, hei kai whakauru ki te tohutaka. Engari, he mea tino kitea kua mahue i tētahi atu aratohu: e tautuhi ana te aratohu whakamātautau tāoke kukune ika a OECD i te wai waimeha kua hangaia anō me te matū whakamātau, kāore hoki he tūtohutanga kikorangi metilīni i tōna putanga o 2013, i te whakahoutanga o muri mai rānei. Nō reira, ka whakatipu tētahi taiwhanga i ngā kukune ika hepapa ki te wai kikorangi metilīni mai i ngā hāora tuatahi o te oranga, ka whakahaere tētahi atu i te whakamātautau kukune ā-ture ki te wai pūataata, ā, ka kīia e rāua he pāpāho noa ā rāua pāpāho. Ko te tangata e whakataurite ana i ngā hua i waenga i ngā taiwhanga, e whakakotahi ana rānei i ngā raraunga whakahaere o mua, ka riro māna taua rerekētanga e kawe.

Hei horopaki mō ngā kukūtanga, ko te 0.00005% he āhua 1.56 micromolar, ā, ko te 0.0001% he āhua 3.13 micromolar. He iti ēnei tau, ā, he ngāwari te whakaaro he iti rawa kia whai pānga. Ka whakamātautau ngā rangahau kei raro nei i taua whakapae tonu, ki aua kukūtanga tonu.

Ko ngā kaipānui nō te ao tiaki ika, ehara i te taiwhanga, ka tūtaki ki taua rāpoi ngota anō i tētahi horopaki kē, e kōrerotia ana i te aratohu kikorangi metilīni mō ngā puna ika. He ōrite te matū; ko ngā kōrero mō te kawe irahiko a te waikano i roto i ngā pūtau e whakamārama ana i te take e kitea tonutia ai tētahi pūhui hohe hāoratanga-whakahekenga i ngā tuhinga rangahau pākia. Ko ngā kōrero e whai ake nei e hāngai pū ana ki te wai hua ika hepapa e mau ana i te kikorangi metilīni.

Te pākia: ka huri te ahunga o te pānga i ia wāhanga whanaketanga

I te rangahau whai mōhiohio nui rawa, i pāngia ngā ika hepapa e whanake māori ana mai i te rā tuatahi o te oranga tae noa ki te 5 rā i muri i te whakakikiritanga, ā, i inehia te pākia hāora i ia wāhanga, e ai ki te pūrongo kua whakaputaina mō ngā whakamātau pākia kukune. Me āta whakaatu te tauira o ngā hua, nā te mea ka huri tōna ahunga.

I te 1 rā i muri i te whakakikiritanga, i piki te whakamahinga hāora taketake i ngā kukune i pāngia, i ngā kukūtanga tiaki kararehe e rua. I te 2 rā, i piki te pūmanawa hiko o te kiriuhi mitokōria i te paparanga mata o ngā torongū, i ngā pānga 0.00005%, 0.0001%, me te 0.0003%. Kia tae ki te 4 ki te 5 rā, i muri i te paotanga, kua huri te ahunga: i heke te whakapau pūngao mā te hāoratanga, ahakoa i haere tonu te pānga mai i te whakakikiritanga, i pā poto noa rānei mai i te rā 3 ki te rā 4. I taua wā anō, i heke ngā tārua RNA mō ngā wāhanga iti o ngā matatini hā mitokōria i te 1 me te 4 rā, me ngā tārua RNA e hono ana ki te hanga pūtaiaki me te hanga kūhuka hou.

E rua atu ngā kitenga e whakakoi ana i te māramatanga. I paku wawe te paotanga i te kukūtanga tiaki kararehe teitei ake: i mua ngā kukune i pāngia i te 2 rā, ā, nō te rā 3 ka whai atu ngā rōpū whakahaere. Waihoki, i te āhua mau tonu te pūnaha urupare ahotea: i te tukunga o ngā torongū 5 rā te pakeke ki tētahi whakararuraru ahotea hurihuri, i piki māori te cortisol o te tinana katoa i ngā rōpū e rua. Nō reira, ehara te waikano i te paihana whanaketanga whānui i ēnei rahinga, ā, kāore e whakaiti i ngā urupare whaiaroaro katoa. Ka whakarerekē i te pākia pūngao i runga i te wāhanga whanaketanga, ka whakapiki i mua i te paotanga, ka whakaheke i muri.

Te whanonga: he aha i rerekē ai ngā rangahau e rua, ā, he aha e tika ai ngā mea e rua

He āhua taupatupatu ngā tuhinga rangahau whanonga kia whakatakotoria rā anō ngā hoahoa pānga ki te taha o tētahi ki tētahi. I tētahi rangahau haumaru whanaketanga me te whanonga, i pāngia ngā kukune mai i te āhua 6 hāora i muri i te whakakikiritanga ki ngā kukūtanga tae atu ki te 10 micromolar, i whakahoungia ngā wairewa ia rā tae noa ki te rā 4, kātahi ka nukuhia ngā torongū ki te pāpāho waikano-kore mō ngā rā 5 me te 6, ā, i whakamātauria te nekeneke i tētahi whakamātautau mārama-pōuri i te rā 6. Ko te hua: kāore he pānga whai tikanga ā-tatauranga ki te mate, te paotanga, te hanga tinana rānei, ā, kāore he pānga maimoatanga ki te nekeneke. I runga i aua hua, i tika te tūtohu a ngā kaituhi i te 10 micromolar hei pae runga i raro i ā rātou tikanga.

I whakahaere tētahi rōpū tuarua, ko ētahi o ōna kaituhi he kaituhi anō nō te rangahau pākia, i te pānga kia rite ki te tikanga tiaki kararehe: i reira te waikano mai i te 2 ki te 3 hāora i muri i te whakakikiritanga, i whakahoungia tētahi wāhanga ia rā, ā, i inehia te whanonga i te wā e haere tonu ana te pānga, i muri tata rānei. I aua kukūtanga auau anō, i whakaatu ngā torongū i te iti iho o te nekeneke i tētahi whakamātautau 24-hāora, ā, i taea te whakaputa anō i taua hua i ngā kāwai me ngā taiwhanga rerekē. I hono te rangahau whakararu whanonga i taua pānga ki te taumata mahi o te pūnaha serotonin, e hāngai ana ki te aukati monoamine oxidase e mōhiotia ana mō te waikano. Ko te kitenga tino whai kiko, i huna te pāpāho kukune e mau ana i te kikorangi metilīni i te urupare nekeneke i tūmanakohia mō te SSRI fluoxetine. Nō reira, ka ngaro pea i tētahi whakamātautau matawai e whakahaerehia ana ki te wai kikorangi tētahi pānga rongoā ka kitea i te wai pūataata.

Kāore he taupatupatu tūturu. Ka kore pea e kitea he toenga pānga o tētahi pūhui i te rua rā i muri i te horoinga atu i tētahi whakamātautau, engari ka hohe tonu i te wā e noho ana i roto i tētahi atu. Ko te whakamāramatanga whai take, e tautoko ana te hua kore-pānga i tētahi pae runga mō te kukūtanga, engari kāore e tautoko i te kerēme he kūpapa te matū. Ko te hua whai pānga e whakaahua ana i te tūraru nui: te pānga hohe i te wā o te ine, i roto tonu i te whakaritenga e whakamahia ana e te nuinga o ngā taiwhanga.

He waikano hāoratanga-whakahekenga i roto i tētahi whakamātautau hāoratanga-whakahekenga

Me whai kōwae motuhake tētahi atu mahanga, nā te mea ka whakararu i te taputapu ine, ehara i te kararehe. He tukanga matū hāoratanga-whakahekenga tonu te whakamātautau whakapau pūngao Alamar Blue: ka whakahekea te resazurin hei resorufin kōrekoreko. He matū hāoratanga-whakahekenga anō te kikorangi metilīni. I ngā whakamātautau whakahaere pūtau-kore, i paku whakaheke ngā kukūtanga tiaki kararehe e rua i te kōrekoreko Alamar Blue i muri i te 24 hāora, engari i whai tikanga ā-tatauranga taua whakahekenga. I ngā whakamātau kararehe, i horoia ngā kukune i pāngia ki te pāpāho waikano-kore kia toru ngā wā i te iti rawa i mua i te whakamātautau, ā, i nui ake te pānga koiora i ngā torongū kua pao i te whakararu pūtau-kore. Nō reira, he pono ngā mea e rua: kei ngā kararehe kua horoia tētahi pānga pākia tūturu, ā, ka tāpiri te waikano kāore i horoia atu i tētahi whakararu matū tika ki runga. Me wehe ngā whakamātautau whakahaere i aua mea e rua, kei kore e whai tikanga tētahi o ngā tau. E tino hāngai ana ki konei ngā aratohu whānui mō te whakamārama i ngā hua whakamātautau e whakamahi ana i te waikano.

Te rārangi wā o ngā wāhanga whanaketanga

Ko te rauemi taketake mō tēnei tuhinga. Ko ngā kukūtanga ko ngā uara tiaki kararehe paerewa e rua, 0.00005% me te 0.0001%, ki te kore e tuhia he uara kē.

Ko te tauira hei maumahara, he pikinga wawe me tētahi hekenga o muri i ngā putanga pākia, me ngā pānga whanonga e kitea ana i te wā o te pānga, engari kāore i kitea i muri i te whakawāteatanga o te matū i te whakamātautau kotahi i whakamātau i tēnei.

Te rārangi arowhai mō te hoahoa whakahaere

Ko te rauemi taketake tuarua. Whakamahia ina hono ngā kawa kikorangi metilīni mō te ika hepapa ki tētahi whakamātau.

1. Pūrongoa te waikano hei tauhohenga matū, kaua hei wai. Whakaaturia te kukūtanga ki te ōrau me te micromolar, te tīmatanga me te whakamutunga ki ngā hāora, ngā rā rānei i muri i te whakakikiritanga, te hōtaka whakahou, me te wā horoinga atu i mua i ia inenga.
2. Whakahāngaitia ngā rōpū whakahaere ki te pātai. Me whai rōpū whakahaere waikano-kore te rangahau mō te matū whakamātau; me whakataurite ngā rōpū waikano-kore me ngā rōpū whai waikano i te rangahau tiaki kararehe, me tuhi hoki te hua ārai harore, nā te mea kāore tētahi o ngā rangahau kua whakahuatia i ine i te whai huatanga ārai harore.
3. Horoia i mua i ngā whakamātautau hāoratanga-whakahekenga, kātahi ka manatoko. Horoia ki te pāpāho waikano-kore kia toru ngā wā i te iti rawa, ā, whakahaerehia hoki tētahi whakamātautau whakahaere pūtau-kore e mau ana i te waikano me te tauhohenga matū, nā te mea ka whakaheke tika te waikano i te tohu Alamar Blue.
4. Whakaarohia he nui te tūraru mō ngā putanga whanonga me ngā putanga monoamine. Me karo ngā rangahau nekeneke, ohorere, whanonga rite ki te mānukanuka, rongoā whakaiti pōuritanga, me ngā aukati MAO i te waikano i te wā ine, me whakaatu rānei he kūpapa te waikano mō te putanga e inehia ana; i whakakore te horoinga atu mō te kotahi ki te rua rā i tētahi pānga nekeneke, engari kāore anō kia whakamātauhia tēnei mō ētahi atu momo whakamātautau.
5. Whakaarohia he nui te tūraru mō ngā putanga pākia me ngā putanga mitokōria i ia wāhanga. Ka rerekē te whakamahinga hāora, te whakapau pūngao, te pūmanawa hiko o te kiriuhi, me ngā tārua RNA o te mekameka hā i ngā kukūtanga tiaki kararehe, ā, he tauaro ngā ahunga i mua, i muri hoki i te paotanga.
6. Kaua e whakawhiti i te whakatau kūpapa mai i tētahi hoahoa ki tētahi atu. Kāore te hua kore-pānga i muri i te horoinga atu e kapi i te pānga haere tonu; kāore te hua kore-pānga mō te hanga tinana e kapi i te pākia, i te pāhekoheko rongoā rānei; kāore te hua i tētahi kāwai, pāmahana, roanga whakamātautau rānei e kapi i ētahi atu.
7. Whakaaturia te aratohu i whāia e koe me tētahi aratohu kē. Whakaingoatia māriretia ngā kukūtanga a CCAC, ngā aratohu Pākehā, a Cold Spring Harbor rānei, ā, tuhia te korenga o te waikano i te whakamātautau kukune a OECD, kia mōhio ai te kaipānui ki te horopaki o āu kararehe.

Kāore tētahi o ēnei kōrero e whakahē ana i te whakamahi i te waikano hei pupuri i ngā hua kia ora. E whakahē ana kē i te tuku i tētahi kōwhiringa tiaki kararehe kia uru ki ngā raraunga me te kore e āta tirohia. Ko te kikorangi i roto i te ipu he rāpoi ngota whai mahi ā-rongoā, ā, ko ngā whakamātau ka tino tūpono ki te whakararu ko ngā matawai pākia me ngā matawai whanonga io e tukatuka ana i te maha o ngā tauira, koia tonu ngā whakamahinga e kaha kōwhiria ana ināianei ngā ika hepapa kōhungahunga. Tuhia, whakahaerehia ōna pānga, horoia atu i mua i te ine, ā, tirohia te whakamātautau kei whai wāhi huna atu pea taua matū.