Chinyorwa
Methyl red nemethylene blue: mashandiro echiratidzi chaTashiro
Chiratidzi chakasanganiswa chaTashiro chinosanganisa methyl red nemethylene blue kuti zvive nyore kuona panomiswa titrasheni yeasidhi nebhesi. Methyl red ndiyo inopa mhinduro inoenderana nepH; methylene blue inoshandura kusiyana kwemavara anobuda. Kuchinja kubva pagirini kuenda kuvaireti mumusanganiswa uyu hakufaniri kududzirwa sokuti dhayi yebhuruu iri kuita shanduko yayo inozivikanwa ye reduction ichiva isina ruvara.
Magadzirirwo emusanganiswa anokosha. Zita riri pabhodhoro rinoratidza boka rezviratidzi, asi rabhoritari ichiri kuda kuziva zvinoumba musanganiswa, kuchinja kwemavara kwakanyorwa, uye nzira inotsanangura nguva yokumisa kuwedzera titrant.
Zvinopiwa nedhayi imwe neimwe
Methyl red chiratidzi cheasidhi nebhesi. Chimiro chayo chine purotoni nechisina purotoni zvinotora chiedza chinooneka zvakasiyana, saka kuchinja kwehuwandu hwezvimiro izvi kunochinja ruvara apo pH inochinja. Somuenzaniso, Sigma-Aldrich inotsanangura kuchinja kubva papinki kuenda kuyero pakati pepH 4.2–6.2 kwerijenti yayo yemethyl red.
Kuwedzera chinhu chebhuruu kunochinja zvinoonekwa neziso: divi rakatsvukuruka rinoita serakanyanya kuvaireti, uku divi rine yero parinosanganiswa nebhuruu richioneka riri girini. Izvi zvinowanzotsanangurwa sokuvharidzira chiratidzi. Musiyano unokosha uri pakati pechinhu chinopindura huasidhi nechinhu chinoshandura maonekero emhinduro yacho. Kusanganisa madhayi hakushanduri methylene blue kuita mudziyo unoyera pH mumamiriro ose.
Enzanisa mamiriro aya matatu usati wadudzira ruvara:
| Hurongwa hwechiratidzi | Chii chinobudisa chiratidzo? | Zvinganzwisiswa nemucherechedzi |
|---|---|---|
| Methyl red yoga | Kuchinja kwechimiro cheasidhi nebhesi | Mushonga wapfuura nemunzvimbo yepH inoshanduka chiratidzi ichocho |
| Methyl red pamwe nemethylene blue | Mhinduro yepH inoonekwa kuburikidza nemavara akasanganiswa | Chiratidzi chakasanganiswa chasvika pamaonekero anoenderana nemagadzirirwo acho |
| Methylene blue muhurongwa hunokonzera reduction | Reduction yedhayi yebhuruu, ichigona kuteverwa nereoxidation | Maitikiro e redox ari kuitika; izvi hazviratidzi panomiswa titrasheni |
Mutsara wokupedzisira unotsanangura kumwe kuedza kwakasiyana. Mukuratidzira kweOxford kwebhodhoro rebhuruu, gurukosi iri mumamiriro ane arikari inoita reduction yemethylene blue kuti ive isina ruvara, uye okisijeni inopinzwa inodzosa ruvara rwebhuruu. Mamiriro iwayo anotsanangura kutenderera kwe redox, kwete mhinduro yeasidhi nebhesi inotarisirwa pachiratidzi chaTashiro. Musiyano mukuru uyu unotsanangurwa mumaitikiro e redox emethylene blue.
Musanganiswa wakanyorwa nemafambiro ekuchinja kweruvara rwawo
Gwaro rehunyanzvi reITW Reagents rechigadzirwa 282430, chinyorwa che5 chaGumiguru 2018, rinotsanangura 100 mg yemethyl red ne50 mg yemethylene blue, pamwe ne10.4 mL yemvura neetanori isina mvura inokwana kuti zvose zviite 100 mL. Rinoti chigadzirwa chacho chinoshandiswa patitrasheni dzeamoniya uye rinonyora kuti chinova tsvuku-vaireti papH 4.4 uye girini papH 5.8.
Izvi zvinopa mufananidzo unotevera unoenderana nemagadzirirwo emusanganiswa uyu:
pH 4.4, tsvuku-vaireti → pH ichikwira → pH 5.8, girini
pH 5.8, girini → pH ichidzika → pH 4.4, tsvuku-vaireti
Museve unotsanangura mafambiro mukati menzvimbo inoshanduka chiratidzi. Hautauri kuti mugumo mumwe chete wenzvimbo iyi ndiwo panofanira kumiswa ongororo dzose. Gwaro racho haripi poindi chaiyo yokumisa ine ruvara rwepfumbu, saka pH yepoindi yepfumbu inoshanda kumisanganiswa yose haigoni kutorwa murondedzero iyi.
Cherechedzawo kuti girini papH 5.8 ichiri kuratidza huasidhi mumamiriro akajairika emishonga yemvura. Kungodaidza mavara acho kuti “asidhi” uye “arikari” kunogona kuviga izvi: divi regirini ndiro divi rine pH yakakwirira munzvimbo inoshanduka ruvara, kwete uchapupu hwokuti sampuli iri pamusoro pepH 7.
Zvinoyerwa chaizvo netitrasheni yeamoniya
Chiratidzi chinoratidza nguva yokutora muverengo pabureti. Huwandu hwechinhu chiri kuongororwa hunobva pahuwandu hwetitrant hwakashandiswa hwakayerwa, kusimba kwayo kwakasimbiswa nemuyero, uye stoyikiometri yemaitikiro acho. Ruvara rwegirini rwakanyanya kusimba haruyereri, rwoga, huwandu hwakawanda hweamoniya.
Somuenzaniso chaiwo wenzira, EPA Method 350.2 yekare yakabudiswazve neNEMI inoparadzanisa amoniya nedistillation ichiiunganidza muasidhi yebhoriki, yobva yayera huwandu hwayo netitrasheni ichishandisa asidhi yesarufuriki ine kusimba kwakasimbiswa nemuyero. Chiratidzi chayo chakasanganiswa chinoshandisa zvikamu zviviri zvehuwandu hwemushonga wakachengetwa we0.2% methyl red nechikamu chimwe chemushonga wakachengetwa we0.2% methylene blue, zvose zviri mu95% etanori. Nzira yacho inorayira muongorori kuti aenzanise panomiswa titrasheni nesampuli isina chinhu chiri kuongororwa, ine huwandu hunoenderana hwemvura neasidhi yebhoriki.
Resipi iyi nemusanganiswa unotengeswa watsanangurwa pamusoro zvine reshiyo imwe chete yeuremu hwemadhayi, asi kusimba kwemishonga nezvinoumba zvinonyungudutsa zvakasiyana. Saka kuenzana kwereshiyo hakuna kukwana kuva uchapupu hwokuti mabhodhoro maviri anogona kutsivana. Nzira yacho inoyerawo naitirojeni iri muamoniya uye inobvisa pachena naitirojeni yose inoyerwa nenzira yeKjeldahl pane zvainobata. Kushandisa chiratidzi chimwe chete hakuiti kuti nzira mbiri dzokuyera naitirojeni dzive ongororo imwe chete.
Shandisa gwaro iroro kunzwisisa mafambisirwo eongororo akatsanangurwa, kwete kufungidzira kuti chinyorwa charo chekare ndicho chinotonga zvinodiwa pakushuma zvazvino. Nzira yakagamuchirwa nerabhoritari inofanira kudoma chinyorwa chinoshanda nemaitiro acho ekudzora kunaka kwemhedzisiro.
Panomiswa titrasheni nepoindi yekuenzana kwemakemikari zvakasiyana
IUPAC inotsanangura titrasheni nepanomiswa titrasheni maererano nokuziva kuti maitikiro apera; poindi yekuenzana kwemakemikari inoenderana nokuenzana chaiko kwemakemikari. Chiratidzo chinooneka chinobatsira kana chiri pedyo zvakakwana nepoindi iyoyo kuti chizadzise chinangwa chenzira yacho.
Ngatitii vaongorori vaviri vanoita titrasheni yemasampuli akafanana. Mumwe anomira apo mushonga unoenderana nesampuli isina chinhu chiri kuongororwa yakatsanangurwa. Mumwe anoenderera kusvikira vaireti yakanyanya kusimba yaoneka. Muongorori wechipiri asarudza imwe poindi yokumisa uye anogona kushandisa titrant yakawandisa. Kubvumirana nezita reruvara rwokupedzisira hakuvimbisi kubvumirana pahuwandu hwakayerwa.
Ndosaka gwaro rokudzidzisa richifanira kutsanangura chinoenzanisirwa nacho, mamiriro ekuona, uye chinodiwa nenzira yacho pamusoro penguva inofanira kuramba ichioneka chiratidzo. Mufananidzo uri pachiratidziri unogona kutsanangura mafambiro ekuchinja, asi chinoenzanisirwa nacho murabhoritari ndicho chinotungamirira sarudzo pakuita basa.
Zvinofanira kuongororwa usati watsiva chiratidzi kana kutsvaga chiri kukanganisa
Shandisa pepa iri rokuongorora kana ruvara ruchiratidzika serusina kunaka kana pachinzi pashandiswe rimwe bhodhoro:
| Zvekuongorora | Zvekunyora | Nei zvichikanganisa dudziro |
|---|---|---|
| Kuzivikanwa kwerijenti | Mazita emadhayi ose ari maviri nekodhi yechigadzirwa | Chiratidzi chakasanganiswa chine zita rakafanana chinogona kuva nemakemikari akasiyana |
| Magadzirirwo emusanganiswa | Kusimba kwemadhayi, reshiyo, uye chinonyungudutsa | Reshiyo yoga inosiya misiyano inokosha isina kutsanangurwa |
| Maitirwo | Nzira, chinyorwa chayo, kuwedzerwa kwechiratidzi, uye mafambiro etitrasheni | Rondedzero yepabhodhoro haitsananguri ongororo yose |
| Chinoenzanisirwa nacho panomiswa | Sampuli isina chinhu chiri kuongororwa kana chimwe chinoenzanisirwa nacho chinodiwa, nemutemo wokumisa | “Vaireti” inogona kureva maonekero akawanda akasiyana neziso |
| Maitiro asingatarisirwi | Kana kuchinja kuchitevera kuwedzerwa kwetitrant, kusiiwa kwakangomira, kana kupinzwa kwemhepo | Kutenderera kwekupera kweruvara kunoenderana nenguva kunoda ongororo inopfuura pH |
Kana sampuli isina chinhu chiri kuongororwa ikatadza kupa zvinotarisirwa, kana ruvara rukachinja zvisina tsananguro, tora izvi sechikonzero chokuongorora rijenti nenzira yacho usati washuma mhedzisiro. Kuwedzera imwe dhayi kusvikira sampuli yava kutaridzika sezvawakajaira kunochinja mamiriro ekucherechedza uye kunogona kuviga dambudziko rekutanga.
Pakusarudza basa rakakodzera redhayi mune imwe ongororo, tanga nemethylene blue mukuongorora kweanalitiki. Patitrasheni dzaTashiro, nyora pamwe chete magadzirirwo emusanganiswa wedhayi, panomiswa titrasheni zvichibva pane zvinooneka, uye maverengero eongororo.