Isihloko
Izinhlayiya namakristalu e-methylene blue: umhlahlandlela wokuxazulula izinkinga zokwakheka kwengxube
Isixazululo sicacile ngoMsombuluko kodwa sesinamkristalu ngoLwesihlanu. Noma impushana ayincibiliki ngokuphelele naphezu kokuxutshwa ngamandla. Noma uketshezi olubili olucacile luba namafu ngokushesha lapho luhlangana. Ngasinye salezi zimo sibizwa ngokuphuma kwezinhlayiya ze-methylene blue esixazululweni, kodwa ziyizinkinga ezihlukene ezinezimbangela nezixazululo ezihlukene.
Iphutha ukusebenzisa ukubukeka njengendlela yokuhlonza inkinga. Izinto eziqinile ezibonakalayo ziphendula umbuzo owodwa kuphela: kukhona ingxenye eqinile ehlukile. Konke okunye — ukuthi iyiphi into eqinile, kungani yakheka nokuthi yini okufanele yenziwe ngayo — kufanele kutholakale ngokubheka isikhathi, ukwakheka kwengxube, isincibilikisi nezimfuneko zokuphatha ezikulebula yomkhiqizo ophambi kwakho.
Ukuncibilika kubeka umkhawulo
Konke ukuxazulula izinkinga kufanele kuqale ngokuhlola okufanayo: lokhu okulungiselelwe kusondele kangakanani emkhawulweni wokuncibilika kulesi sincibilikisi nakuleli zinga lokushisa.
Mayelana nosawoti we-chloride emanzini ahlanzekile, umbhalo we-PubChem nge-methylene blue uhlanganisa inani lokuncibilika elingaba ngu-43.6 mg/mL ku-25 C. Iqoqo elihlukile lemininingwane yokuhlola lalinganisa u-43.2 g/L ezingeni elifanayo lokushisa kanye ne-enthalpy yokuncibilika enhle kakhulu, okusho ukuthi amandla okuncibilika akhuphuka kakhulu lapho kushisa futhi ehle kakhulu lapho kuphola. Kulelo qoqo lemininingwane, ukugxila lapho sekugcwele kwakucishe kube ngu-19 g/L ku-5 C, 43 g/L ku-25 C, kanye no-84 g/L ku-45 C.
Kunemibandela emibili ebalulekile ngaphambi kokuba noma ubani asebenzise la manani njengesicaciso. Okokuqala, umbhalo we-PubChem ngesimo se-trihydrate unelinye inani elihlanganisiwe, okungenani elingu-100 mg/mL eduze kwezinga lokushisa legumbi, elivela komunye umthombo nasentweni eqinile enegama elihlukile. La manani amabili akufanele ahlanganiswe abe yinani elilodwa elibhekwa njengeliyiqiniso. Okwesibili, ucwaningo lwesakhiwo samakristalu lwathola izimo ezinhlanu ezihlukile zama-hydrate e-methylene blue kodwa alutholanga isimo esisodwa se-trihydrate esimsulwa, nakuba i-trihydrate iseyigama elamukelwe ezincwadini zezindinganiso nasemikhiqizweni. Ngamafuphi, into eqinile oyikalayo ingase ingafani ncamashi naleyo ebhalwe kulebula, futhi amandla ayo angempela okuncibilika ancike entweni eqinile nasesincibilikisini esikhona, hhayi egameni kuphela. Izimo zezinto eziqinile ezihlobene namagama ama-hydrate zichaza ukuthi kungani amagama asezincwadini zezindinganiso nezakhiwo zamakristalu kungase kungahambisani.
Ukuze kuqhathaniswe, umkhiqizo womuthi oqediwe i-PROVAYBLUE uyisixazululo esingu-5 mg/mL, esingaphansi kakhulu komkhawulo wamanzi ahlanzekile. Amakristalu e-methylene blue abonakalayo esixazululweni salokhu kugxila, esigcinwe ngendlela efanele, awakwazi ukuchazwa ngokugcwala okuvamile lapho kunokulingana. Kufanele kubhekwe okunye phakathi kwezimbangela ezingaba khona: umlando wezinga lokushisa, isithako esengeziwe noma umthombo wezinhlayiya ongaveli kudayi uqobo.
Isikhathi siyindlela yokuqala yokuhlukanisa izimbangela
Ngaphambi kokufuna incazelo, bhala ukuthi izinto eziqinile zivele nini uma kuqhathaniswa nezehlakalo ezintathu: ukuthintana kokuqala kwempushana nesincibilikisi, noma yisiphi isikhathi sokuma noma sokupholisa, kanye nokufakwa kwesithako sesibili. Lolu chungechunge olulodwa lwezehlakalo luhlukanisa izimo eziningi.
| Okubonwayo nesikhathi | Umongo wokwakheka kwengxube nesincibilikisi | Indlela okungenzeka ukuthi kwenzeke ngayo | Ukuhlola ilebula noma ukuphatha | Isinyathelo esilandelayo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Izinto eziqinile zikhona kusukela ekuqaleni; impushana ayikaze incibilike ngokuphelele | Ukugxila kuseduze noma kungaphezu komkhawulo wangempela wokuncibilika; isincibilikisi esingafanele isimo sento eqinile; isikhathi sokuncibilika asanele | Ukuncibilika okungaphelele, hhayi ukwehluleka kokugcina | Qinisekisa isimo sento eqinile ekaliwe, ukugxila okuhlosiwe nesincibilikisi ngokwenqubo eqinisekisiwe | Nciphisa ukugxila noma ushintshe isincibilikisi ngokwenqubo eqinisekisiwe; qinisekisa ingxenye encibilikile ngokuhlolwa kokulinganisa kunokuyibheka ngamehlo |
| Kucacile ekuqaleni, bese kuvela amakristalu noma ukufiphala ngemva kokuma noma ukupholisa | Isixazululo esigxilile samanzi esigcinelwe ukusetshenziswa; ukugcina egumbini elibandayo noma esiqandisini | Ukugcwala ngokweqile okulandelwa ukwakheka kweziqalo zamakristalu okulibazisekile | Buyekeza izinga lokushisa lokugcina elikulebula; izimfuneko zokugcina nokuphatha umkhiqizo womuthi ezikulebula zicacisa u-20 kuya ku-25 C ngaphandle kokufakwa esiqandisini noma ukuqandiswa | Fudumeza kuphela uma inqubo ikuvumela; ngaphandle kwalokho lungiselela okusha okunokugxila okuphansi futhi ukugcine ezingeni lokushisa elikulebula |
| Kuvela amafu noma izinhlayiya lapho uketshezi olubili luhlanganiswa | Uketshezi lokuhlanza ukugxila oluqukethe i-chloride, ikakhulukazi isixazululo sikasawoti esingu-0.9%; ukuxutshwa nomunye umkhiqizo womuthi | Ukungahambisani noma ukuphuma kwento encibilikile ngenxa kasawoti | Imininingwane yokunquma ukusetshenziswa kwe-PROVAYBLUE iyalela ukusebenzisa i-dextrose engu-5% lapho kuncishiswa ukugxila futhi ixwayisa ngokuthi i-chloride inciphisa amandla okuncibilika; hlola ukuthi azikho yini izinhlayiya | Yeka futhi uhlukanise ingxube; ungahlungi bese usebenzisa umkhiqizo womjovo onezinhlayiya; buyekeza ukulandelana kokufaka izithako enqubweni yokunciphisa ukugxila nokuhlola ukuhambisana |
| Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uyafiphala ngaphandle kwenhlabathi ehlala phansi | Kukhona into enciphisayo, njenge-ascorbic acid; umoya-mpilo uvinjiwe bese uvunyelwa futhi | Ukuguquka kwe-redox kube yisimo se-leuco esingenambala, hhayi ukwakheka kwezinhlayiya eziqinile | Hlola uhlu lwezithako ukuze uthole izinto ezinciphisayo noma ezikhipha ama-electron | Qinisekisa nge-spectroscopy (ukunyamalala kwebhande elibonakalayo le-methylene blue) kunokuhlaziya izinhlayiya; kubheke njengenkinga yamakhemikhali, hhayi eyokuncibilika |
| Izinhlayiya ebhodleleni lomuthi elingakavulwa neligcinwe ngendlela efanele | Umkhiqizo oqediwe ongu-5 mg/mL ongakaphelelwa isikhathi, ongancishiswanga ukugxila | Izinhlayiya zangaphandle noma ezivela esitsheni, noma iphutha lomkhiqizo; hhayi ukugcwala okuvamile | Landela umyalelo okulebula wokuhlola izinhlayiya nokushintsha kombala ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa | Hlukanisa ibhodlela futhi ulandele inqubo yokufaka isikhalazo ngomkhiqizo; ukubukeka kuphela akunakuhlonza inhlayiya, njengoba kuxoxwa ngendlela ukuhlolwa kokuhlaziya okuhlukanisa ngayo ubunjalo nokubukeka |
Amaphutha okulungiselela: izinto eziqinile kusukela emzuzwini wokuqala
Impushana engancibiliki ikhomba ukulungiselela, hhayi ukugcina. Izimbangela ezivamile ukugxila okungaphezu kwamandla angempela okuncibilika esincibilikisini esikhethiwe, isincibilikisi esicatshangwe ukuthi siyalingana nesinye kodwa singalingani naso, kanye nokungabekezeli.
I-ethanol ikhombisa ugibe lwesincibilikisi. Izincazelo ezithi i-methylene blue iyancibilika ku-ethanol zifihla umehluko omkhulu emiphumeleni yokuhlola, kanti imibhalo emidala ichaza i-trihydrate njengencibilika kancane kuphela otshwaleni. Eqoqweni lemininingwane yezinga lokushisa elicashunwe ngenhla, i-ethanol ku-25 C yayiqukethe cishe u-37 g/L uma kuqhathaniswa namanzi aku-43 g/L, futhi kokubili kwashintsha kakhulu ngezinga lokushisa. Inqubo esuswa kwesinye isincibilikisi iye kwesinye noma kwelinye izinga lokushisa iye kwelinye ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa kabusha ingadlula umkhawulo kungaqashelwa.
Ukuhlangana kwama-molecule kuletha ugibe olucashile nakakhulu. I-methylene blue ihlangana ngokwayo emanzini yakhe ama-dimer namaqoqo amakhulu, lapho i-monomer imunca ukukhanya eduze kuka-665 nm kanti amaqoqo enikela ekumunceni eduze kuka-605 kuya ku-612 nm. Ngakho isixazululo esigxilile singashintsha umbala noma i-spectrum kodwa siqhubeke sicacile ngokomzimba. Ama-dimer awasho ukwakheka kwezinhlayiya eziqinile ze-methylene blue. Ukuthatha lonke ushintsho lwe-spectrum njengophawu lokwakheka kwamakristalu okuzayo kuholela ezinyathelweni, njengokuhlunga ngamandla, ezibhekana nenkinga engafanele.
Izinguquko ngesikhathi sokugcina: kucacile kuqala, bese kuba namakristalu
Isixazululo esasikade sicacile bese kamuva sibeka amakristalu siwuphawu lokugcwala ngokweqile. Uketshezi olufudumele lugcina udayi oncibilikile omningi kunoketshezi olubandayo. Isixazululo esigxilile esilungiselelwe sifudumele, bese siyiswa egumbini elibandayo noma esiqandisini, singahlala amahora amaningi sicacile esimweni sokuzinza kwesikhashana ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukwakheka kweziqalo zamakristalu. Lapho isiqalo sokuqala sesakhekile, ukwakheka kwamakristalu kungaqhubeka ngokushesha, yingakho ushintsho lubonakala luzumile.
Yilapho imiyalelo yokuphatha ekulebula iba khona ebalulekile. Ilebula yomkhiqizo womuthi ithi ugcinwe ku-20 kuya ku-25 C, ivumela ukuphambuka phakathi kuka-15 no-30 C, ivikele ekukhanyeni, futhi inemiyalelo ecacile yokungawufaki esiqandisini nokungawuqandisi. Ngakho uphenyo ngezinhlayiya kulo mkhiqizo kufanele lubuze ngomlando wezinga lokushisa ngaphambi kwanoma yikuphi ukuhlola kwamakhemikhali. Ukugcina umkhiqizo emakhazeni lapho lokho kungavunyelwe kuwukuphambuka endleleni yokuphatha, futhi ukulungisa kudinga ukushintsha inqubo, hhayi isinyathelo sokuzama ukusindisa okusebhodleleni.
Ukuziphatha kwama-hydrate kungangeza ushintsho oluhamba kancane ngesikhathi sokugcina. Njengoba into eqinile ingaba sezimweni eziningi zama-hydrate, ingxube enezinhlayiya ezilengayo noma okulungiselelwe okucishe kungancibiliki ngokuphelele kungashintsha kusuke kwesinye isimo sento eqinile kuye kwesinye lapho kumile, kushintshe inani elihlala lincibilikile. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezixazululweni zelabhorethri ezigcinelwe ukusetshenziswa, ezilungiselelwe eduze kokugcwala futhi zigcinwe amasonto, hhayi emikhiqizweni eqediwe enokugxila okuphansi.
Ukungahambisani: izinto eziqinile ezilandela ukuxutshwa
Lapho kuvela amafu ngemva kokuhlangana kwezithako ezimbili, sola inhlanganisela, hhayi udayi kuphela. Isimo esibhalwe kahle kakhulu simayelana ne-chloride. Imininingwane yokunquma ukusetshenziswa komkhiqizo igwema izixazululo ze-sodium chloride njengezincibilikisi zokunciphisa ukugxila ngoba i-chloride inciphisa amandla okuncibilika, futhi imininingwane yomkhiqizo yase-Australia ibika ukwakheka kwezinhlayiya eziqinile lapho kusetshenziswa isixazululo sikasawoti esingu-0.9%. Ucwaningo lwezindlela okwenzeka ngazo lokhu lusekela ukuhlanganisana nokuphuma kwento encibilikile ngenxa kasawoti okuncike ku-chloride: usawoti owengeziwe ushintsha ukulingana kokuhlangana kwama-molecule kuye kumaqoqo amakhulu, futhi lapho i-chloride iphezulu la maqoqo aphuma esixazululweni. Ngakho isixazululo sikasawoti asiwona nje amanzi ane-ion engathathi hlangothi. Siyisincibilikisi esihlukile esinomkhawulo ophansi.
Okunye ukungahambisani kubhalwe emininingwaneni yomkhiqizo kunokuncika kulokho okuvame ukushiwo elabhorethri: ama-alkali adlayo, ama-iodide, ama-dichromate, nezinto ezikhipha noma ezamukela ama-electron, kanti kubikwa nokwakheka kosawoti ababili abahlangene ngosawoti abaningi abangewona abezinhlanganisela zekhabhoni. Izimo ezine-alkali enamandla azenzi nje izinhlayiya eziqinile; ku-alkali engu-0.1 M udayi uyaguquka ngokwamakhemikhali, ikakhulukazi ube yi-methylene violet. Lokho kungukuwohloka, futhi akukho ndlela yokushintsha ukuncibilika engabuyisela inhlanganisela yamakhemikhali yokuqala.
Ugibe lwe-ascorbic acid: ukufiphala akukhona ukwakheka kwezinhlayiya eziqinile
Kunesimo esisodwa okufanele sibhekwe sodwa ngoba siveza ukuhlonzwa okungalungile okushiwo ngokuzethemba okukhulu. I-ascorbic acid inciphisa i-methylene blue eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ibe yisimo se-leuco esicishe singabi nambala, futhi umoya-mpilo ungabuyisela lolu shintsho emuva. Izindlela zokuhlaziya zisebenzisa khona lokhu kufiphala ukuze zilinganise i-ascorbate emazingeni ama-micromolar. Isixazululo esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esifiphala lapho kukhona into enciphisayo, ngaphandle kwenhlabathi ehlala phansi, siguquke nge-redox. Ukubiza lokhu ngokuthi amakristalu e-methylene blue esixazululweni kuqondisa uphenyo ezihlungini nasezincibilikisini, kuyilapho amathuluzi afanele kuyi-spectrophotometer nokubuyekezwa kohlu lwezithako.
Okuphambene nakho kuyiqiniso. Izinhlayiya zangempela ezigcina umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ziyinkinga yesimo somzimba wento ngaphandle uma ukuhlaziya kufakazela okunye. Ukuziphatha kombala kunciphisa izimbangela ezingaba khona; akuqedi uphenyo.
Lokho ukubukeka okungeke kukutshele khona
Imingcele emibili igcina lo mhlahlandlela uthembekile. Okokuqala, izinhlayiya ezibonakalayo emkhiqizweni womuthi azikwazi ukuhlonzwa njengamakristalu kadayi ngokuzibheka nje. Izinto ezivela esitsheni nezinhlayiya zangaphandle zisalokhu ziyizimbangela ezingaba khona, yingakho ilebula iyalela ukuhlola nokwenqaba umkhiqizo kunokuhlonza izinhlayiya eceleni kombhede wesiguli. Okwesibili, lo mhlahlandlela awunikezi imiyalelo yokuhlanganisa imikhiqizo yomjovo. Izincibilikisi zokunciphisa ukugxila, ukulandelana kokufaka izithako nemibuzo ngesikhathi sokugcina sokusetshenziswa ngemva kokulungiselela kufanele kubhekwe kulebula yomkhiqizo, ezinqubweni zasekhemisi nasezindinganisweni ezifanele zokuhlanganisa, hhayi esihlokweni sokuxazulula izinkinga.
Umfanekiso wokusebenza, ubekwe kanye: amandla okuncibilika abeka umkhawulo, ukugxila nezinga lokushisa kunquma ingozi yokugcwala ngokweqile, i-chloride namandla ama-ion kusunduza ukuhlangana kwama-molecule kuye ekuphumeni kwento encibilikile ngenxa kasawoti, ama-dimer akheka ngaphandle kokwakha izinhlayiya eziqinile, futhi izinto ezinciphisayo zingasusa umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngaphandle kokwakha noma yini eqinile. Qondanisa okubonwayo nokulandelana kwezehlakalo etafuleni, hlola ukwakheka kwengxube nelebula, futhi ukwakheka okuningi kwezinhlayiya eziqinile ze-methylene blue kuzoyeka ukuba yindida.