Nei methylene blue ichishandiswa sedhayi rekumashure pakupenda kunoramba asidhi

Mushandi wemurabhoritari anoongorora rukoko rwakazorwa rwemakosoro mushure mekupedza nhanho dzose dzekupenda. Tutsvimbo tutsvuku tunonyatsooneka pamusoro pekumashure kwebhuruu, uye mushumo unobuda uchiti mabhasiri anoramba aine ruvara paasidhi aonekwa. Mangwana acho, imwe girazi remaikorosikopu rinoratidza bhuruu rakafanana pose pasina tutsvimbo tutsvuku, uye rinotaurwa semhedzisiro inoti chirwere cherurindi hachina kuwanikwa. Mumwe wemishumo iyi unotaura zvinopfuura zvinotsigirwa nezviri pagirazi, uye hausi wokutanga.

Kuvhiringidzika uku kuri pakunzwisisa pfungwa yacho. Mushandi akatora dhayi rebhuruu sechikamu chemakemikari anobatsira kuwana utachiona, sokunge methylene blue yaibatsira kuwana mycobacteria. Haina kudaro. Panguva inosvika methylene blue pagirazi, bvunzo yacho yatopera. Dhayi rinongopenda kumashure kuitira kuti mhedzisiro ionekwe. Chinyorwa chino chinotsanangura chinangwa chemethylene blue pakupenda kunoramba asidhi, kuti nei iri bhuruu pane rimwe ruvara, uye zvinobvumirwa kupedziswa kubva pakutsvuka kuri pamusoro pebhuruu.

Mhinduro pfupi

Kupenda kunoramba asidhi ibvunzo yekusiyanisa yakavakirwa papfungwa nhatu. Carbol fuchsin, dhayi rekutanga, inomanikidzwa kupinda musero rimwe nerimwe, kusanganisira mycobacteria ane rusvingo rwakaita senamo. Asidhi-doro, rinobvisa ruvara, rinobvisa dhayi dzvuku mumasero akajairika asi rinotadza kuribvisa mune anoramba aine ruvara paasidhi. Methylene blue, dhayi rekumashure, rinobva rapenda zvose zvakabvisirwa dhayi, saka masero asingarambe aine ruvara paasidhi, masero emuviri, netsvina zvinenge zvave bhuruu, uku mabhasiri anoramba aine ruvara paasidhi achiramba ari matsvuku. Dhayi rekumashure rinopa kusiyanisa kwemavara. Harina basa mumakemikari anoita kuti sero rirambe riine ruvara paasidhi.

Zvinoitwa nenhanho imwe neimwe

Dhayagiramu iri pasi apa inoratidza kupatsanurwa kwemabasa. Iverenge kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi semaitiro ekushanda, uye verenga mutsetse wezasi sechiyeuchidzo chokuti mhando imwe neimwe yekupenda inobvunza mubvunzo wakasiyana.

Kupinda kwedhayi kunouya pakutanga. Mycobacteria anoramba madhayi akajairika ari mumvura nokuti goko rawo rinodzinga mvura zvakanyanya kupfuura zvakajairika, saka maitiro acho anomanikidza dhayi kupinda. Mumaitiro eZiehl-Neelsen, kudziyisa kusvika pakuva nemhute kunopinza carbol fuchsin ine phenol nemurusvingo rwakaita senamo. Mumaitiro anotonhora eKinyoun, kupisa kunotsiviwa nemusanganiswa wedhayi rekutanga wakasimba zvikuru, uye dzimwe shanduro dzakagadziridzwa dzisingashandisi kupisa dzinowedzera zvinoderedza kusungana kwepamusoro pemvura. Maitiro ekupenda kunoramba asidhi eAmerican Society for Microbiology anonyora misanganiswa iyi miviri padivi nepadivi, uye musiyano wesimba remusanganiswa wakakura: inenge 0.3 g yebasic fuchsin pa100 mL pamaitiro anodziyiswa, ichienzaniswa neinenge 4 g pamaitiro anotonhora.

Kusiyanisa kunouya kwechipiri. Asidhi-doro, rinowanzova 3 mL yehydrochloric acid yakasimba mu97 mL yeethanol ye95 percent, rinogeza richibvisa dhayi dzvuku musero rimwe nerimwe rine rusvingo rusingarambi kubviswa kwaro nenzira yakasarudzika. Masero ane goko remafuta remycobacteria risina kukanganisika anoramba akabata dhayi. Iyi ndiyo nhanho inovakirwa maitiro ose, uye ndiyo inonyanya kukanganiswa nemashandiro emushandi, sezvinokurukurwa pasi apa.

Kusiyanisa mavara kunouya pakupedzisira. Girazi rinenge rava nemasero matsvuku anoramba aine ruvara paasidhi, pamusoro pemasero akabvisirwa dhayi ayo anenge asisina ruvara. Methylene blue ye0.3 percent w/v inoita kuti kumashure uku kuonekwe zvakare neruvara rwakasiyana zvikuru netsvuku. Kupenda kumashure kunotora nguva pfupi, kazhinji masekonzi 20 kusvika 30 mumaitiro anodziyiswa uye kusvika kumaminitsi mashomanana mune dzimwe shanduro dzemaitiro anotonhora; nguva yacho inotsamira pamaitiro anoshandiswa, kwete pachimiro chedhayi pacharo.

Nei dhayi iri, uye nei bhuruu

Methylene blue idhayi rebasiki rine ayoni ine chaji yakanaka, zvichireva kuti ayoni yaro ine ruvara ine chaji yakanaka uye inosungirira pamusoro pebhakitiriya rakabvisirwa ruvara, masero emuviri, netsvina zvine chaji isina kunaka. OpenStax Microbiology inotsanangura mashandiro echaji aya semusimboti unoshandiswa nemadhayi ebasiki. Asi methylene blue haisi iyo chete ine makemikari anogona kuita izvi. Crystal violet nesafranin madhayi ebasikiwo. Kusarudzwa kwayo kunobva pakuonekwa kwemavara, kwete pamakemikari.

Tutsvimbo tutsvuku tunoda kumashure kune ruvara rwakasiyana narwo, uye bhuruu rinopa kusiyana netsvuku kunonyanya kubatsira pakuongorora nemaikorosikopu ine nzvimbo yakavhenekerwa. Safranin haingave dhayi rekumashure rakanaka nokuti ruvara rwayo rwepingi-tsvuku ruri pedyo zvikuru nerecarbol fuchsin yasara mumasero, zvichiita kuti musiyano wakagadzirwa nemaitiro acho usanyatsooneka. Crystal violet yaizopa kumashure kweruvara rweviolet rwakasviba, runokwikwidzana nemabhasiri matsvuku matete pakukwezva ziso. Humbowo hwakasimba zvikuru hwokuti basa racho kusiyanisa mavara kwete makemikari hunobva pakutsiviwa kwedhayi: madhayi ekumashure egirini akadai semalachite green nebrilliant green anoshandiswa mune mamwe maitiro ezvemhuka neakagadziridzwa, uye bvunzo ichiri kushanda, nokuti chero ruvara rwakasiyana zvakajeka runoita basa rimwe chete.

Pane zvinhu zviviri zvinoshanda zvinobuda pane izvi. Chekutanga, musanganiswa wakajairwa hautauri nezvekugadzirisa pH; usavhiringidza musanganiswa uyu wemumvura we0.3 percent nemisanganiswa ine arikaraini yakadai semethylene blue yaLoeffler, iyo iri mune imwe pfungwa yakasiyana yekupenda. Chechipiri, kuwandisa dhayi kunokanganisa. Zvinyorwa zvekuongorora matishu zvinonyatsoyambira kuti kumashure kwebhuruu kwakanyanya kusimba kunogona kuvanza mabhasiri mashoma, saka kusiya girazi rakafukidzwa nedhayi kwenguva inopfuura inobvumirwa nemaitiro kunoderedza kuoneka pasina chinobatsira chinowanikwa.

Makemikari erusvingo anoita kuti bvunzo ikwanisike

Chikonzero chinoita kuti asidhi-doro risiyanise chiri mugoko remycobacteria. Hwaro hwaro hwakavakwa nemusanganiswa wemycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan: peptidoglycan yakabatana nearabinogalactan ine migumo yekunze yakatakura mycolic acids dzine maketani akareba zvikuru, zvichigadzira mycomembrane yekunze ine mafuta akawanda uye isingapfuudzirwi zvinhu zviri nyore. Ongororo yemembrane yekunze yem​​ycobacteria inotsanangura mavakirwo aya zvakadzama. Chipingamupinyi ichi chinoshanda kumativi ose. Chinoramba kupinda kwedhayi, ndokusaka kupinza kuchida kupisa kana dhayi rekutanga rakasimbiswa, uye chinoramba kubudiswa kwedhayi, ndokusaka asidhi-doro richitadza kubvisa carbol fuchsin kana yapinda mukati. Mabhakitiriya akajairika haana goko iri uye anorasikirwa nedhayi. Naizvozvo, kuramba uine ruvara paasidhi kunonyatsonzwisiswa sechinhu chinokonzerwa nechipingamupinyi chemafuta, kwete sefuchsin inosungirira kumycolic acid kuburikidza nemakemikari.

Makemikari aya anotsanangurawo chinhu chinowanzovhiringidza: mycobacteria anopendwa zvisina kunaka uye zvisingafungidziriki nemaitiro eGram, dzimwe nguva achioneka semaumbirwo asina ruvara rwakasimba ane zvikamu zvakaita sezvuma kana semimvuri isina kupendwa. Rusvingo rwawo runodzinga mvura runotadzisa crystal violet kupinda zvakakwana. Kupenda kunoramba asidhi hakusi kupenda kweGram kwakagadziridzwa. Musimboti wakasiyana wekusiyanisa wakavakirwa pachimwe chimiro chakasiyana cherusvingo, sezvinoratidzwa nekuenzanisa kupenda kuri nyore nekupenda kweGram kune mamwe maitiro maviri.

Maitiro matatu, mibvunzo mitatu

Kuti uone boka rakakura remaitiro anoshandisa dhayi rimwe chete pamabhakitiriya, ona atlasi yekupenda pakuongorora nemaikorosikopu.

Zvisingagoni kuratidzwa netsvuku iri pamusoro pebhuruu

Tutsvimbo tutsvuku tunoreva kuti zvipenyu zviduku izvi zvakachengeta carbol fuchsin pazvakasangana neasidhi-doro. Zvakawanikwa izvi zvinowirirana neMycobacterium tuberculosis, asi nhungamiro yeCDC yekuongorora chirwere cherurindi inotaura zvakajeka kuti mamwe mycobacteria anorambawo aine ruvara paasidhi, saka kuziva mhando chaiyo kunoda kukudza utachiona uye kuongorora nucleic acid, kwete ruvara.

Zvikanganiso zvemashandiro zvinonyanya kuitika pakugeza kuviri. Kusabvisa ruvara zvakakwana kunosiya zvinhu zvekumashure zviri zvitsvuku uye kunogona kuita kuti zvinzi utachiona hwaonekwa zvisizvo. Kubvisa ruvara zvakanyanya kunobvisa dhayi rekutanga risina kubatwa zvakasimba uye kunobatsira kukonzera mhedzisiro inoti hapana chaonekwa zvisizvo. Dhayi rekumashure rakaiswa zvakanyanya rinovanza mabhasiri mashoma mubhuruu. Rukoko rwakazorwa rwakakora, zvinopenda zvakaumba zvikukutu, nemvura yekusukurudza yakasvibiswa zvinowedzerawo zvinhu zvinooneka zvisiri izvo zviri kutsvakwa.

Kugona kuwana utachiona kunoganhurirwa nehuwandu hwahwo, pasinei nokuti mashandiro akaitwa zvakanaka zvakadii. Kuongorora rukoko rwakazorwa nemaikorosikopu nenzira yakajairwa kunoda mabhasiri anenge 5,000 kusvika 10,000 pamilliliter yemakosoro, uye ongororo dzekare dzehumbowo dzeCDC dzakaisa kugona kuwana utachiona murukoko rwakazorwa pa45 kusvika 80 percent pakati pevanhu vaiva nechirwere cherurindi chemapapu chakasimbiswa nekukudza utachiona. Naizvozvo, kusawanikwa kweutachiona murukoko rwakazorwa hakumbobvisi mukana wechirwere cherurindi. Nhungamiro yeCDC yazvino inochengeta kukudza utachiona pamwe nerukoko rwose rwakazorwa uye inokurudzira bvunzo yekuwanza nucleic acid pane chinenge chitunha chimwe chakatorwa munzira yekufema kana chirwere cherurindi chemapapu chichifungidzirwa uye mhedzisiro yacho ichizochinja mabatirwo emurwere.

Basa rinoitwa rinofanira kutevera maitiro akabvumirwa

Tsananguro dzekudzidzisa, kusanganisira chinyorwa chino, hadzipi mvumo yokuita basa rekurapa. Pakushanda murabhoritari, tevera maitiro ayo akajairwa ekushanda akaongororwa kuti anoshanda, anoenderana nezvinyorwa zvazvino zveCDC, APHL, kana CLSI; gwaro reCDC rekupenda kunoramba asidhi riri mudura rayo reStacks rinoratidza kuti maitiro akadaro anotsanangura sei zvinopenda nezvinofanira kuverengwa pamhedzisiro. Kushanda nezvitunha zvine chekuita nechirwere cherurindi kunoda kudzivirira kupararira kwazvo: rukoko rwakazorwa runogadzirirwa mukabati yekuchengetedza kubva kuzvinhu zvipenyu zvinokuvadza nokuti kugadzirira kunobudisa tumadonhwe tunoyangarara mumhepo uye kupfachuka, uye nhungamiro yeCDC yekuchengeteka murabhoritari inoti kunyange rukoko rwakagadzikiswa nokupisa runogona kuva nemabhasiri erurindi achiri mapenyu uye runofanira kuramba ruchibatwa serwakasvibiswa neutachiona. Chinyorwa chemuCDC Public Health Image Library cherukoko rwakapendwa necarbol-fuchsin nemethylene blue rwakaongororwa kutsvaga M. leprae chiyeuchidzo chinobatsira chekuti maitiro aya anoshandiswa kunze kwechirwere cherurindiwo: kusiyanisa kumwe chete kwetsvuku pamusoro pebhuruu kunoshanda pose panotsvakwa zvipenyu zvinoramba zvine ruvara paasidhi, uye kuongorora nokungwarira kusingawani utachiona imhedzisiro inofanirawo kunyorwa.

Kuverenga girazi rapera kugadzirirwa

Dhayi rekumashure rinoratidza kukosha kwaro panguva yekuongorora kwekutanga. Muongorori wemaikorosikopu anotanga achishandisa kukudza kushoma anoshandisa kumashure kwebhuruu kutanga kuona kunaka kwerukoko rwakazorwa: masero akapararira zvakaenzana, masero emuviri asina kukanganisika anobatsira pakunangisa mufananidzo, uye kusava nezvikukutu zvakawanda zvedhayi. Zvinhu zvitsvuku zvinofungidzirwa kuva mabhasiri zvinobva zvakwezva ziso nokuti hapana chimwe chiri pagirazi chiri chitsvuku. Kusimbisa kunoitwa pachishandiswa mafuta pakati pegirazi nelenzi, apo mabhasiri chaiwo anoratidza tutsvimbo tutete tunotarisirwa, dzimwe nguva twakakombama zvishoma kana kuti twakaita sezvuma, kwete marara edhayi akafanana pose.

Kupendwa kwekumashure kunotarawo mashoko anoshandiswa mumushumo. Girazi rine mabhasiri matsvuku rinotaurwa richinzi mabhasiri anoramba aine ruvara paasidhi aonekwa, kazhinji richipiwa giredhi rinofungidzira huwandu maererano nechikero cherabhoritari. Girazi risina zvipenyu zvitsvuku rinotaurwa richinzi hapana mabhasiri anoramba aine ruvara paasidhi aonekwa, kwete kuti chirwere cherurindi hachina kuwanikwa. Musiyano uyu wakakosha nokuti nzvimbo yebhuruu inoratidza kuti kupenda kwakashanda, masero akatora dhayi rekumashure, uye kuona nemaikorosikopu kwaive kwakakwana, asi haitauri chinhu pamusoro pezvipenyu zviri pasi pemuganhu wekugona kuzviona. Nzvimbo yebhuruu isina tutsvimbo imhedzisiro inoshanda pamusoro pegirazi, kwete mutongo pamusoro pemurwere.

Yeuka kupatsanurwa kwemabasa, uye kunyora mishumo kunova nyore. Carbol fuchsin inoratidza zvinofungidzirwa kuva mabhasiri. Asidhi-doro rinoita bvunzo. Methylene blue inongoita kuti mhinduro ionekwe: tsvuku yakachengeta dhayi pasinei neasidhi, bhuruu yakarasikirwa naro. Zvimwe zvose, mhando chaiyo, huwandu, uye zvinorehwa pakurapa, zvinobva pabasa rinopfuura kuongorora girazi.