Inqaku
Intlenga neekristale zemethylene blue: isikhokelo sokusombulula iingxaki zomxube
Isinyibiliko sicacile ngoMvulo kodwa sineekristale ngoLwesihlanu. Okanye umgubo awuze unyibilike ngokupheleleyo nangona uzanyazanyiswa ngamandla. Okanye ulwelo olubini olucacileyo luba namafu ngoko nangoko xa ludibana. Nganye kwezi meko ibizwa ngokuba yintlenga yemethylene blue, kodwa ziingxaki ezahlukileyo ezinezizathu nezisombululo ezahlukileyo.
Impazamo kukuthatha inkangeleko njengoxilongo. Amasuntswana aqinileyo abonakalayo aphendula umbuzo omnye kuphela: kukho isigaba esiqinileyo esahlukileyo. Yonke enye into, ukuba sisiphi isiqina, kutheni senzekile, nokuba kwenziwe ntoni ngaso, kufuneka ifunyanwe kwixesha esivele ngalo, ekwakhekeni komxube, kwisinyibilikisi, nakwiimfuno zokuphatha ezikwileyibhile yemveliso ephambi kwakho.
Ukunyibilika kubeka umda ophezulu
Lonke uphando lokusombulula ingxaki kufuneka luqale ngohlolo olufanayo: lo mxube ulungiselelweyo usondele kangakanani kumda wokunyibilika kwesi sinyibilikisi kweli qondo lobushushu.
Kwityuwa yeklorayidi emanzini acocekileyo, ingxelo yePubChem ngemethylene blue ihlanganisa ixabiso lokunyibilika elimalunga ne-43.6 mg/mL kwi-25 C. Iseti eyahlukileyo yedatha yovavanyo ilinganise i-43.2 g/L kwiqondo lobushushu elifanayo kunye ne-enthalpy yokunyibilika enexabiso elihle elikhulu, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ukunyibilika kunyuka kakhulu xa kufudunyezwa kwaye kwehle kakhulu xa kupholiswa. Kuloo seti yedatha, izixinaniso xa kufikelelwe kumda wokunyibilika zazimalunga ne-19 g/L kwi-5 C, i-43 g/L kwi-25 C, kunye ne-84 g/L kwi-45 C.
Kukho izilumkiso ezibini ezibalulekileyo ngaphambi kokuba nabani na asebenzise la manani njengenkcazelo esemgangathweni. Okokuqala, ingxelo yePubChem yohlobo lwe-trihydrate inexabiso elihlanganisiweyo elahlukileyo, ubuncinane i-100 mg/mL kufuphi neqondo lobushushu begumbi, elivela komnye umthombo nelesiqina esinegama elahlukileyo. La maxabiso mabini akufanele adityaniswe abe lixabiso elinye elithathwa njengelichanileyo. Okwesibini, uphando ngezakhiwo zeekristale lufumene izigaba ezintlanu ezahlukileyo zee-hydrate zemethylene blue, kodwa alufumananga isigaba esinye esicocekileyo se-trihydrate, nangona i-trihydrate iseligama elimiselweyo kwiikhompendiyam nakwiimveliso. Ngamafutshane, isiqina osilinganisa ngobunzima sisenokungabi seso kanye sibhalwe kwileyibhile, kwaye amandla aso okunyibilika axhomekeke kwisiqina nakwisinyibilikisi esikhoyo ngokwenene, hayi kwigama lodwa. Iintlobo eziqinileyo ezimele amagama ee-hydrate zichaza ukuba kutheni amagama akwiikhompendiyam enokwahluka kwizakhiwo zeekristale.
Ukubeka oku emxholweni, imveliso yeyeza egqityiweyo i-PROVAYBLUE sisinyibiliko se-5 mg/mL, esingaphantsi kakhulu komda ophezulu wamanzi acocekileyo. Iikristale zemethylene blue ezibonakalayo kwisinyibiliko esinesi sixinaniso, esigcinwe ngendlela efanelekileyo, azinakuchazwa nje ngokufikelela kumda wokunyibilika kwimeko yolingano. Kufuneka kuqwalaselwe enye into phakathi kwezizathu ezinokwenzeka: imbali yamaqondo obushushu, isithako esongeziweyo, okanye umthombo wamasuntswana ongaphumiyo kwidayi ngokwayo.
Ixesha yindlela yokuqala yokwahlula iimeko
Ngaphambi kokukhetha ingcaciso, bhala ukuba iziqina zavela nini xa kuthelekiswa neziganeko ezithathu: ukudibana kokuqala komgubo nesinyibilikisi, naliphi na ixesha lokuyekwa ume okanye lokupholiswa, kunye nokongezwa kwaso nasiphi na isithako sesibini. Loo mgca wexesha omnye uyazahlula iimeko ezininzi.
| Okuqatshelweyo nexesha | Imeko yomxube nesinyibilikisi | Indlela enokwenzeka ngayo | Uhlolo lweleyibhile okanye lokuphatha | Inyathelo elilandelayo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iziqina zikhona kwasekuqaleni; umgubo awuze unyibilike ngokupheleleyo | Isixinaniso sisondele okanye singaphezu komda wokunyibilika osebenzayo; isinyibilikisi asifanelekanga kolo hlobo lwesiqina; ixesha lokunyibilika alanelanga | Ukunyibilika okungaphelelanga, hayi ingxaki yokugcina | Qinisekisa uhlobo lwesiqina esilinganisiweyo, isixinaniso ekujoliswe kuso, nesinyibilikisi ngokuthelekisa nenkqubo eqinisekisiweyo | Nciphisa isixinaniso okanye utshintshe isinyibilikisi ngokwenkqubo eqinisekisiweyo; qinisekisa inxalenye enyibilikileyo ngovavanyo lokulinganisa endaweni yokujonga nje |
| Sicacile ekuqaleni, kodwa kuvela iikristale okanye inkungu emva kokuyekwa sime okanye ukupholiswa | Isinyibiliko esingumthombo esixineneyo samanzi; ukugcinwa kwigumbi elibandayo okanye kwisikhenkcisi | Ukugqitha kumda wokunyibilika okulandelwa kukwakheka okulibazisekileyo kweembewu zeekristale | Hlola iqondo lobushushu lokugcina elikwileyibhile; iimfuno zokugcina nokuphatha ezikwileyibhile yemveliso yeyeza zichaza i-20 ukuya kwi-25 C, kungagcinwa kwisikhenkcisi okanye kukhenkceziswe | Fudumeza kuphela xa inkqubo ikuvumela; kungenjalo lungiselela isinyibiliko esitsha esinesixinaniso esisezantsi uze usigcine kwiqondo lobushushu elikwileyibhile |
| Amafu okanye amasuntswana avela xa ulwelo olubini ludityaniswa | Ulwelo lokuxuba oluqulethe iklorayidi, ingakumbi isinyibiliko setyuwa se-0.9%; ukuxutywa nenye imveliso yeyeza | Ukungahambelani okanye ukukhutshwa kwisinyibiliko ngenxa yetyuwa | Ulwazi lokumisela i-PROVAYBLUE luyalela ukuba kusetyenziswe i-dextrose ye-5% xa kuxutywa ukunciphisa isixinaniso kwaye lulumkisa ukuba iklorayidi inciphisa ukunyibilika; hlola amasuntswana | Yeka uze uwubeke bucala umxube; musa ukuhluza uze usebenzise imveliso etofwayo ebonisa amasuntswana; hlola ulandelelwano lokongeza kwinkqubo yokunciphisa isixinaniso neyokuhambelana |
| Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uyaphela kungekho ntlenga | Kukho into enciphisayo, efana ne-ascorbic acid; ioksijini ikhutshiwe yaza yaphinda yangeniswa | Ukuguquka kwe-redox ukuya kuhlobo lwe-leuco olungenambala, hayi ukwenziwa kwentlenga | Hlola uluhlu lwezithako ukuze ubone izinto ezinciphisayo okanye ezioxidizayo | Qinisekisa nge-spectroscopy (ukuphela kwebhendi yemethylene blue kwindawo yokukhanya okubonakalayo) endaweni yokuhlalutya amasuntswana; yiphathe njengengxaki yekhemistri, hayi yokunyibilika |
| Amasuntswana akwibhotile encinane yeyeza engavulwanga negcinwe ngokuchanekileyo | Imveliso egqityiweyo ye-5 mg/mL engakaphelelwa lixesha, engakhange ixutywe ukunciphisa isixinaniso | Amasuntswana angaphandle okanye avela kwisikhongozeli, okanye isiphene semveliso; hayi ukufikelela nje kumda wokunyibilika | Landela umyalelo weleyibhile wokuhlola amasuntswana nokutshintsha kombala ngaphambi kokusebenzisa | Yibeke yodwa loo yunithi uze ulandele inkqubo yezikhalazo ngemveliso; inkangeleko yodwa ayikwazi ukuchonga isuntswana, njengoko kuxoxwa kwindlela iimvavanyo zohlalutyo ezahlula ngayo isazisi kwinkangeleko |
Iimpazamo zokulungiselela: iziqina ukususela kumzuzu wokuqala
Umgubo ongaze unyibilike walatha ekulungiseleleni, hayi ekugcineni. Izizathu eziqhelekileyo sisixinaniso esingaphezu komda wokunyibilika osebenzayo kwisinyibilikisi esikhethiweyo, isinyibilikisi ebesicingelwa ukuba siyalingana nesinye kodwa singalingani, nokungabi namonde.
I-ethanol ibonisa umgibe wesinyibilikisi. Iinkcazelo ezithi imethylene blue iyanyibilika kwi-ethanol zifihla uluhlu olubanzi lweziphumo zovavanyo, kwaye imithombo emidala ichaza i-trihydrate njengenyibilika kancinane kuphela etywaleni. Kwiseti yedatha yamaqondo obushushu ekhankanywe ngasentla, i-ethanol kwi-25 C yayiqulethe malunga ne-37 g/L xa kuthelekiswa namanzi akwi-43 g/L, kwaye omabini amaxabiso ayetshintsha kakhulu ngokweqondo lobushushu. Inkqubo etshintshwa phakathi kwezinyibilikisi okanye phakathi kwamaqondo obushushu ngaphandle kokuphinda iqinisekiswe inokuwugqitha umda ingaqatshelwa.
Ukudibana kweemolekyuli kongeza umgibe ongabonakali lula. Iimolekyuli zemethylene blue zidibana nezinye ezifanayo emanzini zenze ii-dimer neendibaniselwano ezinkulu, apho ukufunxwa kokukhanya yi-monomer kukufuphi ne-665 nm kwaye igalelo leendibaniselwano likufuphi ne-605 ukuya kwi-612 nm. Ngoko isinyibiliko esixineneyo sinokutshintsha umbala okanye ispektram ngelixa sisacacile ngokwasemzimbeni. Ii-dimer azithethi ukwenziwa kwentlenga yemethylene blue. Ukuthatha lonke utshintsho lwespektram njengophawu lokwakheka kweekristale okusondelayo kukhokelela kwizisombululo, ezifana nokuhluza ngamandla, ezijongene nengxaki engachanekanga.
Utshintsho ngexesha lokugcina: sicacile kuqala, iikristale kamva
Isinyibiliko ebesicacile esithi kamva senze iikristale luphawu lokugqitha kumda wokunyibilika. Ulwelo olufudumeleyo lugcina idayi enyibilikileyo eninzi kunolwelo olubandayo. Isinyibiliko esingumthombo esixineneyo esilungiselelwe sifudumele, saza safuduselwa kwigumbi elibandayo okanye kwisikhenkcisi, sinokuhlala sicacile kwimeko ezinzileyo okwethutyana kangangeeyure ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukwakheka kweembewu zeekristale. Xa imbewu yokuqala yenziwe, ukwakheka kweekristale kunokuqhubeka ngokukhawuleza, nto leyo eyenza utshintsho lubonakale ngathi lwenzeka ngequbuliso.
Kulapho imiyalelo yokuphatha ekwileyibhile ibaluleka khona. Ileyibhile yemveliso yeyeza ichaza i-20 ukuya kwi-25 C, ivumela ukuphambuka okwethutyana phakathi kwe-15 ne-30 C, ifuna ukukhuselwa ekukhanyeni, kwaye iyalela ngokucacileyo ukuba ingagcinwa kwisikhenkcisi okanye ikhenkceziswe. Ngoko uphando ngamasuntswana kwimveliso enjalo kufuneka lubuze ngembali yamaqondo obushushu ngaphambi kwayo nayiphi na ikhemistri. Ukugcina kubanda imveliso ekwalelayo oko kukuphambuka kwimiyalelo yokuphatha, kwaye isisombululo sisekutshintsheni inkqubo, hayi kwinyathelo lokuzama ukuhlangula imveliso ekwibhotile encinane.
Ukuziphatha kwee-hydrate kunokongeza utshintsho olucothayo ngexesha lokugcina. Ngenxa yokuba isiqina sinokubakho kwizigaba ezininzi zee-hydrate, umxube onamasuntswana aqinileyo axhonyiweyo okanye umxube onyibilike ngokungephi unokutshintsha phakathi kweentlobo eziqinileyo xa uyekwe ume, utshintshe ubungakanani obuhlala bunyibilikile. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwizinyibiliko ezingumthombo zaselabhoratri ezilungiselelwe kufuphi nomda wokunyibilika nezagcinwa iiveki, hayi kwiimveliso ezigqityiweyo ezinesixinaniso esisezantsi.
Ukungahambelani: iziqina ezivela emva kokuxuba
Xa amafu evela emva kokudibana kwezithako ezibini, krokrela indibaniselwano, hayi idayi yodwa. Eyona meko ibhalwe kakuhle yeyeklorayidi. Ulwazi lokumisela luyaziphepha izinyibiliko zesodium chloride njengezinyibilikisi zokunciphisa isixinaniso kuba iklorayidi inciphisa ukunyibilika, kwaye ulwazi lwemveliso lwaseOstreliya lunika ingxelo yokwenziwa kwentlenga ngesinyibiliko setyuwa se-0.9%. Uphando ngendlela oku kwenzeka ngayo luxhasa ukudibana kweemolekyuli okuxhomekeke kwiklorayidi nokukhutshwa kwazo kwisinyibiliko ngenxa yetyuwa: ityuwa eyongeziweyo itshintsha ulingano lokudibana kweemolekyuli luthambekele kwiindibaniselwano ezinkulu, kwaye xa iklorayidi ininzi ezi ndibaniselwano ziyaphuma kwisinyibiliko. Ngoko isinyibiliko setyuwa asingomanzi ane-ion engathathi nxaxheba. Sisinyibilikisi esahlukileyo esinomda ophezulu osezantsi.
Okunye ukungahambelani kubhaliwe kulwazi lwemveliso kunokuba kube ngamabali aqheleke kwilabhoratri: iialkali ezitshisayo, iiodayidi, iidikromeyithi, nezinto ezioxidizayo nezinciphisayo, kunye nokwakheka kweetyuwa eziphindwe kabini okuphawulwe kwiityuwa ezininzi ezingaphiliyo. Iimeko ezinealkali enamandla zenza okungaphezu kokwenza intlenga; kwialkali ye-0.1 M idayi iyaguquka ngokwekhemistri, ubukhulu becala ibe yimethylene violet. Oko kukonakala, kwaye akukho ndlela yokutshintsha ukunyibilika enokubuyisela ikhompawundi yokuqala.
Umgibe we-ascorbic acid: ukuphela kombala asikokwenziwa kwentlenga
Enye imeko ifanele ixoxwe yodwa kuba ivelisa ezona zigqibo zingachanekanga zithathwa ngokuzithemba okukhulu. I-ascorbic acid inciphisa imethylene blue eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ibe luhlobo lwe-leuco oluphantse lungabi nambala, kwaye ioksijini inokulubuyisela umva olo tshintsho. Iindlela zohlalutyo zisebenzisa kanye oku kuphela kombala ukulinganisa i-ascorbate kumanqanaba e-micromolar. Isinyibiliko esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esiba mbatshileyo xa kukho into enciphisayo, singenantlenga, sitshintshe nge-redox. Ukusibiza ngokuba ziikristale zemethylene blue kwisinyibiliko kuthumela uphando kwizihluzi nakwizinyibilikisi, ngoxa izixhobo ezifanelekileyo ziyi-spectrophotometer nokuhlolwa koluhlu lwezithako.
Okuchaseneyo nako kuyasebenza. Amasuntswana okwenene agcina umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yingxaki yesigaba ngokwasemzimbeni ngaphandle kokuba uhlalutyo lubonisa enye into. Indlela umbala oziphatha ngayo inciphisa uluhlu lwezizathu ezinokwenzeka; ayiluqukumbeli uphando.
Into engenakuxelwa yinkangeleko
Imida emibini igcina esi sikhokelo sithembekile. Okokuqala, amasuntswana abonakalayo kwimveliso yeyeza akanakuchongwa njengeekristale zedayi ngokuwajonga nje. Izinto ezivela kwisikhongozeli namasuntswana angaphandle zihlala phakathi kwezizathu ezinokwenzeka, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ileyibhile iyalele ukuhlola nokwala imveliso endaweni yokuyichonga ecaleni kwebhedi yesigulana. Okwesibini, esi sikhokelo asiniki miyalelo yokulungiselela imixube etofwayo. Izinyibilikisi zokunciphisa isixinaniso, ulandelelwano lokongeza, nemibuzo yexesha lokugqibela lokusebenzisa ixhomekeke kwileyibhile yemveliso, kwiinkqubo zekhemesti, nakwimigangatho esebenzayo yokulungiselela imixube, hayi kwinqaku lokusombulula iingxaki.
Umzekelo wokusebenza, uchazwa kube kanye: ukunyibilika kubeka umda ophezulu, isixinaniso neqondo lobushushu zibeka umngcipheko wokugqitha kumda wokunyibilika, iklorayidi namandla ee-ion zityhalela ukudibana kweemolekyuli ekukhutshweni kwisinyibiliko ngenxa yetyuwa, ii-dimer ziyakheka ngaphandle kokwenza intlenga, kwaye izinto ezinciphisayo zinokususa umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngaphandle kokwenza nasiphi na isiqina. Tshatisa okuqatshelweyo nomgca wexesha okwit heyibhile, hlola ukwakheka komxube neleyibhile, kwaye uninzi lweemeko zokwenziwa kwentlenga yemethylene blue luyayeka ukuba yinto engummangaliso.