Methylene blue wajen rina yadi da takarda: Basic Blue 9 a masana'antar rini

Methylene blue ya shafe shekaru goma sha biyar a matsayin rinin kasuwanci kafin wani ya ba marar lafiya shi. Heinrich Caro ya haɗa shi a BASF a 1876 a matsayin sinadarin rina yadi, kuma tarihin BASF kansa da Ƙungiyar Sinadarai ta Amurka duk sun bayyana shi a matsayin rinin da aka ƙera don auduga. Aikin Koch na rina samfurorin likitanci ya zo wajen 1880, sannan amfani da shi wajen maganin zazzabin cizon sauro a 1891 ya zo daga baya. Duk sauran abubuwan da wannan sinadari ya zama, wato rinin samfurori, alamar gwaji da magani, sun samo asali ne daga bayaninsa a kundin rini.

Wannan bayanin har yanzu shi ne hanyar da ta dace a fahimci sinadarin a fannin masana'antu. A harshen masana'antar rini, ba methylthioninium chloride ba ne. Basic Blue 9 ne.

Sinadari ɗaya, tsarin lambobi biyu

Colour Index yana tantance kowane rinin kasuwanci ta hanyoyi biyu. Sunan Gama-gari yana bayyana inda ake amfani da shi da amfaninsa; Lambar Tsarin Sinadari tana bayyana tsarin sinadarinsa. Methylene blue yana da Sunan Gama-gari C.I. Basic Blue 9 da Lambar Tsarin Sinadari C.I. 52015, wanda ya sanya shi a rukunin thiazine mai lambobi daga 52000 zuwa 52999, kamar yadda wani bayani na baya-bayan nan game da Colour Index ya tabbatar ta amfani da methylene blue a matsayin misalin bayani.

Sinadarin da ke bayan waɗannan lambobi shi ne ion phenothiazine mai cajin tabbatacce wanda aka haɗa da chloride: sigar da ba ta da ruwa tana da dabarar C16H18ClN3S da nauyin mol kusan 319.9 g/mol tare da CAS 61-73-4, yayin da sigar trihydrate da aka fi samu a kasuwa tana da kusan 373.9 g/mol tare da CAS 7220-79-3. Gishirin kasuwancin yana samar da lu'ulu'u masu koren duhu da ƙyalƙyalin tagulla waɗanda suke narkewa su zama ruwa mai shuɗi sosai, kuma ruwan trihydrate mai kashi 1 cikin ɗari yana da pH 3 zuwa 4.5 bisa ga PubChem da wani nazari na baya-bayan nan kan halayen ƙwayoyin sinadari. Duk mai saye a ganga ya kamata ya duba lambar CAS da ke kan lakabi, domin kilogram ɗaya na trihydrate yana ɗauke da kusan kashi 15 cikin ɗari ƙasa da ɓangaren sinadarin da ke ba da launi fiye da kilogram ɗaya na gishirin da ba shi da ruwa. Ya dace a tabbatar da ainihin abin da ake aunawa kafin kowace lissafin rini.

Ka'idar mannewa: ion mai cajin tabbatacce yana neman ions masu cajin korau

Rinukan basic rinuka ne masu ions masu cajin tabbatacce. A cikin ruwa, ɓangaren da ke da launi yana ɗauke da cajin tabbatacce, don haka ya fi sauƙin manne wa zaruruwa masu wuraren cajin korau. Wannan gaskiya guda ɗaya tana ba da damar hango kusan duk tsarin amfani da shi.

Zaren acrylic shi ne sanannen misalin abin da ake rina da su. Yawanci yana ɗauke da rukunin carboxylate ko sulfonate, kuma jan hankalin ions tsakanin waɗannan wurare da ion ɗin rini mai cajin tabbatacce yana sa rinin ya manne sosai, kamar yadda aka bayyana a nazarce-nazarcen rinin acrylic da aka saba yi da rinuka masu cajin tabbatacce da sinadaran zaruruwan acrylic. Ulu da siliki ma suna karɓar rinukan basic kai tsaye a wuraren da ke da cajin korau, suna kuma ba da launuka masu haske sosai. Sai dai littattafan yadi sun yi gargaɗin cewa tsofaffin rinukan basic a kan waɗannan zaruruwa yawanci ba sa jure haske sosai, abin da aka taƙaita a wani littafin koyar da ba da launi ga yadi da kowa zai iya karantawa.

Auduga ita ce muhimmin abin da ya saɓa wa wannan ƙa'ida. Cellulose da ba a sarrafa ba ba ya jan rinukan basic na gargajiya sosai, shi ya sa “rinin auduga” na Caro ya buƙaci taimako. A tsarin tarihi, ana sarrafa audugar da tannic acid a matsayin sinadarin ɗaure rini, wanda yawanci ake ɗaurewa da tartar emetic (antimony potassium tartrate), don samar da haɗaɗɗen tannin da rini wanda ba ya narkewa a kan zaren. Wani littafin rina auduga na wancan zamani ya bayyana ayyukan uku, wato sarrafawa da tannin, ɗaurewa, sannan rini, a Rina Yadukan Auduga. Nailan na yau da kullum ma yana buƙatar irin wannan fayyacewa: an fi rina shi da rinukan acid, kuma nailan da aka gyara da gangan da rukunin sulfonate ne kawai, wanda ake sayarwa a matsayin nailan mai karɓar rini mai cajin tabbatacce kuma aka bayyana a ayyuka kamar US6312805B1, yake karɓar rinukan basic sosai.

Don haka taƙaitaccen bayanin zaruruwan shi ne: auduga tare da sinadarin ɗaure rini na tannin saboda dalilan tarihi; ulu da siliki kai tsaye amma launinsu yana saurin shuɗewa; acrylic a matsayin kayan zamani da suka dace da sinadarin bisa tsarin sinadarai; nailan na yau da kullum kuwa galibi bai dace ba.

Mai haske sosai, amma mai saurin shuɗewa

Matsalar ba ta taɓa kasancewa sanya launin ba. Riƙe shi ne matsalar. Wani nazari na 2019 da ya rina auduga, siliki da ulu kai tsaye da methylene blue trihydrate ya auna juriyar launi ga haske a matakin 1, mafi ƙasa a ma'aunin, a duk zaruruwan uku bisa ISO 105-B02. Riƙewar launin ta inganta ne kawai bayan sarrafawa da smectite bayan rini, kamar yadda aka ruwaito a RSC Advances. Tsofaffin rubuce-rubuce ma sun faɗi abu ɗaya a harshen zamaninsu: yawancin launukan basic suna shuɗewa idan haske ya same su, kamar yadda maƙalar rini ta Encyclopaedia Britannica ta 1911 ta rubuta.

Yanayin sinadaran ruwan rini yana ƙara wani gargaɗi. Yawanci ana amfani da rinukan basic a yanayin tsaka-tsaki ko mai ɗan acid, kuma alkali mai ƙarfi yana cutar da methylene blue musamman: a ruwan alkali na 0.1 M, yana rushewa ta hanyar martani da ruwa, galibi ya zama methylene violet na Bernthsen, samfurin da ke da launi mai ƙarfi kuma mai alaƙa da mai, maimakon ya kasance ba tare da sauyi ba. Wannan ya fito ne daga wani nazari kan tasirin alkali ga methylene blue. Saboda haka, ragowar alkali daga wankin kayan, ko sarrafawa da alkali bayan rini, na iya sauya inuwar launi saboda dalilan sinadarai da ba su da alaƙa da ɗaure rinin. Zagayowar sauyin oxidation da reduction da ke bayan canje-canjen launi wani batu ne dabam, amma ƙa'idar aiki mai sauƙi ce: a nisanta ruwan rini daga alkali mai ƙarfi.

Takarda, tawada, da kwafin takardar carbon

An rubuta rina takarda a matsayin amfani na kasuwanci da ake yi a yanzu. Wani mai samar da Basic Blue 9 ya jera takarda tare da ba da launi ga siliki, hemp, itace da bamboo, da kuma ƙera tawada da launukan lake, a takardar bayanin amfani da samfurinsa. Tawada tana da ingantattun bayanan rubuce-rubuce: Indiya ta taɓa riƙe wani ƙayyadadden mizani, IS 2230:1962, na rinin methylene blue don masana'antar tawada. Yanzu an janye shi, amma an rubuta shi a rahoton shekara na BIS na 1962 zuwa 1963 kuma an jera shi a matsayin wanda aka janye.

An rubuta amfani da shi a takardar carbon ma. Wani haƙƙin ƙirƙira na Amurka na 1933 kan shafin takardar carbon ya bayyana tawadun mai da kakin zuma waɗanda suke ɗauke da rinukan aniline, ciki har da methylene blue, a US1925235A. Kuma wani nazarin kimiyyar kayan tarihi na 2024 kan tsofaffin fensiran kwafi masu shuɗi ya gano methylene blue a cikin sinadaran launi da aka fi amfani da su, tare da rubuta ainihin halayen da masana'antar rini za ta iya hangowa: tsananin rashin juriyar haske da yiwuwar launi ya yaɗu idan ya jiƙe. An wallafa shi a npj Heritage Science. Fensirin da yake samar da kwafi mai haske sosai amma ya shuɗe a hasken rana yana da sinadari iri ɗaya da audugar da ta karɓi rini mai haske sosai amma ta shuɗe a taga.

Nau'o'in inganci uku, tsarin ƙayyadaddun sharudda uku

Wannan shi ne kwatancin da ya fi muhimmanci, domin suna ɗaya yana nufin kayayyakin da aka ƙera bisa ƙayyadaddun sharudda da ba su dace da juna ba. Nau'in ingancin yadi, rinin samfurorin halittu, da nau'in ingancin magunguna ba matakai ba ne a tsani ɗaya na tsarki. Amsoshi ne ga tambayoyi daban-daban.

Abubuwa biyu da ke iya jawo ruɗani a teburin suna buƙatar jaddadawa. Na farko, rinin yadi na “kashi 100 cikin ɗari” ba yana nufin yana ɗauke da tsantsar sinadarin launi kashi 100 cikin ɗari ba; ISO 105-Z10 yana bayyana ƙarfi ta kwatantawa da rinin ma'auni. Na biyu, rinin samfurori da aka tabbatar mai adadin rini kashi 82 cikin ɗari ba maganin da ya kasa gwajin inganci ba ne; ya ci wani gwaji dabam ne. Rahoton bunƙasa tsarin ƙera sinadarin ya bayyana ɓangaren magunguna: ya riƙe jimillar ƙarafa ƙasa da 20 ppm, Azure B ƙasa da kashi 2 cikin ɗari, da sauran ƙazanta ƙasa da kashi 0.5 cikin ɗari. Waɗannan alkaluma suna bayyana wannan tsarin a nazarin Proveblue da aka wallafa, ba ƙayyadadden mizani na dukkan rinukan yadi ba. Kuma dalilin da Azure B yake da nasa ma'aunin kwatantawa shi ne cewa shi ne babban ƙazantar da ke samuwa daga cire rukunin methyl, kuma shi kansa samfurin sauyin sinadari ne a jiki mai aiki na magunguna, wani batu da bincike kan Azure B ya tattauna.

Ga masana'antar rini, gwaje-gwajen karɓar kaya na aikace suna bin shafin hagu: inuwar launi idan aka kwatanta da ma'auni, ƙarfin launi na kwatantawa, narkewa da abubuwan da ba sa narkewa, danshi, da daidaito tsakanin rukunin samarwa. Babu wani abu a wannan jerin da ya tabbatar da cewa kayan cikin gangar sun dace da dakin gwaje-gwaje, balle sha ko ci.

Yadda ake karanta takardar bayanai ta Basic Blue 9

Takardar bayanan fasaha ta yau da kullum tana jera lambobi huɗu, kuma kowanne yana amsa wata tambaya dabam. Ƙarfi, wanda ake bayyanawa a matsayin kaso idan aka kwatanta da rukunin ma'auni na mai samarwa, yana sanar da mai rini yawan rinin da zai auna don samun zurfin launin da ake nema; rukunin samarwa mai ƙarfi kashi 105 cikin ɗari yana buƙatar nauyi kusan kashi 5 cikin ɗari ƙasa da daidaitaccen nauyi. Adadin rini a ciki, idan an bayyana shi, shi ne rabon ainihin sinadarin da ke ba da launi, kuma kullum yana ƙasa da abin da ma'aunin ƙarfi yake iya nuna wa, saboda foda ta kasuwanci tana ɗauke da danshi da abubuwan rage kauri. Abubuwan da ba sa narkewa a ruwa, waɗanda ake sanya wa iyaka kamar kashi 1.5 cikin ɗari, suna ba da damar hango ɗigon ƙazanta da toshewar matattara maimakon inuwar launi. Danshi yana cika bayanin, kuma yana da alaƙa da batun hydrate: trihydrate yana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin ruwa uku a tsarin lu'ulu'unsa, don haka kilo ɗaya nasa yana ɗauke da kusan shida bisa bakwai na sinadarin launin da ke cikin kilo ɗaya na gishirin da ba shi da ruwa. Tsarin haɗin rini da aka rubuta don wani hydrate amma aka auna da ɗayan zai gaza cimma zurfin launin da ake nema da wannan rabo tun kafin kayan su shiga ruwan rini.

Bayani kan ruwan sharar masana'antu

Methylene blue yana da launi mai ƙarfi sosai kuma yana da sauƙin bibiyarsa ta hanyar auna shan haske da spectrophotometer. Nazarce-nazarcen mannewa a saman abu yawanci suna bibiyar shansa na hasken da ido yake gani wajen 663 zuwa 665 nm, kamar a wani nazarin mannewa a saman kayan halittu da wani nazarin mannewa a saman hydrogel. Wannan sauƙin ya sa ya zama rinin misali mai cajin tabbatacce a binciken ruwan sharar masana'antu: wani babban nazari a Journal of Hazardous Materials ya duba cire shi ta mannewa a saman kayan masu arha, ya haɗa da ruwan sharar masana'antun yadi, takarda da bugawa.

Matsayinsa na sinadarin misali yana da ɓangarori biyu. Yawan maƙalolin bincike kan mannewa a saman abu ba ya tabbatar da cewa methylene blue kansa yana daga cikin manyan gurɓatattun sinadaran masana'antar yadi ta zamani; yana tabbatar da cewa sinadarin ya dace a yi amfani da shi a matsayin wakilin rinuka masu cajin tabbatacce gaba ɗaya. A karanta iƙirarin da suka shafi ruwan sharar masana'antu tare da tuna wannan bambanci.

Sunan shi ne gargaɗin

Basic Blue 9, C.I. 52015, methylthioninium chloride: sunaye uku na sinadarin launi ɗaya, wanda ake sayarwa a ƙarƙashin aƙalla tsarin ƙayyadaddun sharudda uku. Kayan rinin yadi da Caro ya ƙera don auduga ba a taɓa buƙatar su dace da haɗiyewa ba, kuma babu takardar shaidar inuwar launi da ƙarfi da za ta sa su dace da hakan. Idan sunan kayan gangar ɗaya ya bayyana a kan shiryayyen dakin gwaje-gwaje, ƙayyadaddun sharuddan ne, ba launin ba, suke bayyana abin da kake riƙe da shi.