Imethylene blue ekudayeni amalaphu nephepha: iBasic Blue 9 kwindawo yokudaya

Imethylene blue yachitha iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu iyidayi yorhwebo ngaphambi kokuba nabani na ayinike isigulana. UHeinrich Caro wayenza ngokudibanisa imichiza eBASF ngo1876 njengesixhobo sokudaya amalaphu, yaye zombini imbali yeBASF ngokwayo neAmerican Chemical Society ziyichaza njengedayi eyenzelwe umqhaphu. Umsebenzi kaKoch wokudaya iiseli kwezonyango weza malunga no1880, lwaza unyango lwemalariya lwango1891 lwalandela kamva. Yonke enye into eyaba yiyo le khompawundi, isidayi seeseli, isalathisi, iyeza, yaqala ngokubhalwa kwayo kwikhathalogu yeedayi.

Loo nkcazelo iseyindlela efanelekileyo yokuqonda le nto kwimeko yemizi-mveliso. Ngolwimi lwendawo yokudaya ayibizwa ngokuba yimethylthioninium chloride. YiBasic Blue 9.

Ikhompawundi enye, iinkqubo ezimbini zamanani

IColour Index ichonga idayi nganye yorhwebo ngeendlela ezimbini. Igama Eliqhelekileyo lichaza indlela nendawo esetyenziswa ngayo; iNombolo Yesakhiwo ichaza isakhiwo sayo sekhemikhali. Imethylene blue inegama eliqhelekileyo elithi C.I. Basic Blue 9 nenombolo yesakhiwo ethi C.I. 52015, nto leyo eyibeka kudidi lwethiazine olunamanani ukusuka ku52000 ukuya ku52999, njengoko ingxelo yakutshanje yeColour Index iqinisekisa ngokusebenzisa imethylene blue njengomzekelo ochaziweyo.

Ikhemistri esemva kwala manani yi-cation yephenothiazine edityaniswe nechloride: ifomula engenamanzi ethi C16H18ClN3S, enobunzima obumalunga ne319.9 g/mol kunye neCAS 61-73-4, kunye netrihydrate eqhelekileyo yorhwebo enobunzima obumalunga ne373.9 g/mol kunye neCAS 7220-79-3. Le tyuwa yorhwebo yenza iikristale eziluhlaza okwengca ezimnyama, ezimenyezela njengebronzi, nezinyibilika zenze isisombululo esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esinzulu. Isisombululo setrihydrate esiyi1 epesenti sinepH ukusuka ku3 ukuya ku4.5 ngokwePubChem kunye nophononongo lwakutshanje lweempawu zemolekyuli. Nabani na othenga ngemigqomo kufuneka ajonge ukuba yeyiphi inombolo yeCAS ekwileyibhile, kuba ikhilogram yetrihydrate ine-chromophore engaphantsi malunga ne15 epesenti kunekhilogram yetyuwa engenamanzi. Umbuzo wokuba yintoni kanye elinganiswayo ngobunzima kufuneka uphendulwe ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe naluphi na ubalo lokudaya.

Ingcamango yokubophelela: i-cation ekhangela ii-anion

Iidayi ezibizwa ngokuba zi-basic ziidayi ezinee-cation. Kwisisombululo, isuntswana elinombala linentlawulo yombane evumayo, ngoko libophelela ngokwendalo ngakumbi kwiifayibha ezineendawo ezinee-anion. Loo nyaniso inye inceda ukuqikelela phantse yonke indlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo.

Ifayibha ye-acrylic yeyona nto idaywayo isetyenziswa njengomzekelo ezincwadini zokufunda. Ngokuqhelekileyo inamaqela ecarboxylate okanye esulfonate, yaye ukutsalana kwee-ion phakathi kwezo ndawo ne-cation yedayi kubangela ukuba idayi ibambelele ngamandla, njengoko kuchazwe kwizifundo zokudaya i-acrylic ngendlela eqhelekileyo ngeedayi ezinee-cation kunye nekhemistri yeefayibha ze-acrylic. Uboya nesilika nazo zifunxa iidayi ze-basic ngokuthe ngqo kwiindawo ezinentlawulo yombane engavumiyo, zize zinike imibala eqaqambileyo. Noko ke, iincwadi zamalaphu zilumkisa ukuba iidayi ze-basic zakudala kwezi fayibha zidla ngokungakwazi ukumelana nokuphela kombala ngenxa yokukhanya, nto leyo ishwankathelwe kwincwadi evulelekileyo yokufunda ngokufakwa kombala kumalaphu.

Umqhaphu ngowona ubalulekileyo ongawulandeli lo mgaqo. Icellulose enganyangwanga ayibambeleli kakhulu kwiidayi ze-basic zesintu, yaye yiloo nto kanye eyabangela ukuba “idayi yomqhaphu” kaCaro ifune uncedo. Indlela yakudala yayisebenzisa i-asidi yetannic njengesibambisi sedayi kumqhaphu, ngokuqhelekileyo ibotshelelwa ngetartar emetic (i-antimony potassium tartrate), kuze kwenziwe indibaniselwano yetannin nedayi enganyibilikiyo kwifayibha. Incwadana yakudala yokudaya umqhaphu ichaza la manyathelo mathathu, ukunyanga ngetannin, ukubotshelela, nokudaya, kwiUkudaya Amalaphu Omqhaphu. Inayiloni eqhelekileyo nayo ifuna ingcaciso efanayo: ubukhulu becala idaywa ngeedayi ze-asidi, yaye kuphela inayiloni eguqulwe ngabom ngamaqela esulfonate, ethengiswa njengenayiloni enokudaywa ngeedayi ezinee-cation nechazwe kumsebenzi ofana neUS6312805B1, efunxa iidayi ze-basic ngamandla.

Ngoko isishwankathelo seefayibha sifutshane. Umqhaphu unesibambisi sedayi setannin ngenxa yeendlela zakudala; uboya nesilika zidaywa ngokuthe ngqo kodwa umbala uphela lula; i-acrylic iyinto yale mihla ehambelana nedayi ngokwendalo yekhemistri; inayiloni eqhelekileyo ubukhulu becala ayifanelekanga.

Iyaqaqamba, kodwa iphela lula

Ingxaki yayingekokufaka umbala. Yayikukuwugcina apho. Isifundo sango2019 esadaya umqhaphu, isilika noboya ngokuthe ngqo ngemethylene blue trihydrate safumanisa umlinganiselo wokumelana nokuphela kombala ngenxa yokukhanya ongu1, ongowona usezantsi kwisikali, kuzo zontathu iifayibha phantsi kweISO 105-B02. Ukugcinwa kombala kwaphucuka kuphela emva kokunyangwa ngesmectite emva kokudaya, njengoko kwaxelwa kwiRSC Advances. Iincwadi zakudala zithetha into efanayo ngolwimi lwexesha lazo: imibala emininzi ye-basic iphela lula xa ikhanyisiwe, njengoko inqaku lokudaya leEncyclopaedia Britannica yango1911 libhala.

Ikhemistri yesinyibilikisi sokudaya yongeza esinye isilumkiso. Iidayi ze-basic zidla ngokusetyenziswa kwiimeko ezingathathi cala okanye ezineasidi encinane, yaye ialkali enamandla ayilungelanga ngokukodwa imethylene blue: kwi-alkali enyibilikiswe emanzini eyi0.1 M iyohlulwa ngamanzi, ubukhulu becala ibe yimethylene violet kaBernthsen, imveliso enombala onamandla nethanda ukunyibilika kumafutha, kunokuba ihlale ingaguqukanga, ngokwesifundo sempembelelo yealkali kwimethylene blue. Ialkali eseleyo kwizinto ezidaywayo emva kokuzicoca, okanye unyango lwealkali emva kokudaya, inokuwutshintsha ke umthunzi wombala ngenxa yekhemistri, kungekhona ngenxa yokubotshelelwa kwedayi. Umjikelo we-redox obangela utshintsho lombala sisifundo esahlukileyo, kodwa umgaqo osebenzayo ulula: ungavumeli isinyibilikisi sokudaya sibe nealkali enamandla.

Iphepha, i-inki neekopi zekhabhoni

Ukudaya iphepha kubhaliwe njengokusetyenziswa okukhoyo ngoku kurhwebo. Umthengisi weBasic Blue 9 udwelisa iphepha kunye nesilika, ihemp, umthi noqalo njengezinto ezifakwa umbala, kunye nokwenziwa kwe-inki neepigmenti zohlobo lwe-lake, kwiphepha lakhe lokusetyenziswa kwemveliso. I-inki inobungqina obubhaliweyo obomeleleyo ngakumbi: i-Indiya yakha yanomgangatho okhethekileyo othi IS 2230:1962 wedayi yemethylene blue esetyenziswa kushishino lwe-inki. Ngoku loo mgangatho urhoxisiwe, kodwa ubhalwe kwingxelo yonyaka yeBIS yango1962 ukuya ku1963 yaye udweliswe njengorhoxisiweyo.

Nephepha lekhabhoni likhankanyiwe kwiirekhodi. Ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi laseUS lango1933 lezinto zokwaleka iphepha lekhabhoni lichaza ii-inki zeoyile newax ezineedayi ze-aniline, kuquka imethylene blue, kwiUS1925235A. Kwakhona, isifundo sango2024 senzululwazi yelifa lemveli seepensile zakudala eziluhlaza zokwenza iikopi safumana imethylene blue phakathi kwezona zinto zifaka umbala zixhaphakileyo, saza sabhala kanye indlela yokuziphatha enokuqikelelwa kwindawo yokudaya: ukuchaphazeleka kakhulu kukukhanya nokusasazeka kombala xa imanzi, sapapashwa kwinpj Heritage Science. Ipensile eyayisenza iikopi eziqaqambileyo kodwa iphele umbala ekukhanyeni kwelanga inekhemistri efanayo nomqhaphu owawudayeka ngokuqaqambileyo kodwa uphele umbala efestileni.

Amabakala amathathu, iinkqubo ezintathu zeenkcukacha ezimiselweyo

Nalu uthelekiso olubaluleke kakhulu, kuba igama elifanayo lisetyenziswa kwizinto ezenziwe ngokweenkcukacha ezimiselweyo ezingahambelaniyo. Ibakala lamalaphu, isidayi sokubonisa iiseli zebhayoloji, nebakala lamayeza azingomanqanaba akwileli enye yobunyulu. Ziimpendulo kwimibuzo eyahlukileyo.

Izinto ezimbini ezinokubhidekisa kule theyibhile kufuneka zigxininiswe. Okokuqala, idayi yamalaphu ethi “100 epesenti” ayiyo-chromophore enyulu nge100 epesenti; ISO 105-Z10 ichaza amandla ngokuthelekiswa nedayi yomlinganiselo. Okwesibini, isidayi seeseli esiqinisekisiweyo esinesiqulatho sedayi esiyi82 epesenti asiyomveliso yamayeza engaphumelelanga; siphumelele uvavanyo olwahlukileyo. Icala lamayeza liboniswa yingxelo yokuphuhliswa kwenkqubo eyagcina zonke iintsimbi zingaphantsi kwe20 ppm, iAzure B ingaphantsi kwe2 epesenti, nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo zingaphantsi kwe0.5 epesenti. Loo manani achaza loo nkqubo kwisifundo seProveblue esipapashiweyo, kungekhona iinkcukacha ezimiselweyo ezisebenza kuwo onke amalaphu. Isizathu sokuba iAzure B ibe nomgangatho wayo wokuthelekisa kukuba iyeyona nto ingcolisayo iphambili evela ekususweni kwamaqela emethyl, yaye ikwayimveliso yemetabolism esebenzayo ngokwayo ngokwamachiza, umba ochazwa kuphando lweAzure B.

Kwindawo yokudaya, uvavanyo olusebenzayo lwezinto ezingenayo lulandela ikholamu yasekhohlo: umthunzi xa uthelekiswa nomgangatho, amandla xa ethelekiswa, ukunyibilika nezinto ezinganyibilikiyo, ukufuma, nokufana phakathi kweebhetshi. Akukho nto kolu ludwe eyenza umgqomo ufanelekele ilabhoratri, kungasathethwa ke ngokuwusebenzisa njengento eginywayo.

Indlela yokufunda iphepha ledatha leBasic Blue 9

Iphepha ledatha yobugcisa eliqhelekileyo lidwelisa amanani amane, yaye ngalinye liphendula umbuzo owahlukileyo. Amandla, aboniswa njengepesenti xa ethelekiswa nebhetshi yomlinganiselo yomthengisi, axelela umdayi ukuba bungakanani ubunzima bedayi ekufuneka abulinganise ukuze afikelele kubunzulu bombala obufunekayo; ibhetshi enamandla ayi105 epesenti ifuna ubunzima obungaphantsi malunga ne5 epesenti kunomgangatho. Isiqulatho sedayi, xa sichaziwe, sisabelo sekhemikhali se-chromophore ekhoyo ngokwenene, yaye sihlala sisezantsi kunoko kuboniswa linani lamandla kuba umgubo worhwebo uquka ukufuma nezinto zokuwuxuba ukuze uncitshiswe. Izinto ezinganyibilikiyo emanzini, ezinomda ofana ne1.5 epesenti, zinceda ukuqikelela amachaphaza nokuvaleka kwezihluzi, kungekhona umthunzi. Ukufuma kugqibezela lo mfanekiso, yaye kunxulumene nombuzo wehydrate: itrihydrate ineemolekyuli ezintathu zamanzi akwisakhiwo sekristale, ngoko ikhilogram yayo ine-chromophore emalunga nezabelo ezithandathu kwezixhenxe zaleyo ikwikhilogram yetyuwa engenamanzi. Iresiphi ebhalelwe uhlobo olunye lwehydrate kodwa elinganiselwe ngolunye iya kuphoswa bubunzulu bombala obufunekayo ngeso sabelo ngaphambi kokuba izinto ezidaywayo zifakwe nakwisinyibilikisi sokudaya.

Inqaku ngamanzi amdaka aphumayo

Imethylene blue inombala onamandla yaye kulula ukuyilandela ngespectrophotometry. Izifundo zokubambelela kumphezulu zidla ngokulandelela ukufunxa kwayo ukukhanya okubonakalayo malunga ne663 ukuya ku665 nm, njengakwiisifundo sokubambelela kwizinto zebhayoloji nakwiisifundo sokubambelela kwihydrogel. Olo lula lwayenza yaba yidayi enee-cation esetyenziswa njengomzekelo kuphando lwamanzi amdaka: uphononongo olukhulu kwiJournal of Hazardous Materials luphonononga ukususwa kwayo ngokubambelela kumphezulu wezinto ezingabizi kakhulu, luquka amanzi amdaka avela kumalaphu, kwiphepha nakushicilelo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwayo njengomzekelo kuneentsingiselo ezimbini. Ubuninzi bamaphepha ophando ngokubambelela kumphezulu abungqini ukuba imethylene blue ngokwayo yenye yezinto eziphambili ezingcolisayo kushishino lwamalaphu lwale mihla; bungqina ukuba le khompawundi ilula ukuyisebenzisa ukumela iidayi ezinee-cation ngokubanzi. Funda amabango ngamanzi amdaka ukhumbula loo mahluko.

Igama lisisilumkiso

Basic Blue 9, C.I. 52015, methylthioninium chloride: amagama amathathu e-chromophore enye, ethengiswa phantsi kweenkqubo zeenkcukacha ezimiselweyo ezintathu ubuncinane. Izinto zamalaphu ezenziwa nguCaro ukuze kudaywe umqhaphu azizange zifuneke ukuba zifaneleke ukuginywa, yaye akukho siqinisekiso sibhalelwe umthunzi namandla ombala esinokuzenza zifaneleke. Xa igama elifanayo elikumgqomo livela kwishelufu yelabhoratri, ziinkcukacha ezimiselweyo, kungekhona umbala, ezikuxelela into oyiphetheyo.