Tuhinga
Kaiwhakawhiti kukū kahurangi metilīni: te ōrau, te mg/mL, me te rōrahi kua inea
Kei roto i tētahi wairewa kahurangi metilīni 1% w/v te 10 mg/mL. Ki te kī noa tētahi tapanga “1%”, kāore tētahi pātai matua i whakautua: kotahi karamu mō ia 100 miririta wairewa, kotahi karamu rānei mō ia 100 karamu? Ka whakawhiti hāngai te mea tuatahi ki te mg/mL. Mō te mea tuarua, me mōhio ki te kiato o te wairewa.
Whakatūwheratia te kaiwhakawhiti kukū hei tāuru i te pūtake o te tapanga, te kukū, me te rōrahi kua inea. Ka whakahaerehia te taputapu i tō pūtirotiro, ā, ka taea te tiaki hei whakamahi tuimotu. Ka tātai i te papatipu matū me ngā uara ōrite i ētahi atu waeine. Kāore e kōwhiri i tētahi horopeta mō te tangata, i tētahi ara tuku, i tētahi hōtaka maimoatanga rānei. Me whai aromatawai kē mō aua pātai, e whakamāramatia ana i te take ehara te kukū i te tūtohutanga horopeta.
Pānuihia te tauraro i mua i te tau
Ka whakaahua te kukū i te nui o tētahi wāhanga e noho ana i roto i tētahi rahinga ranunga kua tohua. Mā te tauraro e whakatau te tikanga o te tau. Ka wehewehea e NIST te kukū papatipu me te kukū rahinga matū: ko te mg/mL he papatipu mō ia rōrahi, ko te mol/L he rahinga matū mō ia rōrahi. He inenga rerekē ēnei.
Mō tēnei kaiwhakawhiti, whakamahia ēnei whakamāramatanga tāuru:
| Tāuru | Tikanga | He aha hei tāuru |
|---|---|---|
| Ōrau w/v | Ngā karamu o te wāhanga kua whakaingoatia mō ia 100 mL o te wairewa whakamutunga | Tāurua te 1 mō te 1%, kaua ko te 0.01 |
| Ōrau w/w | Ngā karamu o te wāhanga kua whakaingoatia mō ia 100 g o te wairewa katoa | Tāurua te ōrau me te kiato o te wairewa i te g/mL |
| mg/mL | Ngā mirikarama o te wāhanga kua whakaingoatia mō ia miririta wairewa | Tāurua hāngaitia te kukū papatipu kua tohua |
| Rōrahi kua inea | Te rōrahi o te wairewa e aromatawaitia ana | Tāurua te mL; ko te 100 µL he 0.1 mL |
| Rōrahi pata kua whakatauritea | Te rōrahi toharite kua inea e tukuna ana e te pata kotahi | Tāurua te mL/pata mēnā anake e mōhiotia ana mō taua wai me taua pūtuku |
Ka āta wehewehea te w/v, te w/w, me te v/v i roto i ngā whakamāramatanga wairewa a EMD Chemicals. Kāore tēnei tātaitai e whakaae ki te ōrau v/v, e whakaahua ana i tētahi hononga rōrahi, ā, kāore e taea te whakawhiti ki te papatipu matū rewa mā te ōrau anake.
Whakawhitia te ōrau w/v ki te mg/mL
Mō tētahi ōrau p kua tohua i runga i te pūtake w/v:
Kukū i te mg/mL = p × 10
Ka puta te tauwehe 10 i te whakawhiti waeine: ko te p karamu i roto i te 100 mL he ōrite ki te p × 1,000 mirikarama ka whakawehea ki te 100 mL. Hei whakawhiti ki te ahunga kē, whakawehea te mg/mL ki te 10.
| Kukū kua tohua | Kukū papatipu ōrite | Papatipu i roto i te 0.25 mL |
|---|---|---|
| 0.1% w/v | 1 mg/mL | 0.25 mg |
| 0.5% w/v | 5 mg/mL | 1.25 mg |
| 1% w/v | 10 mg/mL | 2.5 mg |
| 2% w/v | 20 mg/mL | 5 mg |
He tauira tātai ēnei, ehara i te rahinga e tūtohutia ana hei tuku ki te tangata. Kia mōhio, mā te rearua o te kukū ka rearua hoki te papatipu i roto i taua rōrahi tonu. Kāore e taea te whakawhiti i tētahi tohutohu rōrahi ki waenga i ngā kukū rerekē me te kore e tirotiro i te kukū.
He mea nui hoki te “wairewa whakamutunga”. Ko te whakaritenga kotahi karamu mō ia 100 mL e whakaahua ana i te rōrahi katoa i muri i te rewatanga. Ehara i te mea me tāpiri kotahi karamu ki tētahi 100 mL wai kua inea kētia. Mō ngā mahi whakarite, ko te rōrahi whakamutunga te rahinga tohutoro.
Whakawhitia te ōrau w/w mā te kiato o te wairewa
Mō te ōrau p i runga i te pūtake w/w me te kiato wairewa ρ i te g/mL:
Kukū i te mg/mL = p × 10 × ρ
Me whakaaro he wairewa whakapae 1% w/w, ā, ko tōna kiato kua tuhia he 1.05 g/mL. He 1.05 g te papatipu o te miririta kotahi. Ko te kotahi ōrau o taua papatipu ko te matū rewa kua whakaingoatia: 0.0105 g, arā, 10.5 mg. Nō reira, ko tōna kukū papatipu he 10.5 mg/mL, he ōrite ki te 1.05% w/v.
He mea āta whakapae te kiato i taua tauira. Ehara i te uara kua inea mō tētahi hua Blupreme. Tāurua te kiato o te hanganga wairewa kua oti tūturu, i te pāmahana e hāngai ana. He rahinga kē te kiato o te wai, o te paura kahurangi metilīni maroke rānei. Ki te kore e wātea te kiato, ka waiho e te kaiwhakawhiti te tātaitanga w/w kia kore e whakatauria, kaua e tāuru huna i te 1 g/mL.
Mō te tātaitanga whakamuri, ko te ōrau w/w he ōrite ki te mg/mL ka whakawehea ki te 10 × kiato i te g/mL. Ka whakamārama tēnei i te take ka āhua ōrite ngā tau w/w me ngā tau w/v i ētahi ranunga wai waimeha, ahakoa kāore e taea te whakamahi i tētahi whakamāramatanga hei whakakapi i tētahi atu.
Tātaihia te papatipu i roto i tētahi rōrahi kua inea
Ina whakaaturia te kukū i te mg/mL:
Papatipu i te mg = kukū i te mg/mL × rōrahi i te mL
Kei roto i tētahi wāhanga taiwhanga 0.25 mL nō tētahi wairewa pūtake 5 mg/mL te 1.25 mg o te wāhanga kua whakaingoatia i te tauākī kukū. Ko te tikanga o te “wāhanga” i konei he wāhanga o te wairewa kua inea. E whakapae ana te tātaitanga e whakaata ana taua wāhanga i te wairewa ōrite puta noa kua tohua.
Mā te taputapu tonu e whakatau mēnā i tukuna tūturu te 0.25 mL. Ka tuhia e Eppendorf te pānga o ngā āhuatanga wai me te pāmahana ki te tuku wai mā ngā pipeti urunga hau. Kāore te tātai tika e whakatika i tētahi taputapu ine kāore e tika ana, i tētahi mirumiru hau, i tētahi tauine rānei kua hē te pānui. Ko tētahi hua e whakaatu ana i ngā mati whai tikanga e ono he putanga tau, ehara i te kerēme he tika te inenga ki ngā mati e ono.
He aha i kore ai he maha pata taunoa
Mō te pātai “E hia ngā pata kei roto te 1 mg?”, me mōhio ki te kukū me te rōrahi mō ia pata kua whakatauritea. Kāore te kupu “kotahi pata”, te āhua rānei o tētahi pūtuku pata, e whakaatu i taua rōrahi.
Mēnā ko te rōrahi pata toharite kua inea he d mL/pata:
Papatipu mō ia pata = kukū × d
Mō tētahi whakataurite ine he mea āta whakapae, arā, 0.04 mL/pata, me tētahi wairewa 10 mg/mL, ko te papatipu toharite he 0.4 mg/pata. E ai ki te tātai, he ōrite te kotahi mirikarama ki te 2.5 o aua pata toharite. Kāore taua hua hautanga e whakaahua i tētahi haurua pata ka taea te tuku kia pono, ā, ehara i te tohutohu tuku ki te tangata.
Ka whakatauria e ngā mahi mātai inenga pata a NIST te papatipu me te rōrahi o ngā pata kua tukuna mā te ine. Kāore e taea te hoatu ngā hua o āna pūtuku tino tōtika ki tētahi pūtuku pata mā te kiritaki. Whakamahia ngā mōhiohio whakataurite ine mō te wai tūturu, te pūtuku tūturu, me ngā āhuatanga whakahaere tūturu. Waiho te āpure kōwhiringa kia pātea ki te kore aua mōhiohio e wātea; ka tātai tonu te kaiwhakawhiti i te papatipu mai i tētahi rōrahi kua inea.
Puritia te pūtake matū o te tapanga
Ka whakamahi tonu te kaiwhakawhiti i te kukū kua tāurua puta noa i te tātai. Kāore e whakatika mō te whakamātautau ihirangi matū o tētahi paura, e whakawhiti i waenga i ngā pūtake whai wai me ngā pūtake kore wai, e tautuhi i ngā poke, e whakaū rānei e tika ana tētahi hanganga mō tētahi whakamahinga motuhake. Tāruatia te whakaahuatanga matū katoa mai i te tuhinga pūtake ina tuhi ana i tētahi hua. Ka whakamārama te aratohu ki te kukū wairewa kahurangi metilīni me pēhea te whakataurite i ngā tauākī kukū o ngā hua rerekē.
I mua i te whakamahi i tētahi hua, tuhia ngātahitia ēnei mea e toru: te kukū taketake me tōna pūtake, te rōrahi kua inea, me te papatipu ka puta. Tāpirihia te kiato, te whakataurite ine pata rānei, mēnā i whakamahia tētahi o aua mea. Mā taua tuhinga e taea ai te whakahoki anō i te tātaitanga, ā, ka kitea ngā whakapae ka hunā e tētahi tau anake.