Ukuqhathanisa ama-Adsorbent e-Methylene Blue: Umthamo, i-Kinetics, Izimo

Olunye ucwaningo lubika 58 mg/g. Olunye lubika 725 mg/g. Kulula ukumemezela ukuthi i-adsorbent yesibili ingcono ngokuphindwe izikhathi eziyishumi nambili bese uyeka ukufunda. Lokho kulandelanisa ngokuvamile akunancazelo, ngoba lezi zinombolo ezimbili zakhiqizwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene futhi kungenzeka zingabi ngisho uhlobo olufanayo lwenombolo.

Amaphepha e-adsorption abika amanani amathathu abukeka efana: iphesenti lokususwa, i-uptake elinganisiwe, nomthamo otholwe ngokufitshwa kwemodeli. Uma wengeza izinhlobonhlobo zezinto ezihlongozwayo zokubopha idayi kanye nezindlela idayi ephendula ngazo endaweni yayo, ukuqhathanisa kuqala kube inkinga yokufanisa ngaphambi kokuba kube inkinga yokulandelanisa.

Lesi sixwayiso sisekelwe esakhiweni sedatha, hhayi endabeni eyodwa. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-machine learning kwezivivinyo ezingu-914 ezivela emaphepheni angu-75 okuphathelene nobumba, umlotha, nezinto ezenziwe zasebenza nge-alkali kwathola ukuthi i-uptake ebikiwe yayibuswa kakhulu izilungiselelo zokuhlola, kanti ukugxila kokuqala kwedayi kwakuyisibikezeli esinamandla kakhulu. Ukubuyekezwa kwango-2024 kwama-adsorbent athathwe emaqabungeni kubonisa ukuthi ama-protocol angahluka kakhulu kangakanani ngisho naphakathi komndeni owodwa wezinto. Akukho kule mithombo emibili okusekela uhlu lwezikhundla olwakhiwe ngamavelu e-mg/g kuphela.

Iphesenti lokususwa akuwona umthamo

Ukuhlelwa okuningi okungalungile kudida imiqondo emithathu. Iphesenti lokususwa liphendula ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye yedayi ephumile kusixazululo esisodwa esithile. I-uptake elinganisiwe iphendula ukuthi ingakanani idayi ehlala kugremu ngayinye ye-adsorbent lapho sekufinyelelwe ekulinganeni. Umthamo otholwe ngokufitshwa kwemodeli uphendula ukuthi imodeli ye-isotherm ekhethiwe ibikezela liphi ivelu lokugcwala ekugxileni okuphezulu.

Ibhalansi yesisindo ixhumanisa ezimbili zokuqala:

qe = (C0 minus Ce) times V divided by m

lapho qe iyi-equilibrium uptake ngo-mg/g, C0 no-Ce kuyizinga lokugxila ekuqaleni nasekulinganeni, V iyivolumu, kanti m iyisisindo se-adsorbent.

Ipheya lezinombolo libonisa ugibe. Ukususa 100 percent kudayi ongu-10 mg/L ku-0.1 L usebenzisa 1 g we-adsorbent kunikeza kuphela 1 mg/g. Ukususa 80 percent kudayi ongu-1000 mg/L ku-0.1 L usebenzisa 0.1 g kunikeza 800 mg/g. Umphumela wokuqala ubukeka uphelele njengephesenti kodwa cishe awusizi njengomthamo. Noma yiluphi uhlu oluxuba la makholomu amabili luhlela ukuhlolwa, hhayi into.

I-qmax etholwe ngokufitshwa yengeza olunye ungqimba. I-methylene blue adsorption isotherm idweba qe maqondana no-Ce kuwo wonke amazinga amaningana okugxila kokuqala. Ukufitshwa kwe-Langmuir kunweba lelo jika liye ethafeni elinomkhawulo elibizwa ngokuthi qmax; ukufitshwa kwe-Freundlich kuchaza umthetho wamandla ongenalo ithafa. I-qmax ebikiwe iyipharamitha yemodeli, hhayi inani elikalwe ngesisindo. Uma amaphoyinti engasondeli ethafeni, izinguquko ezincane kumaphoyinti okugcina zingayishintsha kakhulu i-qmax.

Izimo eziyisithupha ezishintsha yonke inombolo

Umthamo we-adsorbent. Impushana eningi isho amasayithi amaningi, ngakho iphesenti lokususwa ngokuvamile liyakhuphuka kuyilapho i-uptake ngo-mg/g yehla, ngoba idayi ebanjiwe ihlukaniselwa isisindo esiningi. Izimangalo zokususwa okungu-99 percent ku-10 g/L naku-0.2 g/L zihluka ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingamashumi amahlanu ekusebenzeni kahle kwento. Rekhoda umthamo we-adsorbent ngo-g/L bese uqhathanisa i-uptake kumthamo ofanayo.

Ukugxila kokuqala. I-C0 ephakeme inikeza amandla amakhulu aqhuba inqubo, ngakho qe iyakhuphuka kuyilapho iphesenti lokususwa lehla njengoba amasayithi egcwala. I-qmax efitiwe phezu kuka-100 kuya ku-400 mg/L ichaza ingxenye yejika ehlukile kunaleyo efitiwe phezu kuka-5 kuya ku-50 mg/L. Funa ukuthi ububanzi bugqagqane ngaphambi kokwenza ukuhlelwa.

pH. I-methylene blue iyi-cationic, ngakho ukushaja kobuso kulawula ukudonsana. Ngaphansi kwe-point of zero charge yayo, ubuso buyayixosha idayi; ngaphezu kwayo, ubuso buyayidonsa. Izifundo ezibika kuphela i-pH yokuqala zishiya igebe, ngoba i-adsorption ishintsha ivelu le-pH lapho sekufinyelelwe ekulinganeni. Rekhoda kokubili, kanye nosawoti bangemuva, ngoba ionic strength inciphisa amandla afanayo alawulwa yi-pH. Ukuqina kwendlela okugcina ukulinganisa okusekelwe ku-absorbance kuthembekile maqondana ne-solvent ne-pH kuyasebenza nalapha: inombolo ihamba nezimo zayo.

Isikhathi. Ivelu elithathwe ngemva kuka-5 minutes lingu-qt, hhayi qe. Ukushesha nokuba nomthamo omkhulu kuyizimfanelo ezihlukene: uchungechunge lwezincwadi mayelana nezimpushana zamaqabunga lubika ukufinyelela ekulinganeni cishe ngo-60 minutes ngaphansi kwe-protocol eyodwa futhi cishe ngo-160 ngaphansi kwenye. Qhathanisa kuphela amanani e-equilibrium ngemva kokuba ijika le-kinetic selilingene, bese ubika i-uptake yesikhathi sokuqala njengomphumela ohlukile we-kinetics.

Izinga lokushisa. Kokubili i-equilibrium ne-diffusion kuphendula ezingeni lokushisa ngezindlela eziqondene nesistimu. Ochungechungeni olulodwa lwe-date palm, i-Langmuir qmax yakhuphuka isuka cishe ku-43 mg/g ku-30 C yaya cishe ku-58 mg/g ku-60 C, okuwushintsho olungu-35 percent olubangelwe izinga lokushisa kuphela. Ungalokothi uhlele imithamo elinganiswe emazingeni okushisa aqhelelene kakhulu ngaphandle kokukuphawula.

Isisekelo sokubika. Ama-milligram ngegramu aqhathaniseka kuphela uma igremu lisho into efanayo. Isisindo esomile uma siqhathaniswa nesimanzi sihluka ngokwengxenye yomswakama, kanti ama-composite bead ahlukile esigabeni esisebenzayo esimsulwa. Chaza i-denominator nanoma yikuphi ukulungiswa komswakama. Kuma-filter, engeza umthamo times bulk density; ekusebenzeni kobuso, engeza umthamo divided by BET area, uqaphele ukuthi akuyona yonke indawo elinganisiwe evumela i-molecule enkulu njenge-methylene blue ukuba ifinyelele kuyo. Umazisi we-reagent kufanele ube yingxenye yerekhodi kulesi sinyathelo, yingakho ukuhlolwa kobumsulwa be-reagent ne-specification kuhambisana nesisindo se-adsorbent.

Okushiwo ngempela ukufitshwa kwe-isotherm ne-kinetics

Iphutha elivamile ukuthatha ukufitshwa okuhle njengobufakazi be-mechanism. Ukuqhathaniswa kwe-methylene blue Langmuir Freundlich kuhlola ukuthi iyiphi i-equation echaza kangcono umumo wejika ebangeni elihloliwe. Akukuqinisekisi ukumbozwa kwe-monolayer, ukufana kobuso, noma ukwakheka kwama-multilayer. Izinto ezinama-pore nezinobuso obungafani zisengaveza amajika anomumo we-Langmuir ebangeni elilinganiselwe, futhi ukufitshwa okungcono kwe-Freundlich kusho kuphela ukuthi idatha iyaqhubeka nokukhuphuka ngendlela leyo equation ekhuphuka ngayo. Qinisekisa i-mechanism ngobufakazi obuzimele obufana ne-spectroscopy, calorimetry, noma ukuncika ku-ionic strength.

Imikhuba yokuhlola ikhwalithi yokufitshwa ibalulekile. Khetha i-nonlinear regression, ngoba ama-transform alinearisiwe ayaphambukisa amaphutha futhi angakhetha ngokuhlelekile imodeli eyodwa. Hlola ama-residual kunokuthembela ku-R squared kuphela. Buza ukuthi qmax ingaphakathi kobubanzi obulinganisiwe noma ingaphezu kwabo: ithafa elikude kakhulu ngaphezu kwe-qe enkulu kunazo zonke elinganisiwe liwukubikezela, futhi ukungaqiniseki kwalo kufanele kubikwe, hhayi ivelu lalo kuphela.

Ukuzithiba okufanayo kulawula i-methylene blue adsorption kinetics. Ezincwadini zama-adsorbent amaqabunga, i-pseudo second order equation yiyona evame ukubikwa njengokufitshwa okuhle kakhulu, kodwa lokho akufakazeli i-chemisorption, njengoba nokufitshwa kwe-pseudo first order kungafakazeli i-physisorption. I-diffusion ingalingisa noma iyiphi yalezi equation kuye ngosayizi wezinhlayiya nokunyakaziswa, futhi izithombe ezilinearisiwe ngokomlando ziye zachema ukuqhathanisa zibheke ku-pseudo second order. Chaza i-equation, i-rate constant, i-equilibrium efitiwe, i-interval, usayizi wezinhlayiya, nokunyakaziswa, bese ugcina isivinini nomthamo kumakholomu ahlukene ephepheni lokusebenza.

Iphepha lokusebenza lokuqhathanisa izifundo ezishicilelwe

Kopisha leli thebula kanye ngesifundo ngasinye. Ukuqhathanisa kusebenza kuphela lapho amakholomu okuhlola ehambisana.

Isimo	Okufanele kurekhodwe	Umthetho wokunormaliza	Uma kushoda, yima
Umthamo we-adsorbent	g/L, kanye nevolumu nesisindo esiphelele	Qhathanisa qe kumthamo ofanayo; gcina iphesenti lokususwa lihlukile	Iphesenti alikwazi ukuguqulwa libe umthamo
Ukugxila	Uchungechunge lwe-C0, ububanzi be-Ce, ukuthi ithafa lifinyelelwe noma cha	Qhathanisa qmax kuphela ebangeni eligqagqanayo	qmax ingaba i-extrapolation kuphela
pH	I-pH yokuqala neye-equilibrium, usawoti, point of zero charge uma yaziwa	Fanisa ngaphakathi cishe kwe-unit eyodwa	Amandla aqhuba inqubo awaziwa
Isikhathi	Isikhathi sokuxhumana, ijika le-kinetic, umbandela we-equilibrium	Qhathanisa qe kuphela lapho i-equilibrium ibonisiwe	Ivelu lingaba qt elibhalwe ngokungalungile njenge-qe
Izinga lokushisa	Izinga lokushisa lephoyinti ngalinye le-isotherm	Qhathanisa ezingeni lokushisa elifanayo	Ukushintsha ngenxa yokushisa kuthathwa ngephutha njengomehluko wezinto
Isisekelo sokubika	Isisindo esomile noma esimanzi, ingxenye yomswakama, isigaba esisebenzayo uma siqhathaniswa ne-composite, bulk density, BET area	Guqulela ku-mg ngegramu eyomile; engeza amakholomu evolumu nendawo	I-denominator ayaziwa
Ukufitshwa kwemodeli	Ama-equation, ukufitshwa kwe-linear uma kuqhathaniswa ne-nonlinear, i-error metric, ama-residual, ukungaqiniseki kwepharamitha	Khetha ukufitshwa kwe-nonlinear; qhathanisa amasethi aphelele amapharamitha	Isimangalo sokufitshwa okuhle kakhulu asikwazi ukuqinisekiswa
I-matrix yesixazululo	Ibanga lamanzi, ionic strength, ama-ion ancintisanayo noma izinto ze-organic	Fanisa i-matrix noma umake umphumela njengezinga lokuhlola lokuqala	Ukusebenza emanzini angempela akwaziwa

Izibonelo ezimbili ezivela ezincwadini zibonisa ukuthi leli phepha lokusebenza lisebenza kanjani. Uchungechunge lwe-date palm lubika i-equilibrium cishe ngo-160 minutes, indawo engcono cishe ku-pH 6.5, qmax ekhuphuka nezinga lokushisa, kanye ne-Temkin ne-pseudo second order njengezincazelo ezikhethwayo. Impushana yeqabunga le-bamboo elicutshunguliwe ibika cishe 725 mg/g ngokususwa okusondele kokuphelele, kodwa kusetshenziswa idayi engu-100 kuya ku-400 mg/L ngomthamo we-adsorbent ongu-0.2 kuya ku-1.4 g/L kanye nesikhathi esingaba ngu-60 minutes ukuze kufinyelelwe ekulinganeni. Kokubili kungaba okuvumelekile ngaphakathi kwezimo zako kodwa kungabi nakuqhathaniswa ngokuqondile kuze kube umthamo we-adsorbent, ukugxila, i-pH, izinga lokushisa, nesisekelo sokubika kuyahambisana.

Umusho wokulinganisa unobunjwa obungaguquki: ngaphansi kobubanzi bokugxila obufanayo, umthamo we-adsorbent, i-pH, izinga lokushisa, isikhathi sokufinyelela ekulinganeni, nesisekelo sokubika, into X ibonisa i-uptake ephakeme kunento Y. Noma yini emfushane kunalokho iyisimangalo mayelana nezivivinyo ezimbili, hhayi izinto ezimbili.