Nnwale karama anụnụ anụnụ: kemistri, usoro, na ihe a na-ahụ

Karama doro anya nọ n'elu tebụl ọrụ. Ọ dị ka mmiri. Otu onye maa ya jijiji, mmiri dị n'ime ya aghọọ anụnụ anụnụ na-enwu gbaa. Mgbe e debere ya ala, agba anụnụ anụnụ ahụ na-apụ n'ime otu nkeji ma ọ bụ abụọ. Maa ya jijiji ọzọ, agba anụnụ anụnụ ahụ alaghachi. Otu ngwakọta nwere ike imeghachi nke a ugboro iri abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa.

Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-echekarị na e nwere ihe zoro n'ime karama ahụ, ma ọ bụ na ịma jijiji gwakọtara oyi akwa abụọ. Echiche abụọ ahụ na-egosi n'ụzọ bara uru ihe na-abụghị eziokwu. Agba ahụ sitere n'otu dye, methylene blue, nke dị n'akụkụ niile nke mmiri ahụ. Ihe na-agbanwe bụ ọnụọgụ electron dye ahụ na-ebu. Ihe ngosi a bụ usoro redox a na-eme ka anya hụ, ma mgbanwe ọ bụla klaasị nwere ike ịhụ—oge ịma jijiji, okpomọkụ, concentration—na-adabara otu akụkụ nke kemistri ahụ.

Ụdị abụọ nke otu dye ahụ

Methylene blue e mere oxidation bụ usoro mgbanaka dị larịị nke nwere charge dị mma. Ọ na-amịkọrọ ìhè nke ukwuu n'agbata 600 to 700 nanometres, nke anya na-ahụ dị ka anụnụ anụnụ miri emi. A kọwara ụdị abụọ ahụ na spectra ha na ntuziaka banyere nhazi na njirimara methylene blue.

Reduction na-agbakwunye electron abụọ na proton otu, na-emepụta leucomethylene blue: enweghị charge, abụghị planar, ma fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ enweghị agba. N'ime alkaline solution, half-reaction ahụ bụ MB+ + H2O + 2 e- ⇌ LMB + OH-. Nzọụkwụ ahụ nwere ike ịlaghachi kpamkpam. Anụnụ anụnụ pụtara oxidised, enweghị agba pụtara reduced, ma ọ dịghị ọnọdụ nke atọ a ga-esochi; nke a bụ ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ mmalite doro anya maka ịmụ redox chemistry.

Usoro ahụ: glucose na-eme reduction, oxygen na-eme re-oxidation

Karama ahụ nwere ihe atọ na-arụ ọrụ: methylene blue, glucose, na alkali siri ike, potassium hydroxide ma ọ bụ sodium hydroxide. Alkali na-akwalite glucose ka ọ bụrụ ụdị deprotonated na-eme ngwa ngwa nke na-enye dye ahụ electron:

reducing sugar + MB (anụnụ anụnụ, oxidised) -> oxidised sugar products + LMB (enweghị agba)

Nzọụkwụ a dị nwayọọ na-eme ka agba ahụ pụọ mgbe karama ahụ guzoro. Glucose bụ sacrificial donor ma a na-eri ya n'ime mmeghachi omume ahụ. Dye ahụ na-ebufe electron naanị, ya mere ntakịrị tụpụ ole na ole zuru maka otu karama dum. Nkọwa klaasị ndị ochie na-ekwu na glucose na-aghọ gluconic acid. Nkọwa dị mkpirikpi ahụ na-akọwa ihe a na-ahụ, mana ndị nkuzi kwesịrị ịma na o zughi oke: nyocha usoro mmeghachi omume e bipụtara na Royal Society Open Science na-esochi oxidation ahụ site na enediolate na-eme ngwa ngwa ruo na dicarbonyl nke na-ekewa ghọọ acids ndị pere mpe.

Ịma jijiji na-agbanwe ihe a na-ahụ anya. Agitation na-eme ka oxygen sitere n'ikuku dị na headspace gbazee n'ime mmiri ahụ, oxygen ahụ wee mee re-oxidation nke dye e mere reduction:

LMB (enweghị agba) + O2 -> MB (anụnụ anụnụ) + reduced oxygen products

Mgbe a hapụrụ ya ka ọ guzoro, oxygen gbazere n'ime mmiri na-agwụ, glucose emee dye ahụ reduction ọzọ, agba ahụ wee daa. N'ime ọtụtụ cycles, net chemistry bụ oxidation nke sugar site n'ikuku, ebe dye ahụ na-agagharị n'ụdị ya dị iche iche n'enweghị mgbanwe dịka redox mediator. Ọ bụ mediator karịa strict catalyst, n'ihi na oxidation nke sugar nwere ike ịga n'ihu na-enweghị ya, ma ịda agba ahụ abụghị decomposition: dye e bibiri agaghị enwe ike ịlaghachi site n'ịma jijiji. Maka idobe dye stocks ka ha kwụsie ike n'etiti ngosi, lee ndetu banyere njikwa na nchekwa methylene blue solutions.

Usoro maka ngosi a na-elekọta

Nke a bụ ngosi a ga-eme n'okpuru nlekọta, ọ bụghị ọrụ a ga-eme n'ụlọ. Alkali chọrọ nchebe anya, gloves, na onye nkuzi ga-ahụ maka nkwadebe na nhicha. Formulations abụọ edekọtara nwere otu nhazi, mana nha ha dị iche.

Mpempe ntụziaka dị n'azụ ngosi ahụ dịka ngalaba kemistri Indiana University bipụtara ya na-eji ihe dị ka 5 percent potassium hydroxide, 4 percent glucose, na 1 percent aqueous methylene blue. Wụnye otu volume nke alkali solution na glucose solution n'ime karama doro anya nke 250 ma ọ bụ 500 millilitre ruo mgbe ọ juru ọkara, hapụ akụkụ fọdụrụ dịka air headspace. Tinye dye ole na ole, kpuchie ya, mechie seam ahụ nke ọma, hapụ ya ka ọ guzoro ruo mgbe agba anụnụ anụnụ pụtara. Usoro Royal Society of Chemistry na-ebuli otu echiche ahụ gaa na flask nwere stopper nke 1 litre: 300 millilitres mmiri, 10 grams glucose, 8 grams potassium hydroxide (ma ọ bụ 6 grams sodium hydroxide), tinyere millilitres ole na ole nke dilute dye stock.

Iji mee ya, maa ya jijiji nke ukwuu. Agba anụnụ anụnụ zuru ezu na-apụta n'ime seconds. Debe flask ahụ ala ma tụọ oge agba ahụ ji daa. Royal Society of Chemistry na-akọ ihe karịrị cycles iri abụọ n'otu filling. Ejula karama ahụ ruo n'ọnụ: na-enweghị ikuku e jidere n'ime ya, ọ dịghị oxygen reserve ga-agbaze.

Ihe a ga-ahụ, na ihe na-agbanwe oge

Tụọ oge ihe atọ: ịma jijiji ruo mgbe ọ ghọrọ anụnụ anụnụ zuru ezu (seconds), ịnọgide guzoro ruo mgbe ọ ghọrọ enweghị agba (ruo nkeji ole na ole), na ọnụọgụ cycles tupu agba anụnụ anụnụ ahụ amalite ịdị nro. Mgbe fade ọ bụla na-eru nso na njedebe, lee elu mmiri ahụ. Oyi akwa anụnụ anụnụ dị gịrịgịrị na-anọkarị n'akụkụ ebe ikuku na mmiri na-ezukọ, ebe oxygen na-aga n'ihu na-diffuse n'ime ya. Ahịrị ahụ bụ diffusion a na-eme ka anya hụ.

Mmeghachi omume karama anụnụ anụnụ na-agbaso empirical rate law e nyere na usoro Royal Society of Chemistry: rate = k[MB oxidised][glucose]OH-. Akụkụ ọ bụla bụ nnwale klaasị. Ịba ụba glucose, alkali, ma ọ bụ dye na-eme ka oge anụnụ anụnụ dị mkpụmkpụ. Okpomọkụ na-eme ka fade ahụ dị ngwa; flask oyi na-eme nwayọọ. Ịma jijiji ike karịa na-eme ka oxygen karịa gbazee, ya mere agba anụnụ anụnụ na-adị ogologo oge. Headspace buru ibu na-eme ka nnwale ahụ gaa ogologo oge. Mgbe cycles mechara daa mbà ma mmiri ahụ ghọọ odo, sugar agwụla, side products agbakwụnyela. Endpoint ahụ n'onwe ya bụ nsonaazụ kwesịrị idekọ.

Mpempe ọrụ ndekọ ihe a hụrụ

Detuo table a n'ime notebooks, otu row maka trial ọ bụla. Mpempe ọrụ a na reaction diagram dị n'elu bụ printable assets nke isiokwu a.

Ajụjụ amụma, a ga-aza tupu trial ọ bụla:

• Karama ahụ bụ anụnụ anụnụ ozugbo e mesịrị ịma jijiji. Kedu ụdị dye kacha dị, gịnịkwa mere ka ọ ruo ọnọdụ ahụ?
• Karama ahụ guzoro, agba ya wee daa. Kedu mmeghachi omume na-emeri, kedu ingredient a na-eri?
• Mgbe ọtụtụ cycles gachara, agba anụnụ anụnụ ahụ na-adị nro ma nwee obere odo. Jiri dye, alkali, ma ọ bụ glucose mee ka ọ laghachi, gịnịkwa kpatara ya?
• See eserese agba megide oge maka otu cycle. Kaa ebe oxygen na-abanye n'ime solution. Azịza onye nkuzi: (1) oxidised methylene blue, dissolved headspace oxygen mere ya re-oxidation; (2) reduction site na glucose, a na-eri glucose; (3) glucose, limiting donor, ebe dye ahụ na-agagharị n'ụdị ya n'enweghị mgbanwe; (4) ịrị elu ngwa ngwa mgbe a na-ama jijiji, ọdịda nwayọọ mgbe ọ guzoro, oxygen na-abanye naanị n'oge ịrị elu ahụ.

Ndị ikwu ya kwesịrị ịkpọ aha

Traffic light demonstration na-eji indigo carmine dochie ya ma na-agafe yellow, red, na green site na oxygenation. A na-eji aha green bottle eme ihe n'ụzọ sara mbara: mgbe ụfọdụ maka variant ahụ, mgbe ụfọdụ maka greener formulations dịka ascorbic acid systems ma ọ bụ enzymatic cycling system nke American Chemical Society kọwara. Kpọọ variant nke dị n'elu bench aha ya kpọmkwem ka ụmụ akwụkwọ ghara ijikọta observations sitere na chemistries dị iche iche.

Nchekwa na njikwa

Nlekọta ga-adị n'oge niile. Jiri chemical splash eye protection na gloves mgbe ị na-ejikwa alkaline solution ma ọ bụ na-ama vessel nwere stopper jijiji. Alkali na-ere anụ ahụ, dye na-etinye ntụpọ n'akpụkpọ na fabric, ma dye stocks e ji ethanol mee na-agbakwunye flammable solvent n'elu bench. Debe vessel ahụ mechiri emechi mgbe a na-ama ya jijiji. Mgbe e mesịrị, debe spent solutions maka njikwa dịka iwu laboratory nke ụlọ ọrụ gị si dị. Ihe achọrọ maka alkaline waste nwere dye dị iche n'etiti institutions na jurisdictions, ya mere soro usoro laboratory gị kwadoro kama ibubata usoro sitere n'ebe ọzọ.

Ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ numbers kama mgbanwe agba, quantitative assays maka methylene blue na-amalite ebe ngosi a kwụsịrị.

Ihe mere ndị nkuzi ji edobe karama a

Otu flask na-achịkọta echiche anọ. Redox na-aghọ agba kama ịbụ naanị definition. Mediator na-egosi otú obere trace nke otu ihe si enye ozi gbasara nnukwu quantity nke ihe ọzọ. Kinetics na-ekewapụ onwe ya n'ụzọ anya na thermodynamics: oxygen na-emeri mgbe ịma jijiji na-enye ya, glucose na-emeri mgbe supply kwụsịrị. Na diffusion, usoro kacha jụụ na kemistri, bụ ihe na-eme ka ngosipụta ahụ dum kwe omume, n'ihi na flash anụnụ anụnụ ọ bụla na-amalite mgbe oxygen si n'ikuku gafere banye na mmiri. Ngosipụta nke na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ ohere ibu amụma, tụọ oge, ma kọwaa ihe ndị a niile site na stopwatch na table kwesịrị ịdị n'elu bench.