Ukuhlanjwa kweentlanzi nge-methylene blue xa kuthelekiswa nonyango lwetanki

Umgcini weentlanzi ufunda amacebiso amabini, omabini anikwa ngokuzithemba. Elinye lithi ntywilisela intlanzi kangangemizuzwana. Elinye lithi galela idosi etankini kangangeentsuku. Omabini akhankanya i-methylene blue, ngoko abonakala eyimilinganiselo emibini yonyango olunye. Akunjalo. Ziingcamango ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ezisebenzisa nje ikhemikhali enye.

Cinga ngonyango ngalunye njengesidibaniso soxinaniso nexesha esisebenza kwintlanzi nakwindawo ekuyo. Tshintsha nayiphi na kwezi zinto zine, nentsingiselo iyatshintsha. Ukuntywilisela kwi-50 ppm kangange-10 yemizuzwana nokugcina etankini ene-3 ppm kangange-5 yeentsuku akwahluki ngamandla kuphela. Okunye kuchanaba intlanzi okwethutyana kuze kushiye isihluzi, izityalo nezilwanyana ezingenamqolo zingachukunyiswanga. Okunye kuchanaba yonke inkqubo kangangeentsuku. Iimpazamo ezininzi zokulinganisa idosi zivela ekuqondeni okungalunganga: uxinaniso lodwa lubonakala luyidosi, ngoxa ixesha, umthamo wamanzi nenkqubo yebhayoloji zingasananzwa. Eli nqaku lakha ngokutsha loo ndlela yokuqonda lisebenzisa ileyibhile yemveliso enye, lize libonise apho uhlobo nesigaba sobomi zinyanzelisa uhlengahlengiso olongezelelekileyo. Ukuze ufumane imvelaphi yoko kwenziwa yidayi xa sele inyibilikile, jonga indlela i-methylene blue esebenza ngayo emanzini e-akwariyam.

Ileyibhile ichaza iindlela ezimbini zonyango, hayi enye

Nxulumanisa onke amanani angezantsi nemveliso ethile. Uxinaniso oluchazwe ngeemiligram kwilitha alunantsingiselo de wazi amandla esinyibilikisi esigxininisiweyo, kuba amacephe eti esinyibilikisi se-2.303 pesenti namacephe eti emveliso ebuthathaka ethengiswa ezivenkileni aqulethe imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yedayi. Uthelekiso apha lulandela imiyalelo esemthethweni yeKordon ye-methylene blue, echaza imveliso njengesinyibilikisi samanzi se-2.303 pesenti se-methylene blue chloride engenazinki. Ukuba ibhotile yakho ichaza amandla ahlukileyo, bala ngokutsha endaweni yokusebenzisa la manani amacephe eti.

Iinkcukacha ezintathu ezikule theyibhile zithintela iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo. Okokuqala, uxinaniso lokuntywilisela lumalunga namaxesha alishumi elinesixhenxe kunolwetanki, kwaye lunikwa kangangemizuzwana, hayi imizuzu. Ukwandisa ukuntywilisela kwi-50 ppm ukuya kwi-10 okanye kwi-30 yemizuzu kukuphambuka kakhulu kule leyibhile, hayi ukuyandisa ngononophelo. Okwesibini, inkqubo ye-3 ukuya ku-5 yeentsuku ayibandakanyi umjikelo wokutshintsha amanzi nokuphinda ufake idosi yonke imihla. IKordon iyalela ukuba kutshintshwe inxalenye okanye onke amanzi kube kanye ekugqibeleni, kuze kufakwe ikhabhoni entsha. Okwesithathu, imiyalelo yangoku yeKordon inika amacephe eti neemililitha, hayi amathontsi. Imiyalelo ekhutshelwa ngabathengisi ngamanye amaxesha ilinganisa i-10 lamathontsi kwi-gallon ne-3 ppm efanayo, kodwa ubukhulu bethontsi buxhomekeke kwisixhobo sokuthontsiza, ngoko linganisa ngesirinji okanye ngecephe elilinganisiweyo.

Ileyibhile ikwabeka imida kwindawo olwenziwa kuyo unyango. IKordon ithi imveliso akufanele isetyenziswe kwiinkqubo zokujikelezisa amanzi ezixhomekeke ekuhluzweni kwebhayoloji, kuba iphazamisa iibhaktiriya ezenza initrifikheyishini. Yongeza ukuba idayi inokuphazamisa ukukhula kwezityalo, ukuba amatye, iikorale neenkuni ziyayifunxa, ukuba iitanki ezingenahombiso zisebenza kakuhle kakhulu, nokuba into yokutywina yesilikoni inokungcoliseka ngombala ngokusisigxina. Ezo zivakalisi zikhomba kwisikhongozeli sonyango njengendawo ekufuneka ikhethwe kuqala.

Ukuhlamba okanye itanki: into elungele indlela nganye

Ukuhlamba okanye ukuntywilisela kwahlula iyeza kwinkqubo yetanki yokubonisa. Intlanzi idibana noxinaniso oluchaziweyo kangangexesha elichaziweyo ize ibuyele emanzini acocekileyo. Iibhaktiriya zesihluzi, izityalo, izinto ezisemazantsi etanki nezilwanyana ezingenamqolo azidibani nedayi. Iinkqubo ezipapashiweyo zokufuya izilwanyana zasemanzini zongeza ezinye iindlela ngaphandle kokuntywilisela kweKordon kwe-10 yemizuzwana: inkqubo yeFAO yokubeka bucala amantshontsho eentlanzi isebenzisa i-20 ukuya kwi-40 ppm kangange-3 ukuya ku-5 yemizuzu, emva koko zibuyiselwe ngoko nangoko emanzini amatsha afakwe umoya, kwisikhokelo sayo sokubeka bucala kwindawo yokuqandusela, kwaye uphononongo lweFAO lokufuya izilwanyana zasemanzini luthelekisa ukuhlamba ixesha elide kwi-1 ukuya kwi-2 ppm nokuhlamba okufutshane kwi-8 ukuya kwi-10 ppm kuhlolo lwayo lweendlela zonyango. Uphando lweyunivesithi lokuthuthwa kweentlanzi lwasebenzisa uxinaniso olusezantsi nangakumbi, i-2 mg/L kangangeeyure ezimalunga ne-11.5 emanzini afakwe umoya, kuphononongo lweUF IFAS lokuthuthwa kweentlanzi zokuhombisa. Ezi zizidibaniso ezahlukeneyo zoxinaniso nexesha zezilwanyana neenjongo ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo kanye ebangela ukuba kungabikho ndlela inye yokuhlamba esebenza kuzo zonke iintlobo.

Unyango lwetanki, olugcina uxinaniso oluphantsi kangangeentsuku emanzini apho intlanzi ihlala khona, lufanele iingxaki ezifuna ukudibana okuqhubekayo: umngundo kumaqanda ngexesha lokuqandusela, okanye inkqubo yeentsuku ezininzi echazwe kwileyibhile yeeprotozoa zangaphandle. I-3 ppm yeKordon kangange-3 ukuya ku-5 yeentsuku ngowona mzekelo ucacileyo we-akwariyam. Ububi bayo kukuba yonke inkqubo iyachanabeka. USipos noUrakawa bavavanya i-methylene blue kwiintsholongwane ezincinci eziguqula iammonia ngeoksijini, ukusuka kwi-10 leenxalenye kwibhiliyoni ukuya kwi-10 ppm, baza bafumanisa umahluko omkhulu kubuntununtunu. Ezinye izinto eziphilayo zathintelwa kakhulu kumanqanaba asezantsi kakhulu, kwaza kwabakho iziphumo ezibulalayo kwiiseli zeNitrosomonas marina ezavavanywayo, njengoko kuchazwe kuphononongo lwabo lokuthintelwa kweentsholongwane ezenza initrifikheyishini. Ibango elinokuxhaswa lincinci kunoko kudla ngokuthethwa ngabathandi bee-akwariyam: i-methylene blue inokuthintela okanye ibulale iintsholongwane ezincinci ezenza initrifikheyishini, ize iphazamise ukuzinza kwale nkqubo, kodwa ubuntununtunu buyahluka phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo, ngoko akukho dosi inye ye-akwariyam eqinisekisa ukuwohloka kwenkqubo okanye ukhuseleko.

Umgaqo wokwenza isigqibo uvela kwezi ngcamango zimbini. Sebenzisa ukuhlamba okanye ukuntywilisela xa injongo ikukudibana okufutshane nentlanzi enye okanye ezimbalwa, ngoxa inkqubo yetanki yokubonisa kufuneka ihlale ingaphazamisekanga: intlanzi esandul’ ukufika enamabala akrokrisayo, intlanzi enye enendawo eyonzakeleyo, okanye nayiphi na itanki enee-shrimp, iinkumba, izityalo ezixabisekileyo okanye isihluzi sebhayoloji esisele sisebenza kakuhle ongenakukwazi ukusiphazamisa. Sebenzisa ukugcinwa kangangeentsuku ezininzi kwisikhongozeli sonyango esingenahombiso xa imeko ifuna ukudibana okuqhubekayo, njengokugcina iqela lamaqanda ngexesha lomngcipheko womngundo. Ukufaka idosi kwitanki yokubonisa ehonjisiweyo, enezityalo nehluzwa ngebhayoloji lukhetho lokugqibela, hayi olokuqala. Nalapho, isikhongozeli kufuneka singabi nahombiso kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ikhabhoni isusiwe, kwaye iammonia nenitrite zivavanywe yonke imihla.

Iintlobo, amaqanda namantshontsho: kutheni kungekho dosi esebenza kuzo zonke

Ukuba ileyibhile ithi ikhuselekile kumaqanda nakumantshontsho “xa isetyenziswa ngokwemiyalelo” akuthethi ukuba zonke iintlobo ziyazinyamezela zonke iidosi ezipapashiweyo. Uphando lwamaqanda eentlanzi zokuhombisa lwavavanya i-0.5 ukuya kwi-3 mg/L kumaqanda e-black tetra, i-angelfish ne-zebrafish, lwaza lwafumanisa ukuba i-3 mg/L yaphucula ukuqandusela kwi-angelfish nakwi-black tetra kodwa hayi kwi-zebrafish. Ababhali balumkisa ngokusebenzisa iziphumo zolunye uhlobo kolunye, njengoko kubhalwe kwingxelo yeFAO AGRIS yovavanyo lokubulala iintsholongwane kumaqanda. Uphando lwamva nje nge-zebrafish lwafumanisa ukuba amanqanaba aqhelekileyo okukhulisa amalunga ne-0.5 ukuya kwi-1 mg/L atshintsha imetabolism esebenzisa ioksijini ngexesha lokukhula kwangethuba, lwacebisa ukuba ukuchanabeka okuqhelekileyo kuqwalaselwe ngokutsha apho iziphumo zemetabolism zibalulekile, njengoko kuchazwe kuphononongo luka-2025 lokukhula kwe-zebrafish. Kwaye ubude bexesha bubalulekile ngokwahlukeneyo kuhlobo: i-goldfish egcinwe kwi-2 mg/L ngokuqhubekayo kangange-21 yeentsuku yabonisa ukwehla kwimilinganiselo yegazi neyokhuselo lomzimba kunye nokutshintsha kokukhula. Olu luchanabeko olude olungacetyiswayo nayileyiphi na ileyibhile, oluchazwe kuvavanyo lokuchanabeka ixesha elide kwe-goldfish.

Iinkolelo ezimbini zabathandi bee-akwariyam kufuneka zihlolwe ngendlela efanayo. Isilumkiso seentlanzi ezingenamaxolo malunga ne-methylene blue sibonakala sisuswe kwi-malachite green, enoncwadi lokwenene olubonisa ubuntununtunu beentlanzi ezingenamaxolo, ngoxa uphononongo lwamva nje luxoxa nge-methylene blue ngokwahlukeneyo njengedayi enetyhefu engaphantsi kuphononongo luka-2025 lonyango lwezifunxi-gazi zangaphandle. Oko akuthethi ukuba i-methylene blue ayinabungozi kuzo zonke iintlanzi ezinobuntununtunu. Kuthetha ukuba izintlu ezinganikwanga mithombo ze-tetra, i-gourami neentlanzi ezingenamaxolo kufuneka zifundwe njengezilumkiso, hayi njengamaqela asele eqinisekisiwe. Kwizilwanyana ezingenamqolo, idatha eqinileyo yedosi ekhuselekileyo yee-shrimp zokuhombisa neenkumba incinci, kwaye iinkcazelo zabavelisi ziyahluka: olunye uphawu oluthengiswa ezivenkileni lulumkisa ukuba imveliso yalo inokubulala ii-shrimp xa kufakwe idosi egqithisileyo, nto leyo engafaniyo nokuthi lonke uchanabeko lonyango luyabulala. Kwelinye icala, iitheyibhile ezindala zeFAO zibonisa ukunyamezela okwethutyana kwi-shrimp yaselwandle yohlobo lwe-penaeid kwi-75 ppm kangangeyure enye, nokufa kwi-100 ppm. Le datha ayinakusetyenziswa kwiNeocaridina, kwiCaridina okanye kwiinkumba ze-akwariyam, njengoko iboniswe kwiitheyibhile zeFAO zetyhefu kwii-shrimp. De kubekho idatha ethe ngqo kuhlobo ngalunye, gcina izilwanyana ezingenamqolo zingangeni emanzini anyangiweyo ngokusebenzisa isikhongozeli esahlukileyo.

Isibali sedosi ye-akwariyam: icandelo lokuqala

Eli candelo sisiqalo sesibali, esiboniswe njengefomula enomzekelo onokuwujonga ngokubala ngesandla. Libala umthamo wesinyibilikisi esigxininisiweyo ngamandla emveliso enye kuphela. Alicebisi uxinaniso. Khetha uxinaniso kwileyibhile yebhotile oyiphetheyo, ngokohlobo lwakho nenjongo yakho, okanye ngokwengcebiso kagqirha wezilwanyana.

Ifomula yesinyibilikisi esigxininisiweyo se-2.303 pesenti sohlobo lweKordon, esiqulethe malunga ne-23.03 mg yedayi kwi-mL nganye:

stock mL = target mg/L x water liters / 23.03

Guqula ii-gallons kuqala. I-US gallon enye ilingana ne-3.785 yeelitha. Linganisa amanzi akhoyo ngokwenene, emva kokuthabatha indawo ethathwa zizinto ezisemazantsi, imihombiso nesithuba somoya, hayi umthamo obhaliweyo wetanki. Linganisa isinyibilikisi esigxininisiweyo ngesirinji okanye ngecephe elilinganisiweyo, ungaze usebenzise isixhobo sokuthontsiza esingalinganiswanga.

Umzekelo wokuqala obaliweyo, ukugcinwa etankini ngamandla akwileyibhile. Isikhongozeli sonyango esingenahombiso se-10 gallons siqulethe malunga ne-9 gallons yamanzi emva kokususwa komthamo othathwa zezinye izinto, malunga ne-34 yeelitha. Uxinaniso ekujoliswe kulo yi-3 mg/L. Isinyibilikisi esigxininisiweyo silingana no-3 x 34 / 23.03, malunga ne-4.4 mL, ngaphantsi kancinane kwecephe leti elinye lase-US eliyi-4.93 mL. Ngoko inani elikwileyibhile lecephe leti elinye kwi-10 gallons lithatha ukuba kukho wonke umthamo obhaliweyo. Nciphisa ngokwendawo ethathwa zezinye izinto.

Umzekelo wesibini obaliweyo, ukuntywilisela ngamandla akwileyibhile. I-3 gallons yamanzi okuntywilisela ilingana neelitha ezimalunga ne-11.4. Uxinaniso ekujoliswe kulo yi-50 mg/L. Isinyibilikisi esigxininisiweyo silingana no-50 x 11.4 / 23.03, malunga ne-24.7 mL, elinani elikwileyibhile le-5 lamacephe eti. Lungiselela oku kwisikhongozeli esingesosinyithi, yenza ubushushu ne-pH zilingane nezakwitanki ehlala kuyo intlanzi, faka umoya kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo edlula ukuntywilisela okufutshane kakhulu, jonga intlanzi ngokuqhubekayo, uze uyeke ukuhlamba xa kuvela uphawu lokuqala loxinzelelo olufana nokuqengqeleka okanye ukuphefumla nzima. Lo mgaqo wokujonga ulandela isikhokelo ngokubanzi sokuntywilisela kwisahluko solawulo lweentlanzi ze-akwariyam sencwadi yezilwanyana, esiyalela ukulinganisa i-pH nobushushu, ukususa intlanzi ngoko nangoko xa inoxinzelelo, nokulumka ngakumbi kwiintlobo ekungekaqinisekiswa kuzo ukuntywilisela.

Izilumkiso ezintathu zesibali zihamba kunye nokubala. Okokuqala, i-1 ppm ilingana malunga ne-1 mg/L emanzini anoxinaniso oluphantsi, ngoko i-ppm ekwileyibhile ne-mg/L ekuncwadini ziyakwazi ukusetyenziswa endaweni yenye apha. Okwesibini, ungaze uhlengahlengise ukuntywilisela ngokutshintsha ixesha endaweni yokubala: ukuphinda kabini imizuzu kwi-50 ppm akulingani nokwahlula uxinaniso ngesiqingatha. Okwesithathu, bhala oko ukufakileyo ngokwenene: igama lemveliso namandla ayo, umthamo wamanzi olinganisiweyo, iimillilitha zesinyibilikisi esigxininisiweyo, namaxesha okuqala nawokugqiba. Ngaphandle kwaloo ngxelo, ukutshintsha amanzi okulandelayo okanye isigqibo sokuphinda unyango kukuqikelela nje.

Ukwenza unyango ngalunye kakuhle

Xa uhlamba okanye untywilisela, lungisa yonke into ngaphambi kokuba intlanzi iphume etankini yayo. Lungiselela isikhongozeli, linganisa ubushushu ne-pH, faka umoya kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo ende kunemizuzwana, uze ugcine isibali-xesha sibonakala. Nxiba iiglavu nesikhuselo samehlo, kuba idayi ingcolisa ulusu, iimpahla neetafile zokusebenza. Izishwankathelo eziqhelekileyo zobungozi ziyichaza njengento eyingozi xa iginyiwe nenokucaphukisa amehlo nolusu, njengoko kuqokelelwe kwingxelo yePubChem yobungozi be-methylene blue. Sebenzisa umnatha othambileyo, tshintshela intlanzi ngokukhawuleza, yijonge ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, uze uyibuyisele emanzini ayo xa kufikelelwe kwixesha lemizuzwana elikwileyibhile okanye xa kuvela uphawu lokuqala lwengxaki, nokuba yeyiphi efika kuqala. Musa ukuphinda usebenzise amanzi okuhlamba kumaqela ahlukeneyo.

Xa ugcina iintlanzi kunyango lweentsuku ezininzi, sebenzisa isikhongozeli esingenahombiso esinesifudumezi, ukufakwa komoya ngobunono nokuhluzwa ngoomatshini, kodwa kungabikho khabhoni okanye imihombiso enemingxuma emincinci. Faka idosi kube kanye ngokweleyibhile, vavanya iammonia nenitrite yonke imihla, nika ukutya kancinci, uze utshintshe amanzi ngokweziphumo zovavanyo endaweni yokujonga umbala. Ekupheleni kwenkqubo, yenza ukucoca okuchazwe kwileyibhile: tshintsha inxalenye okanye onke amanzi ngamanzi alungiselelweyo anobushushu obulinganayo, uze ufake ikhabhoni entsha ehlanjiweyo kangangeeyure ezimalunga ne-24 ukuya kwi-48. Ulandelelwano olupheleleyo lokucoca, kuquka isilikoni engcoliswe ngumbala nokuhlolwa kwesihluzi sebhayoloji, luchazwe ekususeni idayi emva konyango nasekubuyiseleni isihluzi ekusebenzeni.

Phatha isinyibilikisi esigxininisiweyo nokusilahla ngononophelo olufanayo nonyango. IKordon ichaza ukuba imveliso yayo ye-akwariyam ayenzelwanga ukuselwa ngabantu kwaye ayiloyeza leentlanzi ezityiwayo phantsi kwemithetho yase-US. Gcina ibhotile ivaliwe kwaye ikude nabantwana nezilwanyana zasekhaya, kuphephe ukutshiza, kwaye ungagaleli isinyibilikisi esigxininisiweyo kwimibhobho yokukhupha amanzi okanye kumadama.

Khetha ngokubuza ukuba yeyiphi inkqubo echanabekayo kwaye kangangexesha elingakanani. Ukudibana okufutshane neentlanzi kuphela kukhomba ekuhlambeni. Imeko yonyango lweentsuku ezininzi echazwe kwileyibhile ikhomba kwisikhongozeli sonyango esingenahombiso. Itanki yokubonisa eneebhaktiriya zayo, izityalo nezilwanyana ezingenamqolo yindawo ekufuneka idayi ingene kuyo kuphela xa kungekho ndlela yokwahlula unyango. Lo mahluko mnye, uxinaniso kunye nexesha kunye nenkqubo echanabekileyo, uthatha indawo yazo zonke iindlela ezithathwa ngokungathi zinokutshintshana.