Muyedzo Wekubatwa Kwe-Methylene Blue: Simba Rekubata Rekabhoni Yakagadziridzwa

Rabhoritari inoenzanisa mhando mbiri dzekabhoni yakagadziridzwa kuti ibate zvinhu pamusoro payo. Rimwe gwaro rezvakayerwa rinoti chiyero che-methylene blue chakapetwa katatu pane cherimwe. Rabhoritari inotenga ine nhamba yakakura, inosarudza huwandu hwekushandisa ichivimba nayo, asi dhayi inotanga kupfuura isina kubatwa nguva isati yasvika. Hapana chakanyengedzwa. Nhamba mbiri idzi dzakabva pamiedzo yakasiyana, asi mutengi akadzidudzira sechiyero chechinhu chimwe chete.

Chinyorwa ichi chinogadzirisa kukanganisa ikoko pakududzira. Chinotsanangura zvinoyerwa nemuyedzo, chinoverenga kaviri chichishandisa nhamba chaidzo, uye chinodoma chinhu chimwe nechimwe chinochinja mugumisiro. Nyaya yakabatana neiyi yekuronga zvinhu zvakasiyana zvinobata zvimwe pamusoro pazvo maererano nesimba razvo inotaurwa yoga; pano nyaya ndeyerudzi rumwe rwezvinhu uye nzira imwe chete.

Nei dhayi iyi ichishandiswa kuongorora

Methylene blue idhayi ine chaji yakanaka, ine mamorekuru akati sandara uye ane maringi anonzi aromatic. Mumvura inenge iri ayoni ine chaji yakanaka, uye saizi yemorekuru rayo inenge 1.43 ne0.61 ne0.40 nm. Saizi iyoyo ndiyo inokosha. Ayodhini, chimwe chinhu chinowanzoshandiswa kuongorora, idiki zvikuru uye inopinda mumaburi madikidiki akamanikana anonzi micropores, saka nhamba yeayodhini inoratidza kukura kwemaburi madikidiki aya. Methylene blue inoda mikova yakafara: inopinda mumaburi anodarika anenge 0.75 nm, uye maburi ari pakati peanenge 1.4 ne3 nm anobatsira zvikuru. Saizi idzodzo dzinosanganisira micropores akakura nemesopores madiki, saka kuti muyedzo uyu unongoyera mesopores chete kunorerutsa nyaya kupfuura zvayakaita. Zvinhu zviviri izvi zvinobatsirana pakuongorora. Ayodhini inoratidza kuti maburi madikidiki aripo akawanda sei. Methylene blue inoratidza kuti nzvimbo yemaburi inokwanisa kupinza morekuru guru reorganic yakawanda sei, chinova chinhu chinokosha pakubvisa dhayi. Hapana pane nhamba mbiri idzi inokwanisa yoga kufanotaura kubatwa kwemamwe mamorekuru.

Chaji inokosha sezvinoita saizi. Nokuti dhayi iyi ine chaji yakanaka, inokwezvwa nepamusoro pane chaji isina kunaka uye inosundirwa kure nepamusoro pane chaji yakanaka. Izvi zvinoita kuti pH ive chinhu chikuru chinofanira kutariswa, kwete katsananguro kepadivi, sezvinoratidzwa nemiedzo iri pasi apa.

Maitirwo emuyedzo weboka rimwe

Nzira inowanzoitwa murabhoritari ndeyekusiya boka rimwe kusvika raenzana pakubatwa nekusunungurwa kwedhayi. Gadzirira kabhoni, isefe kuti uwane chikamu chezvidimbu zvine saizi inodzorwa, uye uyere uremu hunozivikanwa m. Wedzera vhoriyamu inozivikanwa V yemushonga wedhayi une mwero wokutanga C0. Chengeta pH netembiricha zvakafanana, zunza kwenguva yakasimbiswa, wozoparadzanisa kabhoni nokusefa kana nokuitenderedza mucentrifuge. Yera mwero wasara Ce nekutorwa kwechiedza cheUV-Vis, kazhinji pedyo ne660 kusvika 665 nm uye kazhinji pa664 nm, uchienzanisa nenhevedzano yezviyero zvokugadzirisa mudziyo zvakagadzirirwa pamudziyo mumwe chete. Imwe nzira yakabudiswa yakashandisa 0.050 g yekabhoni ne50 mL yemushonga pamwero we10 kusvika 1000 mg/L, kwemaawa 24 pa25 C, ichiyera pa660 nm. Hapana nzira imwe chete inoshandiswa kwose kwose, saka chiyero chinotaurwa pasina huwandu hwekabhoni, mwero wemushonga wakaedzwa, nguva, tembiricha, pH, uye kureba kwemasaisai hachisi mugumisiro. Ingori runyerekupe.

Kuyera huwandu hwacho kunodawo kunyatsotevedzera maitiro anotsanangurwa pakuyera dhayi nokutorwa kwechiedza: gadzirisa zviyero pamudziyo wako, simbisa nzvimbo panonyanya kutorwa chiedza pane kungofungidzira 664 nm, uye deredza kusimba kwemvura yakasara pamusoro pekabhoni kusvikira yadzokera munzvimbo umo mwero wayo nokutorwa kwechiedza zvinofambirana zvakananga.

Muenzaniso wekuverenga

Simba rekubata rinobva pakuenzanisa huwandu hwedhayi. Dhayi isisawanikwi mumushonga inenge yava pamusoro pekabhoni:

qe = (C0 minus Ce) times V divided by m

apo qe iri huwandu hunobatwa kana paenzana pakubatwa nekusunungurwa, mu mg/g, C0 neCe zviri mwero wokutanga newokuenzana mu mg/L, V iri vhoriyamu mumarita, uye m iri uremu hwekabhoni mumagiramu.

Chiyero chokutanga. Tanga neC0 = 100 mg/L, V = 0.100 L, m = 0.0200 g. Mushure mokunge paenzana, mudziyo unoratidza Ce = 35 mg/L. Saka qe = (100 minus 35) times 0.100 divided by 0.0200 = 65 times 0.100 divided by 0.0200 = 325 mg/g. Chikamu chabviswa muzana chinoti (100 minus 35) divided by 100 times 100 = 65 percent.

Chiyero chechipiri, huwandu hwekabhoni nevhoriyamu zvakafanana, asi dhayi yawedzerwa. Tanga neC0 = 200 mg/L woyera Ce = 90 mg/L. Saka qe = (200 minus 90) times 0.100 divided by 0.0200 = 550 mg/g, uku chikamu chabviswa chiri (200 minus 90) divided by 200 times 100 = 55 percent.

Mapeya maviri aya, (Ce = 35, qe = 325) ne(Ce = 90, qe = 550), inzvimbo mbiri dzegirafu rinoratidza kubatwa patembiricha imwe chete, rinonzi isotherm. Cherechedza kufamba kunopesana: simba rekubata rakakwira kubva pa325 kusvika pa550 mg/g, uku chikamu chabviswa chichiderera kubva pa65 kusvika pa55 muzana. Simba rekubata nechikamu chabviswa muzana zvinofamba zvakapesana sezvo mwero wedhayi uchikwira. Munhu anoronga mhando dzekabhoni maererano nechikamu chabviswa muzana chakayerwa pahuwandu hwekabhoni kana pamwero wedhayi zvakasiyana anenge achironga mamiriro emuyedzo, kwete chinhu chacho.

Zvinhu zvaunofanira kudzora

Chinhu chimwe nechimwe chiri pasi apa chinochinja nhamba. Chengeta chimwe nechimwe chakafanana kana kuti chinyore.

Huwandu hwekabhoni. Kabhoni yakawanda inoreva nzvimbo dzakawanda dzinobata dhayi, saka chikamu chabviswa muzana chinokwira asi huwandu hunobatwa pagiramu hunowanzoderera, nokuti dhayi yakabatwa inogoverwa pauremu hukuru. Taura huwandu hwekabhoni mu g/L pamwe neV nem zvakashandiswa kuhuverenga.

Mwero wokutanga wedhayi. C0 yakakwirira inopa simba guru rinosunda kubatwa, saka qe inokwira asi chikamu chabviswa muzana chinoderera sezvo nzvimbo dzinobata dzichizara. Maisotherm anofananidzwa nezviyero zve5 kusvika 50 mg/L nezve100 kusvika 400 mg/L anotsanangura zvikamu zvakasiyana zvegirafu. Enzanisa masimba ekubata akawanikwa nokufananidza girafu chete pazvikamu zvemwero zvinopindirana.

pH. Padhayi iyi ine chaji yakanaka, kubatwa kunowanzowedzera nepH, kunyanya pamusoro pepH apo chaji yekabhoni inenge zero, apo pamusoro payo panotanga kuva nechaji isina kunaka. pH yakaderera inowedzera mapurotoni panzvimbo dzepamusoro uye inoita kuti maayoni ehydrogen akwikwidzane nedhayi panzvimbo idzodzo. Kukura kwemugumisiro uyu kunoenderana nekabhoni yacho: mune mumwe muyedzo wekabhoni yakagadziridzwa, kubatwa kwakakwira kubva paanenge 51 mg/g pa pH 2 kusvika paanenge 92 mg/g pa pH 8. Nyora pH yokutanga neyekuenzana pamwe nemunyu uripo mumushonga, nokuti simba remaayoni rinoderedza masimba mamwe chete anochinjwa nepH.

Nguva yekusangana. Kubatwa kunotanga kuchikwira nokukurumidza, kwobva kwadzikama. Chiyero chapadzikama chete ndicho qe; chipi nechipi chinoyerwa izvozvo zvisati zvaitika ndiqt. Nguva dzakabudiswa dzokuti paenzane dzinosiyana kubva pamaminitsi kusvika pamaawa akawanda pamhando dzakasiyana dzekabhoni, uye dzimwe nzira dzakajairwa dzinoshandisa kusangana kwemaawa 24. Tsvaga nguva yokudzikama nokutevera kukurumidza kwekubatwa pakabhoni yako pane kungofungidzira kuti maawa maviri anokwana.

Tembiricha. Hapana divi rimwe chete rinoshanda pose. Kubatwa kunowedzera netembiricha muzvirongwa zvinotora kupisa uye kunoderera muzvinobudisa kupisa, saka kuyere pane kufungidzira.

Saizi yezvidimbu nokuzunza. Zvidimbu zvidiki zvinopfupisa nzira dzinofambwa nemamorekuru uye zvinowanzokurumidzisa kubatwa; kuzunza zvakasimba kunotetepa rukoko rwemvura isingafambi rwakapoteredza zvidimbu uye kunoitawo zvakafanana. Zvose zviri zviviri zvinochinja kukurumidza kwekubatwa, kwete kuenzana kwacho pachako. Simba rekubata rinochinja nokukurumidza kwekukuchidzira rinonyevera kuti kuenzana hakuna kumbosvikwa.

Kuzivikanwa kwechinhu chemakemikari chinoshandiswa kunofanirawo kunyorwa, ndokusaka kuongorora kuchena kwedhayi nezvinodiwa pamhando yayo kuchifanira kuva pedyo neuremu hwekabhoni: methylene blue inogona kutengeswa semunyu usina mvura iri mukristaro une uremu hwemorekuru hunosvika 319.9 g/mol kana setrihydrate pa373.90 g/mol, uye kuchena kunoyerwa kwezvinotengeswa kunowanzova pasi pe100 muzana. C0 inofungidzirwa ichiverengwa neuremu hwemorekuru husiri ihwo inoita kuti qe yose ive yakakanganiswa nenzira imwe chete.

Zvinotaurwa nemagirafu akafananidzwa nezvisingataurwi nawo

Kufananidza negirafu reLangmuir kunonyora qe se qmax times KL times Ce divided by (1 plus KL times Ce). Kunobudisa simba rekubata kana pazara, qmax, rakawanikwa nokufananidza mu mg/g, uye nhamba inoratidza kukwezvana KL mu L/mg. Kufananidza kwakanaka kunoreva kuti girafu iri rokuzara rinotsanangura zvakanaka mwero wemushonga wakayerwa. Hakuratidzi kuti kabhoni ine boka rimwe renzvimbo dzakafanana, kuti dhayi inongofukidza norukoko rumwe chete, kana kuti pane nzira chaiyo yemamorekuru iri kushanda. Kabhoni ine maburi nenzvimbo dzisina kufanana inowanzobudisa magirafu akaita sereLangmuir pamwero wakaganhurirwa.

Kufananidza negirafu reFreundlich kunonyora qe se KF times Ce to the power 1/n. KF inoisa chiyero chesimba rekubata chinobva pane zvakayerwa uye 1/n inoisa kukombama kwegirafu. Nokuti chimiro ichi hachina muganhu wokudzikama, hachifaniri kumbowedzerwa kunze kwezvakayerwa kuti pagadzirwe qmax. Kufananidza kuri nani neFreundlich kunongoreva kuti chimiro chayo chinokwira chinoenderana zviri nani nechikamu chakayerwa. Chero fomura yashandiswa, sarudza kufananidza kusina mutsara wakatwasuka pachimiro chokutanga, nokuti kuchinja kuita mutsara wakatwasuka kunokanganisa zvikanganiso zvezviyero, uye ongorora misiyano pakati pezvakayerwa nezvakafanotaurwa pane kungovimba neR yakapetwa kaviri yoga.

Zvinodzidziswa nemiedzo 914

Ongororo yekudzidza kwemakombiyuta yemiedzo 914 kubva muzvinyorwa 75 yakagadzira muenzaniso wekubatwa kwe-methylene blue muvhu revhu, mumadota, uye muzvinhu zvakagadziridzwa nealkali ichishandisa miti yekufanotaura yenhamba inovandudzwa nenzira yegradient boosting. Mugumisiro wayo mukuru: mwero wokutanga wedhayi ndiwo wainyanya kufanotaura huwandu hwekubatwa hwakataurwa, pH, rudzi rwezvinhu zvakashandiswa pakutanga, uye nzira yokuzvigadziridza zvichikoshawo, uye paiva nokudyidzana kwakasimba pakati pemwero wedhayi nechinenge chinhu chimwe nechimwe, kusanganisira huwandu hwezvinhu zvinoshandiswa, nzvimbo yose yepamusoro, nguva yekusangana, uye kuzunza.

Yambiro mbiri dzinoita kuti zvakawanikwa izvi zvirambe zvichibatsira. Yokutanga, ongororo iyi haina kusanganisira kabhoni yakagadziridzwa, saka haigoni kuronga zvinhu zvinochinja mugumisiro pakabhoni maererano nekukosha kwazvo. Yechipiri, chidzidzo chayo ndechenzira yokuyedza uye chinoshandawo zvakananga pano: mwero wokutanga wedhayi hauzombovi chinhu chidiki chinongokanganisa muyedzo, uye mamiriro ekushanda anodyidzana nezvimiro zvechinhu zvakasimba zvokuti kuronga zvinhu nenhamba ye mg/g chete hakucharambi kuchishanda kana mamiriro ayakayerwa maari araswa. Ndiwo mugumisiro mumwe chete unosvikwa nemuenzaniso wekuverenga uchibva pamisimboti yokutanga.

Zvikanganiso zviviri zvokurega kuita

Chokutanga, rega kutaura chikamu chabviswa muzana sesimba rekubata. Huwandu hukuru hwekabhoni hunogona kubvisa 99 muzana yeruvara mumushonga usina dhayi yakawanda asi huchibata mamirigiramu mashoma pagiramu, uye huwandu hudiki hwekabhoni mumushonga une dhayi yakawanda hunogona kubata mazana emamirigiramu pagiramu asi huchisiya ruvara ruchioneka. Gara uchitaura C0, Ce, V, m, huwandu hwekabhoni mu g/L, chikamu chabviswa muzana, uye qe pamwe chete, kana kuti nhamba yacho haigoni kuzoshandiswazve.

Chechipiri, rega kudaidza chiyero chakatorwa panguva yakatarwa kuti qe usina kuratidza kuti kubatwa kwadzikama, uye rega kumisa mwero wedhayi uchishandisa uremu hwakanyorwa pachinamato. Simbisa kuenzana nenhevedzano yezviyero zvenguva, simbisa mwero nokuyera kutorwa kwechiedza nespectrophotometer pane kuvimba nouremu hwayerwa uchifungidzira zviri pachinamato, uchifunga nezvedambudziko remvura iri mukristaro nekuchena kwakayerwa, uye dzora pH, tembiricha, saizi yezvidimbu, uye kuzunza. Simba rekubata methylene blue rakanyorwa pamwe nezvinhu izvozvo chiyero chinogona kushandiswa kumwe. Pasina izvozvo ingori nyaya yechiitiko chimwe chete.