I-methylene blue ekudayeni izindwangu nephepha: i-Basic Blue 9 endaweni yokudaya

I-methylene blue yachitha iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu ingudayi odayiswayo ngaphambi kokuba noma ubani ayinike isiguli. UHeinrich Caro wayihlanganisa ngokwekhemistri e-BASF ngo-1876 njengodayi wezindwangu, futhi kokubili umlando we-BASF uqobo kanye ne-American Chemical Society kuyichaza njengodayi owenzelwe ukotini. Umsebenzi kaKoch wokungcolisa amasampula ezokwelapha waqala cishe ngo-1880, kwathi ukwelashwa kukamalaleveva ngo-1891 kwalandela kamuva nakakhulu. Konke okunye le nhlanganisela eyagcina isiyikho, udayi wokungcolisa amasampula, inkomba, umuthi, kwaqala ngento eyayifakwe kukhathalogi yodayi.

Lokho okufakwe kukhathalogi kuseyindlela efanele yokuqonda le nto lapho isetshenziswa ezimbonini. Ngolimi lwendawo yokudaya, akuyona i-methylthioninium chloride. Yi-Basic Blue 9.

Inhlanganisela eyodwa, izinhlelo ezimbili zokubala izinombolo

I-Colour Index ihlonza wonke udayi odayiswayo ngezindlela ezimbili. Igama elijwayelekile lichaza indlela yokusetshenziswa nomsebenzi wawo; inombolo yokwakheka ichaza ukwakheka kwawo ngokwekhemistri. I-methylene blue inegama elijwayelekile elithi C.I. Basic Blue 9 nenombolo yokwakheka ethi C.I. 52015, okuyibeka esigabeni se-thiazine esisebenzisa izinombolo ezisukela ku-52000 kuya ku-52999, njengoba umbiko wakamuva we-Colour Index uqinisekisa, usebenzisa i-methylene blue njengesibonelo esichazwe ngokuningiliziwe.

Ikhemistri engemuva kwalezi zinombolo yi-cation ye-phenothiazine ehambisana ne-chloride: ifomula engenamanzi ethi C16H18ClN3S enesisindo semolekyuli esicishe sibe ngu-319.9 g/mol, ene-CAS 61-73-4, kanye ne-trihydrate evame ukuthengiswa enesisindo semolekyuli esicishe sibe ngu-373.9 g/mol, ene-CAS 7220-79-3. Usawoti odayiswayo wakha amakristalu aluhlaza okotshani ngokumnyama, acwebezela njengethusi, ancibilika abe yisisombululo esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokujulile. Isixazululo se-trihydrate esingamaphesenti angu-1 sine-pH esukela ku-3 kuya ku-4.5 ngokwe-PubChem kanye nokubuyekezwa kwakamuva kwezakhiwo zemolekyuli. Noma ubani othenga ngezigubhu kufanele ahlole ukuthi iyiphi inombolo ye-CAS ekulebula, ngoba ikhilogremu ye-trihydrate iqukethe i-chromophore engaphansi cishe ngamaphesenti angu-15 kunekhilogremu kasawoti ongenamanzi. Kufanele kucaciswe ukuthi yini ngempela ekalwayo ngaphambi kokwenza noma isiphi isibalo sokudaya.

Umqondo wokubopha: i-cation efuna ama-anion

Odayi be-basic bangodayi abangama-cation. Esixazululweni, uhlobo olunombala luneshaji evumayo, ngakho lubopha kalula emicwini enezindawo ezingama-anion. Lelo qiniso elilodwa lenza kube nokwenzeka ukubikezela cishe zonke izindlela zokusetshenziswa kwawo.

Umucu we-acrylic uyisibonelo esijwayelekile sezinto ezidaywa ngawo. Ngokuvamile unamaqembu e-carboxylate noma e-sulfonate, futhi ukukhangana kwama-ion phakathi kwalezo zindawo ne-cation kadayi kunikeza ikhono eliqinile lokunamathela emcwini, njengoba kuchazwe ocwaningweni lokudaya okujwayelekile kwe-acrylic ngodayi abangama-cation kanye nekhemistri yemicu ye-acrylic. Uboya nosilika nakho kuthatha odayi be-basic ngokuqondile ezindaweni ezineshaji ephikayo, kukhiqize imibala egqamile, nakuba izincwadi zezindwangu zixwayisa ngokuthi odayi be-basic bakudala kule micu ngokuvamile abamelani kahle nokufiphala ngenxa yokukhanya. Leli phuzu lifingqiwe encwadini evulelekile yokufaka umbala ezindwangu.

Ukotini uyisimo esibalulekile esihlukile. I-cellulose engakalashwa ayinamatheli kakhulu kodayi be-basic bendabuko, okuyisona sizathu sokuthi “udayi kakotini” kaCaro udinge usizo. Indlela yakudala yayifaka isibambisi sikadayi kukotini nge-tannic acid, eyayivame ukuqiniswa nge-tartar emetic (i-antimony potassium tartrate), kwakheke inhlanganisela ye-tannin nodayi engancibiliki emcwini. Incwadi yokudaya ukotini yangaleso sikhathi ichaza izinyathelo ezintathu, ukufaka i-tannin, ukuyiqinisa, bese kudaywa, ku-The Dyeing of Cotton Fabrics. Inayiloni evamile nayo idinga incazelo efanayo: ngokuyinhloko idaywa ngodayi be-acid, futhi yinayiloni kuphela eguqulwe ngamabomu ngamaqembu e-sulfonate, ethengiswa njengenayiloni edayeka ngodayi abangama-cation futhi echazwe emibhalweni efana ne-US6312805B1, ethatha odayi be-basic ngokuqinile.

Ngakho isifinyezo semicu sifushane. Ukotini usebenzisa isibambisi sikadayi se-tannin ngenxa yezizathu zomlando; uboya nosilika kudayeka ngokuqondile kodwa umbala ufiphala kalula; i-acrylic iyinto yesimanje efanele ngokwemvelo yayo yekhemistri; inayiloni evamile ngokuyinhloko ayifanele.

Igqamile, kodwa ifiphala kalula

Inkinga yayingekona neze ukufaka umbala. Kwakuwukuwugcina ukhona. Ucwaningo lwango-2019 olwadaya ukotini, usilika noboya ngokuqondile nge-methylene blue trihydrate lwalinganisa ukumelana nokufiphala ngenxa yokukhanya kwathola izinga elingu-1, okuyizinga eliphansi kunawo wonke, kuyo yomithathu imicu ngaphansi kwe-ISO 105-B02. Ukugcinwa kombala kwaba ngcono kuphela ngemva kokwelashwa nge-smectite ngemva kokudaya, njengoba kubikwe ku-RSC Advances. Izincwadi ezindala zisho into efanayo ngolimi lwangaleso sikhathi: imibala eminingi ye-basic ifiphala kalula ekukhanyeni, njengoba kubhalwe esihlokweni sokudaya se-Encyclopaedia Britannica yango-1911.

Ikhemistri yesixazululo sokudaya ingeza isexwayiso sesibili. Odayi be-basic ngokuvamile basetshenziswa ezimweni ezingathathi hlangothi noma ezine-asidi encane, futhi i-alkali enamandla iyingozi ikakhulukazi ku-methylene blue: ku-alkali encibilikiswe emanzini engu-0.1 M, i-hydrolysis iyiguqula ikakhulukazi ibe yi-methylene violet kaBernthsen, umkhiqizo onombala oqinile othanda amafutha, kunokuba ihlale ingaguqukile, ngokocwaningo lomphumela we-alkali ku-methylene blue. Ngakho izinsalela zokuhlanza nge-alkali ezisele ezindwangu, noma ukwelashwa nge-alkali ngemva kokudaya, kungaguqula umthunzi wombala ngenxa yezizathu zekhemistri ezingahlobene nhlobo nokubanjwa kukadayi. Imijikelezo ye-redox ebangela ukushintsha kwemibala iyisihloko esihlukile, kodwa umthetho osebenzayo ulula: gwema i-alkali enamandla esixazululweni sokudaya.

Iphepha, uyinki namakhophi ekhabhoni

Ukudaya iphepha kubhaliwe njengomsebenzi wamanje wezohwebo. Umphakeli we-Basic Blue 9 ubala iphepha kanye nokufakwa kombala kusilika, ku-hemp, okhunini nakuqalo, kanye nokwenziwa kukayinki nezidayisi zombala ezingancibiliki, eshidini lakhe lokusetshenziswa komkhiqizo. Ukusetshenziswa kuyinki kunobufakazi obuningi obubhaliwe: iNdiya yake yaba nezinga elikhethekile, i-IS 2230:1962 likadayi we-methylene blue wemboni kayinki. Manje selihoxisiwe, kodwa libhalwe embikweni wonyaka we-BIS ka-1962 kuya ku-1963 futhi lifakwe kukhathalogi njengelihoxisiwe.

Nephepha lekhabhoni liyavela emibhalweni. Ilungelo lobunikazi lase-US lango-1933 lezingubo zangaphezulu zephepha lekhabhoni lichaza oyinki bamafutha nengcina abaqukethe odayi be-aniline, kuhlanganise ne-methylene blue, ku-US1925235A. Kanti ucwaningo lwango-2024 lwesayensi yamagugu olumayelana namapensela aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okwenza amakhophi akudala lwathola i-methylene blue phakathi kwezinto zombala ezivame kakhulu. Lwabhala futhi ukuziphatha okufana ncamashi nalokho indawo yokudaya ebingakubikezela: ukuzwela kakhulu ekukhanyeni nokuthambekela kokuthi umbala usabalale lapho umanziswa. Lwashicilelwa ku-npj Heritage Science. Ipensela elalikopisha ngombala ogqamile bese lifiphala elangeni linekhemistri efanayo nokotini owawudayeka ngokugqamile bese ufiphala efasiteleni.

Amabanga amathathu, izinhlelo ezintathu zemininingwane yezimfuneko

Nakhu ukuqhathanisa okubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba igama elifanayo libhekisela ezintweni ezenziwe ngokwemininingwane yezimfuneko engahambisani. Ibanga lezindwangu, udayi wokungcolisa amasampula ezinto eziphilayo, nebanga lezemithi akuzona izinyathelo zesitebhisi esisodwa sobumsulwa. Kuyizimpendulo zemibuzo ehlukene.

Kunokudideka okubili etafuleni okufanele kugcizelelwe. Okokuqala, udayi wezindwangu othi “amaphesenti angu-100” awuyona i-chromophore emsulwa ngamaphesenti angu-100; i-ISO 105-Z10 ichaza amandla ngokuwafanisa nodayi oyireferensi. Okwesibili, udayi oqinisekisiwe wokungcolisa amasampula oqukethe udayi ongamaphesenti angu-82 awuwona umkhiqizo wezemithi ohlulekile; uphumelele ukuhlolwa okuhlukile. Uhlangothi lwezemithi luboniswa umbiko wokuthuthukiswa kwenqubo owagcina isamba sezinsimbi singaphansi kuka-20 ppm, i-Azure B ingaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-2 nokunye ukungcola kungaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-0.5. Lezi zibalo zichaza leyo nqubo ocwaningweni lwe-Proveblue olushicilelwe, hhayi imininingwane yezimfuneko esebenza kuzo zonke izindwangu. Isizathu sokuthi i-Azure B ibe nezinga layo eliyireferensi ukuthi iyikho kokubili ukungcola okuyinhloko okuvela ekususweni kweqembu le-methyl kanye nomkhiqizo wokuguqulwa emzimbeni onomsebenzi wezokwelapha ngokwawo, okuyindaba edingidwa ocwaningweni lwe-Azure B.

Endaweni yokudaya, ukuhlolwa okusebenzayo kwezinto ezifikayo kulandela ikholomu engakwesokunxele: umthunzi wombala uma uqhathaniswa nezinga elimisiwe, amandla ahlobene, ukuncibilika nezinto ezingancibiliki, umswakama, nokungaguquguquki phakathi kwamaqoqo. Akukho kulolo hlu okwenza isigubhu sifanele ilabhorethri, ingasaphathwa eyokudliwa noma yokuphuzwa.

Indlela yokufunda ishidi lemininingwane le-Basic Blue 9

Ishidi elijwayelekile lemininingwane yobuchwepheshe libala izinombolo ezine, futhi ngayinye iphendula umbuzo ohlukile. Amandla, avezwa njengephesenti uma eqhathaniswa neqoqo eliyireferensi lomphakeli, atshela umdayi ukuthi kufanele akale udayi ongakanani ukuze afinyelele ukujula kombala okuhlosiwe; iqoqo elinamandla angamaphesenti angu-105 lidinga isisindo esingaphansi cishe ngamaphesenti angu-5 kunesezinga elimisiwe. Okuqukethwe kukadayi, uma kushiwo, kuyingxenye yekhemistri ye-chromophore yangempela, futhi kuhlala kungaphansi kwalokho okushiwo inani lamandla ngoba impushana ethengiswayo iqukethe umswakama nezinto eziyihlanjululayo. Izinto ezingancibiliki emanzini, ezinomkhawulo osemazingeni afana namaphesenti angu-1.5, zibikezela amachashaza nokuvaleka kwezihlungi kunokubikezela umthunzi wombala. Umswakama uphelelisa isithombe, futhi uhlobene nombuzo we-hydrate: i-trihydrate ithwala ama-molecule amathathu amanzi okwakheka kwamakristalu, ngakho ikhilogremu yayo iqukethe cishe izingxenye eziyisithupha kweziyisikhombisa ze-chromophore equkethwe ikhilogremu kasawoti ongenamanzi. Iresiphi ebhalelwe enye i-hydrate kodwa kukalwe ngenye izophambuka ekujuleni kombala ngaleyo ngxenye ngaphambi kokuba izindwangu zingene esixazululweni sokudaya.

Inothi ngamanzi angcolile aphumayo

I-methylene blue inombala oqinile futhi kulula ukuyilandela nge-spectrophotometry. Ucwaningo lokunamathela ebusweni ngokuvamile lulandelela ukumuncwa kwayo kokukhanya okubonakalayo cishe ku-663 kuya ku-665 nm, njengalapho kucwaningwa ukunamathela ezintweni eziphilayo nalapho kucwaningwa ukunamathela ku-hydrogel. Lokho kuba lula kwayo kwenza yaba udayi oyimodeli wama-cation ocwaningweni lwamanzi angcolile: ukubuyekezwa okukhulu ku-Journal of Hazardous Materials kuhlola ukususwa kwayo ngokunamathela ebusweni bezinto ezinezindleko eziphansi, kuhlanganise namanzi angcolile aphuma ezimbonini zezindwangu, zephepha nezokunyathelisa.

Ukuba yimodeli kunemiphumela emibili. Ubuningi bamaphepha ocwaningo lokunamathela ebusweni abufakazeli ukuthi i-methylene blue ngokwayo ingesinye sezingcolisi ezihamba phambili zezindwangu zesimanje; bufakazela ukuthi le nhlanganisela iyisibonelo esisebenziseka kalula sokumela odayi abangama-cation ngokujwayelekile. Funda izitatimende ezimayelana namanzi angcolile aphumayo unalokhu kuhlukanisa engqondweni.

Igama liyisixwayiso

I-Basic Blue 9, C.I. 52015, i-methylthioninium chloride: amagama amathathu e-chromophore eyodwa, ethengiswa ngaphansi okungenani kwezinhlelo ezintathu zemininingwane yezimfuneko. Izinto zezindwangu uCaro azenzela ukotini azikaze zidingeke ukuba zifanele ukugwinywa, futhi asikho isitifiketi esibhalelwe umthunzi wombala namandla esingazenza zifanele lokho. Lapho igama elifanayo lesigubhu livela eshalofini laselabhorethri, imininingwane yezimfuneko, hhayi umbala, ikutshela ukuthi yini oyiphethe.