Methylene blue munharaunda: kwainoenda, kukuvadza zvipenyu zvemumvura, uye mvura yetsvina maererano nemamiriro acho

Mapoka maviri akasiyana ezvinyorwa zvesainzi anoshandisa zita rekuti methylene blue. Rimwe iboka rezvinyorwa zvekuyera zviri munharaunda: zvishoma, zvine zviyero zvenhamba, uye zvine zvakawanda zvinotsanangura miganhu yezvakawanikwa. Rimwe iboka rezvinyorwa zvekugadzirisa mvura: rakakura zvikuru, rinotaura nechivimbo, uye rinenge rose rakavakirwa pamisanganiswa yakagadzirwa murabhoritari. Kuvhiringidza boka rechipiri nekutanga ndiko kukanganisa kukuru panyaya iyi. Chinyorwa chinoratidza kubviswa kwe95 muzana yedhayi mubhodhoro rakawedzerwa dhayi charatidza hunhu hwechinhu chakashandiswa, kwete uwandu huripo munharaunda.

Chinyorwa ichi chinopatsanura mapoka aya. Kutanga pane zvinoitika kumorekuru mumvura, kozotevera zviyero zvakawanikwa zvekukuvadza, uye pakupedzisira zvinonyatsotsanangurwa nenhamba dzemvura yetsvina.

Kwainoenda: cation inonyungudika uye inonamatira kuzvinhu zvakasimba

Methylene blue inonyungudika nyore uye inoramba iine chaji yepozitivi pakati pepH inowanzowanikwa munharaunda. Zvinyorwa zvinounganidza mashoko zvinoratidza kunyungudika kunosvika 43,600 mg/L pa25 C, uye ongororo yakadzama ya2025 yehunhu hwayo kana yasangana nechiedza inosimbisa kuti dhayi iyi inonyanya kuvapo secation yeMB pakati pepH ingangoita 3.5 kusvika 11.5. Naizvozvo kubuda kwayo mumvura ichienda mumhepo kushoma zvisina basa. Kunamatira kune zvimwe zvinhu ndiko kunonyanya kukosha.

Nekuti ine chaji yepozitivi, dhayi iyi inonamatira zvakasimba pamusoro pezvinhu zvine chaji yenegativi: ivhu redongo, madzika emumvura, madhaka emvura yetsvina, uye zvinhu zvinobva kuzvipenyu. Ongororo dzekare dzevhu dzinotaurwa muzvinyorwa zvemareferensi dzakawana kuti dhayi inotorwa zvakanyanya nezvinhu zveorganic, montmorillonite, nekaolinite, paine chikamu chidiki chete chaigona kuburitswa zvakare. Ongororo dzekuchinjana kwemaion muivhu redongo dzinoratidza zvakananga kuti izvi zvinoitika kuburikidza nekuchinjana kwemacation kunoenderana nepH, maion anokwikwidzana, uye uwandu hwedhayi mumvura. Koc inofungidzirwa kuti ingangoita 8,000, inowanzotaurwa, inofungidzira mugumisiro mumwe chete, asi itore sechiyero chinofungidzirwa chedhayi ine chaji, kwete kukosha kwakayerwa kunogara kwakadaro. Hukama hunowanzoshandiswa hweKoc hwakagadzirirwa zvinhu zveorganic zvisina chaji uye hahunyatsokodzeri maion.

Madhaka anoshandiswa pakugadzirisa mvura yetsvina ane zvipenyu anosunga dhayi nenzira imwe chete, kunyange pasina kuputswa kwayo nezvipenyu. Ongororo dzakaitwa mumabatch pamadhaka akaomeswa dzakaratidza kukwanisa kusunga kweLangmuir kunosvika 256 mg yedhayi pagiramu remadhaka papH 7, uye ongororo dzakazotevera dzichishandisa zvinhu zvepolymer zviri kunze kwemasero dzakasvika panenge 366 mg/g, kuenzana kuchisvikwa mukati memaminitsi. Izvi zviyero zvekukwanisa kusunga murabhoritari, kwete mwero wekubvisa dhayi panzvimbo yekugadzirisa mvura, asi zvinotsanangura kuti nei ruvara rwedhayi ruchigona kunyangarika ruchienda muzvinhu zvakasimba uku morekuru pacharo richiripo.

Chiedza chezuva chega hachisi nzira yakavimbika yekubvisa dhayi. Ongororo yezvinyorwa zvekugadzirisa mvura ine methylene blue inotaura nezvechiedzo chimwe chakabvisa anenge 8 muzana chete mushure memaawa 10 ekuputswa nechiedza pasina chinokuchidzira, pamwe nezviedzo zvinoverengeka zvekudzora zvakashandisa chiedza chinooneka zvichirasikirwa nedhayi shoma zvisina basa. Usapa dhayi iyi nguva imwe chete inonzi ndiyo inotora kuti hafu yayo iparare muchiedza chezuva mumamiriro ose. Simba rechiedza, pH, okisijeni, zvinhu zvakasimba zvakaturikwa mumvura, uye kukwanisa kwedhayi pachayo kukuchidzira shanduko nechiedza zvose zvinoshandura mugumisiro.

Pane mukaha mukuru muuchapupu hwekuputswa kwayo nezvipenyu. Pakugadzirira chinyorwa ichi, hapana mugumisiro wakajeka webvunzo yeOECD 301 yekuputswa zviri nyore nezvipenyu wemethylene blue yakachena wakawanikwa. Zvinyorwa zvekutanga zvekugadzirisa mvura zvinowanzoti dhayi iyi inomiririra madhayi asingaputswi nyore nezvipenyu, uye mamwe mapepa ezvekuchengeteka anoiti haiputswi nyore nezvipenyu, asi hapana pane izvi chinotsiva data rinobva pabvunzo yakamisikidzwa. Mabhakitiriya akasarudzwa akakudzwa murabhoritari uye zvidimbu zvezvipenyu zvinonamatira pamusoro pezvinhu zvinogona kubvisa ruvara kana kushandura dhayi mumamiriro akanyatsogadzirirwa izvozvo. Saka mashoko anogona kutsigirwa ane muganhu: inowanzotsanangurwa seisingaputswi nyore, pasina chiyero chakasimbiswa chekupasa kana kukundikana pabvunzo yakamisikidzwa chakawanikwa. Maitiro emakemikari ekuishandura anonyatsozivikanwa kupfuura izvozvo. Kubviswa kwemapoka emethyl paN kuburikidza neoxidation kunofamba, zvichida, kubva padhayi yekutanga kuchipfuura nemuAzure B, Azure A, Azure C, uye thionine, ukuwo mamiriro ereduction achishandura dhayi kuita leucomethylene blue isina ruvara. Naizvozvo mvura yakajeka mushure mereduction haisi uchapupu hwekuparadzwa kwedhayi. Chikamu chikuru chephenothiazine chinogona kuramba chakazara kunyange ruvara rwaenda.

Kukuvadza zvipenyu zvemumvura: zviyero zvakawanikwa, zvichienderana nemamiriro

Bvunzo dzakamisikidzwa dzekukuvadza kwemethylene blue zvipenyu zvemumvura ishoma, uye migumisiro mitsva inosiyana nezvimwe zviyero zviri mumadhatabhesi ekare nekupetwa kakawanda zvikuru. Nhamba imwe neimwe iri pasi apa inofanira kuverengwa pamwe nerudzi rwechisikwa, nguva yekuchiedza, uye mugumisiro wakayerwa, nekuti kubvisa mashoko iwayo ndiko kunoparadzira kuvhiringidzika.

Mugumisiro mutsva unoratidza kukanganiswa paudiki hweuwandu hwedhayi kupfuura mimwe ndewechisikwa chinonzi nhata yemvura. Ongororo ya2023 yekukuvadza Daphnia magna yakaratidza EC50 yekutadza kufamba mushure memaawa 48 iri 61.5 micrograms parita (0.062 mg/L) uye LC50 yemaawa 24 iri 0.149 mg/L, paine kukanganiswa kwemashandiro emuviri nekuberekana pamusoro pe4.7 micrograms parita. Uwandu uhwu hwekupedzisira idanho pakaonekwa kukanganiswa zvichienderana nekuongorora kwenhamba kwevanyori, kwete uwandu hunonzi hahuna kukanganisa nemitemo. Asi chiratidzo chikuru chiri pachena: zvipenyu zveboka recladocera zvinokanganiswa pauwandu huri pasi zvikuru pehunowanzowedzerwa murabhoritari.

Data rehove rinoratidza nyaya inoenderana nemamiriro. Vana vehove dzefathead minnow vakaedzwa mubvunzo dzenguva pfupi nedzenguva yakareba zvishoma vakapa zviyero zveLC50 yemaawa 96 zviri 45 mg/L pa20 C uye 15 mg/L pa25 C. Zviyero zvekukanganiswa kwenguva refu zvakatorwa pamazuva manomwe zvaiva pedyo ne2.1 mg/L pakurarama uye 0.6 mg/L pakukura pasi pechiedza cherabhoritari. Tembiricha nechiedza zvakachinja mugumisiro, izvo zvakakosha nekuti ruvara rwedhayi pacharwo runochinja kupinda kwechiedza mumvura.

Zvipenyu zvinogadzira chikafu zvichishandisa chiedza zvine zviyero zviri munhamba diki dzegirama rimwechete parita mune imwe nhevedzano yebvunzo dzakatevedzera OECD. Kuvaisa mudhayi kwemaawa 24 kusvika 96 kwakapa zviyero zveEC50 zvaidzikira kubva panenge 62 kusvika 5.4 mg/L kuChlorella vulgaris uye kubva panenge 5.8 kusvika 1.1 mg/L kuSpirulina platensis; chekupedzisira ichi ic yanobacterium, kwete alga ine masero eukaryotic. Bvunzo pfupi yebhakitiriya remugungwa Vibrio harveyi yakayera EC50 yemaminitsi 15 yekubudisa chiedza chezvipenyu iri pedyo ne18 mg/L padhayi isati yaputswa, iyo inotsanangura kukanganiswa kwebhakitiriya munguva pfupi, kwete kudziviswa kwemashandiro emadhaka emvura yetsvina.

Chimwe chakawanikwa chinofanira kunyatsotariswa nemainjiniya ekugadzirisa mvura. Zvipenyu zvidiki zvinoita oxidation yeammonia zvakaratidza kusiyana kukuru mukukanganiswa: archaeon Nitrosopumilus maritimus yakarasikirwa neanenge 65 muzana yemashandiro ekuoxidiza ammonia pa0.010 mg/L, ukuwo bhakitiriya Nitrosococcus oceani raida anenge 10 mg/L kuti riwane kukanganiswa kwakafanana mubvunzo dzekuenzanisa kudziviswa kwemashandiro. Izvi zvakaonekwa zvemuzana wekudziviswa kwemashandiro, kwete zviyero zveIC50, asi zvinoratidza kuti nitrification inzira inofanira kuchengetedzwa pamvura ipi neipi inoraswa ine dhayi iyi.

Mashoko emitemo aripo mashoma. Hapana kuiswa muboka rekukuvadza zvipenyu zvemumvura kwakabatana kweEU kwakasimbiswa, kana PNEC yeECHA inowanikwa pachena yakanangana nemethylene blue, kwakakwanisa kusimbiswa. Chinhu ichi chinowanikwa muzvinyorwa zveECHA pasina nhamba iyoyo yakabatanidzwa nacho, saka usakopa PNEC kubva papepa rezvekuchengeteka remusanganiswa wezvinonyungudutsa. Semuenzaniso wenyika imwe, New Zealand inoisa dhayi iyi muboka reAquatic Chronic 3, H412, inokuvadza zvipenyu zvemumvura nemigumisiro inogara kwenguva refu. Aya mashoko anobatsira kunzwisisa mamiriro acho, asi haasi kuiswa muboka kweEurope.

Nei zvinyorwa zvechinomiririra zvinosvibisa zvisiri data rekusangana nacho munharaunda

Methylene blue ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa muzvinyorwa zvekunamatira pamusoro pezvinhu uye zvekukuchidzira shanduko nechiedza nekuda kwezvikonzero zvinoshanda. Yakachipa, ine ruvara rwakasimba, iri nyore kuteverwa nenzira dzespectrophotometry dzinoshandiswa pamisanganiswa yemvura ine uwandu hudiki hwechinhu, inonamatira zvikuru, uye yakatomboshandiswa mubvunzo dzakamisikidzwa kuburikidza neISO 10678 yepamusoro pezvinhu zvinokuchidzira shanduko nechiedza. Zvinyorwa zvebvunzo dzeISO pachazvo zvinoyambira kuti kunamatira pamusoro pezvinhu, kuchena kwedhayi, pH, kunobva chiedza, uye kupararira kwemamorekuru zvinounza zvikanganiso zvikuru, paine kukanganisa kwekudzokorora migumisiro pakati pemarabhoritari kunosvika 30 muzana. Kuva nyore kushandisa hakurevi kumiririra zviri munharaunda.

Nhamba dzemvura inoraswa ine madhayi dzinotaurwa pasina kusiyanisa madhayi dzinowedzera kuvhiringidzika. Ongororo inowanzotaurwa yemvura inoraswa kunzvimbo dzekudhaya yakaratidza uwandu hwemadhayi ose hunosvika 10 kusvika 250 mg/L, asi izvi zvinosanganisira madhayi ane maumbirwo emakemikari akasiyana uye hazvifaniri kumbotaurwa seuwandu hwemethylene blue. Zviyero chaizvo zvedhayi iyi zviri pasi zvikuru. Ongororo yemvura yetsvina yemachira muSouth Africa yakawana anenge 2.3 mg/L mumvura yaipinda uye 3.2 mg/L mumvura yaibuda vanyori vasati vawedzera dhayi mumasampuli kusvika pa30 mg/L kuti vaite zviedzo. Sampuli yemvura yekusukurudza batik muPhuket yaiva neanenge 3.6 mg/L, zvakasimbiswa nespectrophotometry neHPLC. Zviyero izvi zvenhamba imwe chete zviri pasi nekanenge kagumi pezviyero zvekutanga zve30 kusvika 50 mg/L zvinowanzoshandiswa muzvinyorwa zvekubvisa dhayi.

Mutemo wekuverenga zvinyorwa izvi ndeuyu: muzana wekubviswa unotaurwa unotsanangura mashandiro pachinhu chinoshandiswa kuyedza murabhoritari pauwandu hwekutanga hwakataurwa. Kuti uzive kusangana nacho munharaunda, panodiwa data remasampuli rinosiyanisa mhando dzemakemikari arimo. Mareferensi anoenderana nenzira dzekuongorora anotsanangura kuchengetedza musiyano iwoyo uchioneka mumigumisiro inotaurwa.

Kugadzirisa mvura: taura mugumisiro wakayerwa usati wati dhayi yabviswa

Mapoka matatu enzira dzekugadzirisa mvura anobvisa dhayi, uye rimwe nerimwe rine nzira yaro yokutaura kubudirira kupfuura zvinenge zvaitika.

Kunamatira pamusoro pezvinhu uye kusungwa nezvinhu zvinobva kuzvipenyu zvinotamisa dhayi kubva mumvura kuenda kuchinhu chakasimba: kabhoni, ivhu redongo, zvinhu zvinobva kuzvipenyu, kana madhaka. Muganhu wacho ndewekuti dhayi inotamiswa kubva kune chimwe chimiro chezvinhu ichienda kune chimwe, kwete kuchinjwa kwemakemikari ayo. Kunze kwekunge chinhu chakasunga dhayi chaparadzwa kana kuraswa zvakachengeteka, dhayi inenge ichiripo. Uchapupu hunoratidza kuti kusungwa uku kunogona kudzoserwa shure; imwe ongororo yeultrafiltration yakawana kudzivirirwa kwekupfuura kwedhayi kunenge kwakakwana pakutanga kuburikidza nekunamatira pamusoro pezvinhu, ndokuzoburitsa dhayi zvakare nekudzikisa pH kuti isununguke. Imwe bvunzo yemembrane yakaratidza kudzivirirwa kwekupfuura kuchidonha kubva panenge 20 muzana kusvika pedyo ne2 muzana kana nzvimbo dzekunamatira dzazara. Masampuli ekutanga aiyera mashandiro echinhu chinosunga dhayi, kwete emembrane.

Oxidation inoparadza chikamu chinopa ruvara, asi kupera kweruvara hakusi kushandurwa kwakakwana kuva zvinhu zvisiri zveorganic. Fenton oxidation yemisanganiswa ye10 kusvika 30 mg/L yakapa kubviswa kwedhayi kunopfuura 98 muzana muawa rimwe papH 2 kusvika 3, ukuwo kudiwa kweokisijeni pamaitiro emakemikari kwakaderera neanenge 81 muzana chete. Kushandisa ozone kwakawana kuputswa kwakakwana kunooneka mumaminitsi 12 papH 12, nekuderedzwa kweCOD kunosvika 65 muzana. Mukaha pakati penhamba idzi mbiri ndimo munowanikwa zvinhu zveAzure zvinoumbwa pakati pemaitiro uye zvinhu zvinobva muoxidation isina kukwana. Kubviswa kweruvara, kuputswa kwedhayi, kuderedzwa kweCOD, uye kushandurwa kwakakwana kuva zvinhu zvisiri zveorganic migumisiro mina yakasiyana uye haifaniri kumboshandiswa sekunge zvakafanana.

Mamembrane anogona kudzivirira kupfuura kwedhayi nemwero yakakwirira kana mvura inopinzwa ichinyatsodzorwa, kusanganisira imwe bvunzo yenanofiltration murabhoritari yakasvika pedyo nekubviswa kwe99.8 muzana kubva mumvura yaipinzwa ine 100 mg/L. Asi anobudisa mvura ine dhayi yakawanda ichiri kuda kubatwa nemazvo, uye anogona kuvimba muchikamu nekunamatira kwedhayi pamusoro pawo pakutanga kushandiswa. Kusimbiswa kwemashandiro pakushandiswa kukuru inyaya yakasiyana nemugumisiro wemvura inopinzwa yakanyatsodzorwa.

Pakushanda padiki murabhoritari uye pazviedzo zvekutanga zvakati kurei, zvinofanira kuitwa zvakajeka. Chengeta tsvina yedhayi yakaparadzaniswa uye yakanyorwa zvirimo, pane kudira misanganiswa yebhuruu ine dhayi shoma mupombi dzinorasa mvura uchifungidzira kuti nzvimbo yekugadzirisa mvura ichaiputsa nezvipenyu; kunamatira kumadhaka kunogona kuitika, asi kuparadzwa hakuna kuvimbiswa. Matanho anoshanda emidziyo, kupatsanura, uye kurasa anotsanangurwa mugwaro rekubata tsvina yerabhoritari. Mitemo yeruvara rwemvura inoraswa, yakadai semuganhu weIndia we150 PCU wemvura inoraswa pakugadzirwa kwemachira, inodzora ruvara runooneka, kwete uwandu hwemethylene blue. Saka hapana nzira imwe chete inoshanda nguva dzose yekushandura zviyero zveruvara kuva mg/L mumvura yetsvina yakasanganiswa.

Pfupiso yakatendeseka inokwana mundima imwe. Methylene blue inonamatira zvakasimba, inoputswa nechiedza zvishoma nezvishoma pasina rubatsiro, haina mugumisiro webvunzo yakamisikidzwa wekuputswa nezvipenyu wakawanikwa, inoshanduka kuva mhando dzeAzure kana chimiro chisina ruvara chinobva mureduction pane kungonyangarika, inokuvadza zvimwe zvipenyu zvemumvura pasi pe0.1 mg/L uku zvimwe zvichitsungirira makumi emg/L, inowanikwa pauwandu hwenhamba imwe chete yemg/L mumvura shoma dzinoraswa dzakayerwa, uye inobviswa nekusungwa kana oxidation chete kana mugumisiro wakayerwa watsanangurwa nemazvo. Zvimwe zvose zvinongova bhodhoro rerabhoritari rakawedzerwa dhayi rakamirira sampuli kubva munharaunda.