Chinyorwa
Methylene blue sechiratidzo chekusavapo kana kuvapo kweokisijeni: zvinoratidzwa nekuchinja kweruvara
Nyanzvi yerabhoritari inovhara mudziyo wekuchengetera zvinhu pasina okisijeni, yotarisa mutsetse wechiratidzo chemethylene blue nepachivharo, yoona zvainoda kuona. Mutsetse wachinja kubva pabhuruu kuenda pachena. Inonyora kuti basa racho rakaitwa pasina okisijeni yoenderera mberi. Mushure memazuva maviri hapana chinokura pane imwe ndiro, asi tubhu yakavharwa ine muto wekurera zvipenyu zvidiki iri mumudziyo mumwe chete inoratidza kuti yakasangana neokisijeni. Mutsetse waitaura chokwadi. Nyanzvi yacho yaubvunza mubvunzo usiri iwo.
Kuvhiringidzika uku kunobva pakusanzwisisa pfungwa yacho. Chiratidzo chemethylene blue chekusavapo kweokisijeni chinobva paredox, kwete pakusavapo kwezvipenyu zvidiki uye kwete pakusimbisa mashandiro ehurongwa hwose. Kana musiyano uyu wava pachena, mutsetse unova mudziyo unonyatsoratidza chokwadi une basa rimwe rakaganhurirwa.
Pfungwa yacho: zvimiro zviviri zveredox zvinogona kuchinjana
Methylene blue yakanyungudutswa ine zvimiro zviviri. Chimiro chakaitwa oxidation ndiyo cation yebhuruu inozivikanwa. Chimiro chakaitwa reduction, chinonzi leucomethylene blue, hachina ruvara. Pedyo nepH isina kunyanya kuva neasidhi kana kuva nealkali, hafu yereaction yakarerutswa ndeyokuti cation imwe yebhuruu pamwe neproton imwe nemaelectron maviri zvinobudisa molecule imwe yeleuco isina ruvara. Formal potential iri pedyo neplus 11 millivolts ichienzaniswa nestandard hydrogen electrode papH 7, zvichiisa methylene blue padanho rinogona kusvikwa nehurongwa huzhinji hunoita reduction uye rinogona kudzorerwa neokisijeni.
Reduction inoda redox potential yakaderera panzvimbo yacho. Kubvisa okisijeni chete hakuiti izvi nguva dzose. Ongororo dzekutanga dzekusavapo kweokisijeni dzakawana kuti methylene blue yaiva mumvura yakajairika isina okisijeni yaichengeta ruvara rwayo kunze kwekunge paine chinhu chinoita reduction. Dzakaonawo kuti misanganiswa yemuto wedextrose waiva nedhayi ingangoita 0.01 percent yaikurumidza kurasikirwa neruvara pa37 C, asi musanganiswa mumwe chete wakachengetwa pa4 C wairamba uri bhuruu kwezuva rimwe, sezvakataurwa muongororo dzematishu matsva nemamiriro ekurera zvipenyu zvidiki pasina okisijeni. Tembiricha, pH, glucose, ascorbate, thioglycollate, uye basa rezvipenyu zvidiki rinoita reduction zvose zvinotara kana maelectron achiwanika.
Kuitwazve oxidation kunongoda okisijeni. Kana mweya wasvika pachimiro cheleuco, chinodzokera pabhuruu. Zviratidzo zvemazuva ano zvakagadzirwa zvinoshandisa kutenderera uku chaiko: dhayi pamwe nechinhu chinoita reduction uye zvinhu zvinochengetedza musanganiswa wakagadzikana, zvisina ruvara kana okisijeni iri shoma uye zvichidzokera pabhuruu kana zvaiswa mumweya, sezvakaratidzwa muchiratidzo cheokisijeni chemethylene blue chemusanganiswa wedhayi, chinhu chinoita reduction, surfactant, nevhu reclay. Muenzaniso iwoyo wekuyedza waishandisa dhayi ye0.01 millimolar neascorbate kana glucose ye2.0 millimolar papH 11, waisava neruvara kana okisijeni yava pedyo ne0.5 volume percent, uye waikwanisa kusiyanisa okisijeni iri pasi pe0.1 percent neiri pamusoro pe0.5 percent mukamuri yekuyedzera.
Saka pfungwa yemashandiro acho iri nyore. Bhuruu inoreva kuti nzvimbo yechiratidzo yakaitwa oxidation. Kusava neruvara kunoreva kuti nzvimbo yechiratidzo yasvika pamamiriro anoita reduction ane okisijeni shoma. Kuchinja uku kunogona kudzokerana, kunoitika panzvimbo yacho chete, uye kunobva pamakemikari. Pachako hakutauri chinhu pamusoro pezvipenyu zvidiki.
Mashandiro emutsetse wechiratidzo chemethylene blue mumudziyo usina okisijeni
Mutsetse wechiratidzo chemethylene blue wemudziyo usina okisijeni inzvimbo diki inoitikira reaction, inoiswa mumweya uri mumudziyo umo inogona kuonekwa pasina kuvhura mudziyo wacho. Mhando dzinotengeswa dzinosiyana: mitsara yepepa, mahwendefa anonyungudutswa kana kunyoroveswa pakugadzirira, uye mapepa matsva akagadzirwa nezvinhu zvakabatanidzwa. Dzimwe dzinoda donhwe rimwe remvura yakacheneswa nedistillation kuti nzvimbo yereaction itange kushanda. Dzimwe midziyo yakaoma inofanira kuramba yakaoma. Pepa remirayiridzo yechigadzirwa chacho ndiro rinofanira kuteverwa, nokuti kuwedzera mvura, kuiswa kwacho, uye nguva yekuverenga chikamu chemakemikari acho.
Pakushandisa chaiko, kuverenga kunotarisirwa kune mhedziso mbiri. Bhuruu inoreva kuti okisijeni ichiripo kana kuti mamiriro panzvimbo yemutsetse haasi kuita reduction yakakwana. Chena kana kusava neruvara kunoreva kuti mamiriro eredox asina okisijeni asimbiswa panzvimbo yemutsetse. Mamwe mapepa anotengeswa anowedzerwa pigment tsvuku kumashure, saka ruvara rwawo rwekupedzisira mushure mereduction runenge rwupingi panzvimbo pechena. Ziva ruvara rwekupedzisira rwunovimbiswa nechigadzirwa chako usati wachitonga.
Nguva inosiyana zvichienderana nehurongwa. Mune imwe gadziriro yerudzi rweGasPak, ruvara rwakatanga kupera mukati meawa imwe uye rwakapera zvachose mukati memaawa mashoma, asi ongororo yakaenzanisa zvinhu mumamiriro aidzorwa patembiricha yemumba yaida maawa anopfuura matanhatu pamethylene blue. Redox potential yezvinhu zvekurera zvipenyu zvidiki muongororo iyoyo yakasvika panenge paminus 100 millivolts mukati me60 kusvika ku100 maminitsi, dhayi isati yapedza kuchinja, uye yaiva pasi zvikuru peminus 200 millivolts mutsetse pawakazosava neruvara zvachose. Chiratidzo chinosarira shure kwekuchinja kwemweya. Mutsetse webhuruu paawa imwe haurati kukundikana, uye mutsetse muchena paawa yechitanhatu unotsanangura mamiriro emutsetse paawa yechitanhatu.
Paiswa mutsetse panokoshawo nokuda kwechikonzero chimwe chete. Chengeta mutsetse munzvimbo ine mweya iri pamusoro pezviri mumudziyo, uchionekwa nepachivharo, uye uri kure nepamusoro peagar nezvinhu zvekurera zvipenyu zvidiki. Unoratidza mamiriro epanzvimbo yauri chaipo. Kana ukauisa wakatsamira pamadziro anotonhora, ukaufukidza nendiro, kana kurega mvura yakaita madonhwe ichiunyudza, unoratidza mamiriro epanzvimbo diki iyoyo panzvimbo pemamiriro emudziyo wose.
Zvinoratidzwa nemutsetse nezvausingaratidzi
Funga nezvechiratidzo chemethylene blue mumudziyo usina okisijeni sesensor imwe iri panzvimbo imwe. Chinosimbisa mamiriro eredox neokisijeni panzvimbo yacho yereaction, ayo anogona kumiririra zvakanaka mweya uri pamusoro pezviri mumudziyo kana kusanganiswa kwemweya nekusvika pakuenzana zvakakwana. Zvose zvinopfuura ipapo kufungidzira, uye kufungidzira kunoda humbowo hwakasiyana.
Mutsetse usina ruvara hausimbisi kusavapo kwezvipenyu zvidiki. Kusavapo kwezvipenyu zvidiki zvinokwanisa kurarama kunosimbiswa nemaitiro akaongororwa ekuuraya zvipenyu zvose uye nemaongororo ekudzora anosimbisa kurera kwezvipenyu zvidiki. Mudziyo unogona kusava neokisijeni zvachose asi uchiri wakasvibiswa nezvipenyu zvidiki, kana kusava nezvipenyu zvidiki zvachose asi uchiri neokisijeni.
Hausimbisi chikamu chimwe nechimwe chehurongwa hwekurera zvipenyu zvidiki. Okisijeni yakanyunguduka mukati metubhu yakavharwa, okisijeni yakavharirwa mukati meagar yakadzika, kusiyana kwemamiriro kubva pane imwe nzvimbo kuenda pane imwe mumudziyo wakazara, uye pakabuda mweya panovhurika mushure mekuverenga zvose hazvionekwi nemutsetse mumwe. Ongororo dzemamiriro epanzvimbo dzakaratidza nzvimbo dzebhuruu nedzisina ruvara dzakatevedzana mumudziyo mumwe chete, umo kupinda kweokisijeni nebasa rinoita reduction zvaienzana nenzira dzakasiyana. Nzvimbo imwe chete haigoni kusimbisa mamiriro enzvimbo yose.
Hauratidzi kuti kusavapo kweokisijeni kwakaramba kuripo pasina kukanganiswa. Mutsetse unoverengwa kamwe chete pakugadzirira hautauri chinhu pamusoro peawa yemakumi maviri. Ongororo dzemazuva ano dzemhando yemamiriro asina okisijeni dzinoyambira kuti zviratidzo zvemakemikari zvinotsanangura mweya panguva yazvinoverengwa uye zvinogona kutaridzika zvakanaka kunyange paine okisijeni shoma yasara. Kunyora mamiriro nguva dzose kana panguva dzakatarwa dzekutarisa, kwete kungotarisa kamwe pakupedzisira, ndiko kunobatanidza zvinoratidzwa nemutsetse nenguva yekuchengeta zvipenyu zvidiki kuti zvikure.
Kuti unzwisise mamwe makemikari anoita kuti ruvara ruchinje, ona kutenderera kwemethylene blue pakati pechimiro chakaitwa oxidation nechakaitwa reduction. Kuti uone kuti okisijeni inokanganisa sei mabatirwo emasampuli zvakafara, ona kudzora okisijeni mubasa remicroscopy nerekurera zvipenyu zvidiki.
Dhayagiramu yokuchengeta pedyo nemudziyo
Mufananidzo uri pazasi unopfupisa chinyorwa ichi kuva gwaro rimwe rokutarisa uri patafura yerabhoritari. Unoratidza mamiriro matatu emutsetse mumwe chete, nzira mbiri dzereaction, uye muganhu pakati pehumbowo hunopiwa nechiratidzo nekusimbiswa kwehurongwa hwose.
| Zvaonekwa | Dudziro inobvumirwa nehumbowo | Danho rinotevera rinodiwa |
|---|---|---|
| Mutsetse uri bhuruu mushure menguva yakatarwa nechigadzirwa | Kusavapo kweokisijeni hakuna kusimbiswa panzvimbo yemutsetse | Tarisa kuvharwa, kutanga kushanda nekukwana kwesacheti, catalyst painoshandiswa, kunyoroveswa kwemutsetse nenguva yaunopera kushanda; usati wadudzira zviri kukura |
| Mutsetse unopera ruvara kwemaawa wozoramba usina ruvara | Mamiriro anoita reduction asimbiswa panzvimbo yemutsetse panguva iyoyo | Nyora nguva neruvara; ramba uchitarisa panguva dzakatarwa pakuchengeta zvipenyu zvidiki kuti zvikure |
| Mutsetse hauna ruvara usati wavhura, wova bhuruu mushure mekuvhura | Kuitwazve oxidation kunotarisirwa kana wasangana nemweya | Chengeta kuverenga kwawaita usati wavhura semhedziso yekupedzisira; usazoti basa racho rakakundikana nokuda kwezvaitika wapedza |
| Mutsetse hauna ruvara asi tubhu inoita kunge yakaitwa oxidation | Kuverenga kunongoshanda panzvimbo yemutsetse | Ongorora tubhu nehumbowo hwayo pachayo; tarisa kusiyana kwemamiriro nenzvimbo, okisijeni yakanyunguduka, uye kuwanda kwezvakaiswa mumudziyo |
| Chero ruvara rwemutsetse paine kukura kana pasina kukura | Hapana mhedziso pamusoro pekusavapo kwezvipenyu zvidiki kana kugona kwazvo kurarama | Shandisa maongororo ekudzora akasiyana ekusavapo kwezvipenyu zvidiki nekugona kwazvo kurarama |
Zvinokundikana zvinochengeta mutsetse uri bhuruu, kana kupa chivimbo chisina hwaro
Zvizhinji zvinokundikana zvinowira mumapoka mashanu. Rimwe nerimwe rine zviratidzo zvaro.
Mudziyo kana homwe inobudisa mweya inoramba ichiunza okisijeni kunzvimbo yereaction. Mutsetse unoramba uri bhuruu kana kudzokera pabhuruu mushure mekunge ruvara rwapera. Tarisa chivharo, chisimbiso, zvikochekero, nepanzvimbo dzinobatana pakuvhara usati wapa mhosva kumakemikari.
Chinhu chinogadzira gasi chapera simba kana chisina kutangwa zvakanaka hachibvisi okisijeni. Mumahurongwa ekare aitangwa nemvura, kusavapo kwemadonhwe emvura panenge pa10 kusvika ku15 maminitsi uye kusadziya kwechivharo panenge pa20 kusvika ku40 maminitsi zvaiva yambiro dzekutanga muhurongwa ihwohwo. Sacheti diki zvikuru mumudziyo wakaremerwa nezvakawandisa inokundikana nenzira imwe chete.
Catalyst yakashatiswa nezvimwe zvinhu inongova nyaya mumahurongwa ekare ehydrogen pamwe nepalladium, umo palladium inobatanidza hydrogen neokisijeni kuita mvura. Unyoro nehydrogen sulfide zvinoishatisa. Sacheti zhinji dzemazuva ano hadzishandisi palladium zvachose, saka usashandisa nzira iyi yokugadzirisa painenge isingashandi.
Mutsetse wakashatiswa kana kubatwa zvisina kunaka unokundikana pasina zviratidzo zviri nyore kuona. Dhayi nechinhu chinoita reduction zvinorasikirwa nekugona kudzokera pazvimiro zvazvo pazvinenge zvakachengetwa, chinova chimwe chezvikonzero zvakaita kuti pagadzirwe misanganiswa yakabatanidzwa inodzivisa kupera kweruvara nechiedza uye kurasikirwa nekushanda pakuchengetwa. Ramba zvinhu zvakapfuura nguva yazvinofanira kushandiswa, zvine ruvara rwekutanga rusina kujairika, uye mitsara yakanyoroveswa painofanira kuva yakaoma kana yakasiiwa yakaoma painoda kunyoroveswa.
Kusiyana kwemamiriro nenzvimbo kana kunonoka kwekuchinja kunotsausa anoverenga, kwete makemikari acho. Mweya usina kusanganiswa zvakanaka pamusoro pezviri mumudziyo, tubhu dzakavharwa dzine okisijeni yakanyunguduka, uye zvinhu zvekurera zvipenyu zvidiki zvisina kunyatsooma chimwe nechimwe zvinochengeta mamiriro azvo kwenguva yakareba kupfuura zvinoratidzwa nemutsetse. Mitsara yeresazurin inopfuura nepapingi yozoshaya ruvara uye inowanzotengeswa ichinzi inokurumidza kushanda, asi miganhu yayo inoenderana nemusanganiswa wayo uye haishandi pamethylene blue.
Maongororo ekudzora nenzira yekuverenga yakakodzera kutevedzera
Maongororo maviri ekudzora asingadhuri anobata kuverenga kusina kururama kuzhinji. Chengeta mutsetse mutsva wekudzora mumweya wemumba panguva yauri kuita basa racho. Mutsetse wemethylene blue unoshanda unoramba uri bhuruu ipapo. Zvimwe zviratidzo zviri mupakeji zvinotanga zvine ruvara rwakareruka zvobva zvaita bhuruu pakuvhurwa, izvo pachazvo zviri ongororo yekushanda kwazvo. Uye nguva nenguva isa mutsetse mutsva mugadziriro isina okisijeni yakambosimbiswa kushanda. Unofanira kusvika paruvara rwekupedzisira rwereduction rwakasimbiswa mukati menguva yakatarwa nechigadzirwa. Kana imwe yeongororo mbiri idzi ikasaita zvinotarisirwa, tsiva boka rezvigadzirwa racho usati wavimba nekuverenga kwemudziyo.
Nzira yekuverenga inobva pamashandiro acho. Isa mutsetse munzvimbo umo mweya uri pamusoro pezviri mumudziyo unogona kuongororwa pasina kuvhura mudziyo, uchitevera pepa rechigadzirwa panyaya yekubata madziro nekunyorovesa. Nyora ruvara rwekutanga, nguva yakavharwa mudziyo, uye ruvara panguva yekutarisa yakatarwa nechigadzirwa. Kana mudziyo uchibvumira, nyora kuti chiratidzo chakaramba chiri pachimiro chereduction panguva dzakatarwa dzekutarisa pakuchengeta zvipenyu zvidiki kuti zvikure. Nyora ruvara rwekupedzisira nguva pfupi chaizvo usati wavhura. Ruvara irworwo rwusati rwavhura ndiyo mhedziso yekupedzisira yebasa iroro. Mushure mekuvhura, tarisira kudzokera pabhuruu uye usarega kuchinja ikoko kuchichinja zvawakanyora kare.
Kana mutsetse ukaramba uri bhuruu mushure menguva yawo yakatarwa, tora kusavapo kweokisijeni sekusina kusimbiswa. Ongorora zvinotevedzana nenzira iyi: kuvharwa, sacheti, catalyst kana iripo, kunyoroveswa kwechiratidzo nenguva yacho yokupera kushanda, wozotarisa mashandiro echiratidzo uchichienzanisa nemutsetse wekudzora uri mumweya. Kukura kana kusakura kunofanira kududzirwa chete kana mamiriro emweya asimbiswa, pachishandiswa gadziriro yekurera zvipenyu zvidiki pasina okisijeni nemaongororo ekudzora ezvipenyu anoenderana nebasa racho.
Mutsetse unofanirwa kuva nezwi rekupedzisira panyaya yaunogona kuratidza. Ungava bhuruu kana usina ruvara, unopindura mubvunzo mumwe pamusoro penzvimbo imwe panguva imwe. Uubvunze mubvunzo iwoyo panguva yakatarwa, uine maongororo ekudzora padivi pawo, uye unopindura zvakavimbika. Kana ukauubvunza nezvekusavapo kwezvipenyu zvidiki, nezvetubhu imwe neimwe, kana nezvenguva yose yekuchengeta zvipenyu zvidiki kuti zvikure nokungotarisa kamwe chete, hapana makemikari echiratidzo anogona kuita kuti kuverenga ikoko kuve kwakarurama.