Chinyorwa
Kutsanangurwa kwemadhayi emethylene blue: raLoeffler rine arikari nerepolychrome
Mabhodhoro matatu anogona kugara akatevedzana pabhenji rekuisa ruvara, rimwe nerimwe riine zita rerudzi rwemethylene blue. Rimwe rinoti methylene blue yakanyungudutswa mumvura 1%. Rimwe rinoti methylene blue yaLoeffler ine arikari. Rimwe rinoti polychrome methylene blue. Mushandi akabatikana anotora riri pedyo naye. Muenzaniso wakazorwa pasiraidhi unobva watora ruvara rusina kusimba, kana bhuruu rakafanana pose, kana mavara epepuru asingatarisirwi, zvobva zvanzi dambudziko riri pamuenzaniso wacho.
Iri idambudziko remagadzirirwo emusanganiswa, kwete remuenzaniso. Misanganiswa iyi mitatu ine madhayi ane ukama asi inoshandisa misimboti yakasiyana yekuisa ruvara. Mumwe idhayi rakajairika rine chaji yakanaka papH iri pedyo nepakati. Mumwe ndiro dhayi iroro rakawedzerwa simba nearikari. Mumwe hausisiri dhayi rimwe chete, asi musanganiswa wakaitwa oxidation nemaune. Kana ukashandisa usiri iwo, musimboti wekuisa ruvara unoshanduka uchiri kushanda.
Mhinduro pfupi
Methylene blue yakajairika yakanyungudutswa mumvura ndiyo yekutangira: inenge 1% yedhayi mumvura, iri dhayi rakapfava rine chaji yakanaka rekutarisa maumbirwo emabhakitiriya uye rekushandisa pakuongorora nemaikorosikopu kazhinji. Methylene blue yaLoeffler ine arikari inowedzera chitsama chidiki chakayerwa chearikari yakasanganiswa nemvura padayi rakachengetwa muarukohoro rozoderedzwa kusimba nemvura. Izvi zvinokwidziridza pH uye zvinoita kuti dhayi rine chaji yakanaka ribatane zvakasimba nezvikamu zvemabhakitiriya zvine hunhu hweasidhi. Polychrome methylene blue imethylene blue yakakudzwa nemaune neoxidation muarikari, saka bhodhoro rinenge riine musanganiswa wemahomologu akabviswa mapoka emethyl (azure A, azure B, azure C), thionin, nemethylene violet, pamwe nemethylene blue inenge yasara. Musanganiswa iwoyo unopa zvikamu zvakasiyana mavara akasiyana.
Kana ukayeuka mutsara mumwe chete: kuwedzera arikari kunoshandura kusimba kwekuiswa kweruvara, asi kugadzira polychrome kunoshandura mavara anoiswa.
Methylene blue yakajairika yemumvura: yekuenzanisira
Musanganiswa wakapfava kupfuura yose imethylene blue yakanyungudutswa mumvura, kazhinji pa1% w/v, isina arikari uye isina kuitwa oxidation. Chikamu chine ruvara iion yemethylthioninium ine chaji yakanaka, ichiperekedzwa neion yechloride ine chaji yakapesana. Idhayi diki rakati sandara remhuri yephenothiazine, rinotsanangurwa murekodhi rePubChem remethylene blue semethylthioninium chloride. Seion ine chaji yakanaka, rinobatana nenhevedzano dzephosphate dzinoumba musana wemanucleic acid uye nemapoka ane hunhu hweasidhi pamadziro emasero emabhakitiriya, richipa masero ruvara rwebhuruu ruchionekwa parutivi rwakapfava.
Chakanakira dhayi iri ndechekuti zvinobuda mariri zvinotarisirika. Manyukireasi nemabhakitiriya zvinoonekwa zviri bhuruu. Musiyano weruvara hauna kunyanya kusimba. Tupenyu tusinganyatsooneki tunogona kutora ruvara rusina kusimba, uye ndipo chaipo paida kugadziriswa naLoeffler. Kuti uzive nezvemhuri yakakura yemadhayi akareruka emabhakitiriya inosanganisira musanganiswa uyu, ona pfupiso yekuisa ruvara pamabhakitiriya nedhayi rimwe chete. Kucherechedza zita chairo redhayi kuchiri kukosha pano: methyl blue imorekuru yakasiyana zvachose, sezvinotsanangurwa mumethyl blue ichienzaniswa nemethylene blue, saka kutsvaga mukatalogi uchishandisa zita reruvara chete kunogona kukuunzira dhayi remhando isiri iyo.
Methylene blue yaLoeffler ine arikari: dhayi rimwe chete, rawedzerwa simba
Resipi yechinyakare yaLoeffler inosanganisa methylene blue yakachengetwa muarukohoro nearikari yakaderedzwa kusimba mumvura. Mabhuku ekudzidzisa anotsanangura kushandiswa kwe0.3 g yedhayi mu30 mL ye95% ethanol pamwe ne100 mL ye0.01% potassium hydroxide yemumvura (kana zvakaenzana nazvo, 30 mL yemethylene blue yakanyungudutswa muarukohoro kusvika pakuzara, 100 mL yemvura yakacheneswa nedistillation, uye 1 mL ye1% KOH). Izvi zvinopa musanganiswa wekushandisa une dhayi rinenge 0.3% uye pH ine arikari zvakajeka. Misanganiswa inotengeswa inoshandisa musimboti mumwe chete, uye katalogi yeThermo Fisher yemadhayi emicrobiology inonyora methylene blue yaLoeffler ine arikari pamwe nemhando yepolychrome neyemumvura sezvinhu zvakasiyana zvekatalogi, chimwe nechimwe chine mashandisirwo acho.
Arikari ndiyo pfungwa huru inoita kuti izvi zvishande. Kukwidziridza pH kunobvisa mapurotoni mumapoka ecarboxyl nephosphate ari pamuenzaniso, kuchiwedzera kuwanda kwenzvimbo dzine chaji yakaipa. Panguva imwe chete, ethanol iri mumusanganiswa wedhayi unochengetwa inoita kuti dhayi rirambe rakanyunguduka zvakakwana, kuitira kuti risvike panzvimbo idzodzo semamorekuru akazvimirira. Mhedzisiro yacho ndeyekuti mabhakitiriya anotora ruvara nekukurumidza uye rwakasimba kupfuura rwaanowana nedhayi remumvura rine pH yepakati, achiratidza tumiti nemabhakitiriya eraundi zvine bhuruu rakadzika rinowanzoonekwa pamuenzaniso wemabhakitiriya wakazorwa pasiraidhi. Nguva yekuisa ruvara inowanzova miniti imwe kusvika kumatatu, yozoteverwa nekusukurudza nemvura.
Kushandiswa kwaro kwechinyakare kuri paCorynebacterium diphtheriae yakakuriswa paLoeffler serum medium: tumiti tutete, kazhinji tune magumo akaita setsvimbo ine musoro wakakora, tune zvimedu zveBabes-Ernst zvinotora ruvara rwemetachromatic rwakasimba uye zvine polyphosphate yakachengetwa. Kubatanidzwa kwenzvimbo yekukurisa iyi nedhayi iri kunobva munhoroondo, sezvo zvose zvichinzi zvakagadzirwa nenyanzvi imwe chete yemabhakitiriya, uye kubuda pachena kwezvimedu izvi ndiko kunobatsira pakuziva zviri mumuenzaniso. Kunze kwebasa rediphtheria, dhayi iri rinoshanda pakupa ruvara kumienzaniso yemabhakitiriya yakazorwa kubva mutsika dzakakuriswa, pakutarisa maumbirwo eNeisseria mumienzaniso yekiriniki yakazorwa, uye pese panenge pasingadiwi kuisa ruvara kweGram asi bhuruu remumvura rakajairika richinyanya kusajeka. Idhayi reruvara rumwe chete. Zvose zvine hunhu hweasidhi zvinotora mumwe mwero webhuruu. Kana maitiro akarongwa achida mavara ekusiyanisa zvikamu, arikari yoga haigoni kuapa.
Yambiro imwe yekushanda: misanganiswa yedhayi ine arikari inokanganisika uye inoita madonhwe akasimba paichengetwa uye painotora carbon dioxide. Marabhoritari anogadzira zvitsama zvisina kukura kana kutenga musanganiswa uri mukatalogi achitevedzera nguva yaunogara uchikodzera kushandiswa, pane kuramba achishandisa bhodhoro rekare rava kuisa tsvina yakagadzika pasiraidhi yega yega.
Polychrome methylene blue: zita rimwe, madhayi akawanda
Polychrome methylene blue inotangira padhayi rimwe chete asi ichiiswa muoxidation inodzorwa muarikari, iyo yainzi kare kukudza kana kugadzira polychrome. Kuchembera muarikari, kupiswa necarbonate, kana kuitwa oxidation nezvinhu zvakaita sedichromate zvinobvisa mapoka emethyl zvishoma nezvishoma pamapoka edimethylamino. Chinobuda musanganiswa: methylene blue yasara pamwe neazure B (yabviswa methyl imwe), azure A neazure C (zvabviswa mamwe mapoka emethyl), thionin (yabviswa mapoka emethyl ose), uye zvimwe zvinobuda muoxidation zvemhuri yemethylene violet. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chine ruvara rwacho uye chinofarira kubatana nemhando dzacho dzenyama dzemuviri. Saka musanganiswa uyu unoisa ruvara rwemetachromatic: manyukireasi, zvimedu, mamucin, necartilage chimwe nechimwe zvinotora mavara akasiyana kubva pabhuruu kusvika pakatsvuka-yepepuru.
Kemisitiri iyi ndiyo imwe chete iri shure kwemadhayi eropa anozivikanwa zvikuru. Vashandi vekutanga vakaona kuti methylene blue yakawedzerwa arikari yaipa manyukireasi etupukanana twemalaria mavara epepuru, asi misanganiswa yavo yakakudzwa mumvura yakanga isina kugadzikana uye yaiita madonhwe akasimba mumazuva mashomanana. Ongororo yekuti dhayi repepuru reropa rakagadzirwa sei inorondedzera kuti Malachowski naRomanowsky vakashandisa sei chiitiko ichi vakazvimirira muna 1891, kuti methanol yakazounzwa sei kuti igadzikise dhayi rakanga radonha uye isimbise mienzaniso yakazorwa pasiraidhi pasina kupisa, uye kuti Giemsa akazogadzira sei musanganiswa unotevedzera zviyero zvakafanana, achishandisa azure B yakayerwa pamwe neeosin uye glycerol yekugadzikisa. Madhayi emazuva ano emhando yeGiemsa anobva zvakananga mupolychrome methylene blue yakasanganiswa neeosin, mubatanidzwa unounza chiitiko cheRomanowsky. Kuti uwane tsananguro yakadzama yekubatanidzwa neeosin uye yechikamu cheazure B, ona madhayi emhando yeRomanowsky nekudyidzana kweazure B neeosin.
Nekuti iri musanganiswa, polychrome methylene blue ndiyo ine kuenzaniswa kushoma kwezviyero pakati pemhando idzi nhatu pachayo. Kuenzana kwemavara ayo kunoenderana nenzira yeoxidation uye kuti oxidation yacho yasvika papi. Ndokusaka vatengesi vezvinhu zvehistology vachiiisa sechigadzirwa chakasiyana chine kuyedzwa kwacho kwekushanda, kwete seLoeffler yakachembera. Mashandisirwo akajairika anosanganisira kuratidza zvimedu zvemasero emast, mamucin, necartilage neruvara rwemetachromatic, kuratidza zvakadzama masero eplasma, uye kuratidza Helicobacter pylori muzvidimbu zvenyama dzemuviri nenzira dzepolychrome dzemhando yeGoodpasture. Ndiyo sarudzo yakakodzera kana chinangwa chiri kusiyanisa neruvara, uye haisi sarudzo yakakodzera kana maitiro achitarisira maumbirwo emabhakitiriya akajeka ane ruvara rumwe chete.
Kuenzanisa magadzirirwo emusanganiswa nechinangwa
| Musanganiswa | Zviri mubhodhoro | Hunhu hwepH | Musimboti wekuisa ruvara | Ushandise kana |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Methylene blue yemumvura (~1%) | Methylene blue mumvura | Iri pedyo nepakati | Dhayi rimwe rine chaji yakanaka rinobatana nemanucleic acid nemapoka emadziro ane hunhu hweasidhi; bhuruu reruvara rumwe chete | Pakutarisa maumbirwo nguva dzose, pamienzaniso yakazorwa yekudzidzisa, nepakuongorora nemaikorosikopu kazhinji panenge pasingadiwi musiyano weruvara wakasimba |
| Methylene blue yaLoeffler ine arikari (~0.3% yedhayi pamwe neKOH yakaderedzwa kusimba) | Methylene blue inobva mumusanganiswa unochengetwa muarukohoro, yaderedzwa kusimba, pamwe ne~0.01% yearikari | Ine arikari | Ion imwe chete ine chaji yakanaka inobatanidzwa zvakasimba nenzvimbo dzine hunhu hweasidhi dzabviswa mapurotoni; kuisa ruvara rumwe chete nekukurumidza uye kwakasimba | Mubasa remabhakitiriya kazhinji, pamienzaniso yediphtheria yakazorwa inoda kusiyanisa zvimedu, uye patupenyu tusinganyatsooneki nedhayi rine pH yepakati |
| Polychrome methylene blue | Musanganiswa wakabviswa mapoka emethyl neoxidation: azure A, azure B, azure C, thionin, methylene violet, methylene blue yasara | Ine arikari pakugadzirwa; inopiwa semusanganiswa | Mahomologu akawanda ane kuda kubatana kwakasiyana anobudisa mavara emetachromatic nepolychromatic; ndiwo hwaro hwemadhayi eRomanowsky kana asanganiswa neeosin | Pamasero emast, pamamucin, pakuchinja kwemavara munyama dzemuviri, uye pabasa reropa nezvipukanana pachishandiswa zvinobva mariri zvemhando yeGiemsa |
Verenga tafura iyi senzira yekuita sarudzo. Kana muenzaniso uchitora ruvara rusina kunyanya kusimba, shandura pfungwa yepH wotora raLoeffler. Kana zvose zvichitora ruvara asi pasina chinozvisiyanisa, shandura pfungwa yedhayi wotora polychrome. Kana muenzaniso wakazorwa ukashandiswa dhayi raLoeffler uchiratidza zvimedu zvakajeka asi mutariri achibvunza kuti sei manyukireasi necytoplasm zvine bhuruu rimwe chete, mhinduro ndeyekuti hapana dhayi rine arikari reruvara rumwe chete rinogona kuita basa iroro. Mubvunzo iwoyo ndewemhuri yepolychrome uye madhayi eropa anobva mairi.
Kudzivisa kuvhiringidzika kunowanzoitika
Zvikanganiso zviviri ndizvo zvinokonzera kuvhiringidzika kuzhinji. Chekutanga kufunga kuti raLoeffler rinogona kuchinjaniswa nemethylene blue yakajairika nekuti ose anotaridzika ari bhuruu mubhodhoro. Anosiyana papH nekusimba, uye kushandisa dhayi rine pH yepakati panenge parairwa raLoeffler kunorasisa chaizvo musiyano wezvimedu wakavakirwa maitiro acho. Chechipiri kufunga kuti chero bhuruu rine arikari rakare kana rakachembera netsaona ipolychrome. Kuchembera kusingadzorwi kunobudisa musanganiswa usingazivikanwi une kusimba kusingazivikanwi, asi misanganiswa yepolychrome chaiyo inogadzirwa nenzira dzeoxidation dzakatsanangurwa uye, mumutsara wemadhayi eropa, inosanganiswa neeosin yakayerwa. Nhoroondo inodzidzisa pano: misanganiswa yakakudzwa mumvura isina kugadzikana yemakore e1890 yakatsiviwa nemisanganiswa yakagadzikiswa ine methanol chaizvo nekuti misanganiswa isingadzorwi yaisagona kugadzirwazve yakafanana. Ichi chidzidzo chakakodzera kuyeukwa usati waisa ruvara pasiraidhi yekuongorora uchishandisa bhodhoro rine makore asingazivikanwi.
Kunyatsocherechedza mazita kunopedzisa izvi. Simbisa chinhu chiri mukatalogi (chemumvura kana raLoeffler kana repolychrome), huwandu hwedhayi, uye mashandisirwo akarongwa ari parabhuro, pane kufungidzira uchitarisa ruvara. Misanganiswa iyi mitatu ine mavambo mamwe chete echikamu chemorekuru chinopa ruvara. Haina chinangwa chimwe chete.