Kuisa ruvara pamasero emukati medama nemethylene blue: zvekucherechedza

Mudzidzi anoisa donhwe remvura ine masero emukati medama pachisirayidi, otarisa nemikrosikopu, asi anenge asingaoni chinhu. Zvimiro zvishoma zvisina kunyatsojeka zvinoyangarara munzvimbo ine chiedza. Anogadzirisa kujeka kwemufananidzo, ozowedzera chiedza, obva afunga kuti chisirayidi hachina chinhu. Chisirayidi hachisi chisina chinhu. Masero aripo. Anenge achipinza chiedza chose, uye kupinza chiedza uku ndiko kunetsa kunogadziriswa nedhayi iyi.

Musiyano uyu pakati pezvinotarisirwa nemufananidzo unoonekwa unofanira kutsanangurwa maitiro asati atanga. Vanotanga vanotarisira kuti mikrosikopu iratidze zvakadzama sezvinoita kamera painoswededza mufananidzo wechiratidzo chiri kure. Mikrosikopu yerudzi rwebright field inoita basa rine muganhu wakamanikana: inoratidza misiyano yekutorwa kwechiedza. Sero remukati medama risina kuiswa ruvara rinotora chiedza chishoma zvikuru, saka rinoratidza musiyano mudiki zvikuru. Methylene blue inowedzera musiyano uyu. Inonamira mukati mesero, kwete zvakaenzana, yoita kuti zvimiro zvioneke nekusiyana kweruvara. Kana vadzidzi vanzwisisa pfungwa iyi, danho rimwe nerimwe rinotevera rinonzwisisika sechinhu chinobva papfungwa iyoyo, kwete semurayiro wekutevedzera chete.

Ruzivo rwekuti madhayi ari nyore anowedzera sei musiyano unooneka murabhoritari yechikoro runobatsira pano, uye kudzokorora kugadzirira mikrosikopu yebright field usati waisa ruvara kunodzivirira hafu yezvisirayidi zvisingabudi zvakanaka. Kemisitiri inoita kuti ruvara ruvepo inotsanangurwa muchisumo chemethylene blue pakushandisa mikrosikopu, chinotaura kuti sei dhayi iyi ichiramba ichishandiswa patafura yerabhoritari.

Maitiro emukirasi

Nzira iri pasi apa yekugadzira sampuli yakanyorova pachisirayidi ndiyo iri nyore inowanzoshandiswa mumakirasi akawanda. Haidi murazvo kana danho rekusimbisa sampuli kuti irambe pachisirayidi. Imwe nzira inoshandiswa mune mamwe mabhuku emakoreji inosanganisira kuomesa sampuli nemhepo uye kuisimbisa nekupisa kwenguva pfupi, sezvinoitwa mubasa rekuzora sampuli yemukati medama reNorth Central Texas College rakabudiswa kuburikidza neBiology LibreTexts, asi kusimbisa nekupisa itsika yemicrobiology, kwete chinhu chinodiwa kuti uone masero epithelium.

Zvaunoda: zvisirayidi zvakachena nezvivharo zvazvo, zvimiti zvedonje zvisina utachiona zvinoshandiswa kamwe chete (ndizvo zvinodiwa zvikuru) kana zvimiti zvitsva zvakati sandara zvekubvisa zvokudya pakati pemazino, bhodhoro rinodonhedza rine methylene blue yakanyungudutswa mumvura ye0.5 kusvika 1 percent, mvura yakacheneswa nekufashaidzwa yozounganidzwa kana yakabviswa maayoni, bepa rinonwa mvura, magirovhosi, nemikrosikopu ine marenzi akawanda inokudza mufananidzo kusvika pa100x ne400x.

1. Sukurudza muromo nemvura chete. Izvi zvinobvisa zvidimbu zvekudya zvinozotora ruvara rwakanyanya zvovhiringidza kucherechedza masero.
2. Mudzidzi mumwe nemumwe anongotora sampuli kubva mudama rake chete. Kwesha mukati medama zvinyoronyoro nechimuti chitsva chedonje chisina utachiona. Dzvanya, usakwenya. Mira kusati kwava nekusagadzikana kana kubuda ropa.
3. Tenderedza chimuti chedonje pakati pechisirayidi chakachena kuti usiye sampuli yakatetepa. Sampuli yakatetepa ndiyo inonyanya kuita kuti chisirayidi chive nyore kucherechedza. Murwi muchena wakakora uchatora ruvara woita chitsama chebhuruu chisingagoni kududzirwa.
4. Isa donhwe rimwe remethylene blue pamusoro pesampuli yakazorwa. Risiye kwemaminitsi 1 kusvika 3. Miniti imwe inokwana mumaitiro mazhinji emakoreji; bhuku reNCERT rerabhoritari yesainzi yeClass IX rinoshandisa anenge maminitsi 3 kugadzira sampuli yepachisirayidi yenguva pfupi. Kuwedzera nguva hakuiti kuti zvive nani, uye kurega dhayi kwenguva yakawandisa ndiyo mhosho yenguva inowanzoitika.
5. Sukurudza zvinyoronyoro nemvura yakacheneswa nekufashaidzwa yozounganidzwa kana kubvisa dhayi yakawandisa nebepa rinonwa mvura, uchitevera maitiro epanzvimbo yenyu. Nzvimbo yakapoteredza masero inofanira kuva bhuruu yakachenuruka, kwete bhuruu yakasviba zvikuru.
6. Dzikisa chivharo chechisirayidi wakachirerekera kuti mupendero mumwe utange kubata, wochirega chichidzika zvishoma nezvishoma. Izvi zvinodzivirira mabhuru emhepo.
7. Tanga nekukudza kushoma kuti uwane masero, uone kuti mufananidzo wakajeka uye uri pakati, wozopfuura ku100x uye pakupedzisira ku400x. Pa400x shandisa chete gadziriro diki yekujekesa mufananidzo.

Kuwanda kwedhayi mumvura kunoda mutsara mumwe wakanyatsorurama. Maitiro ezvikoro mazhinji anoshandisa methylene blue yakanyungudutswa mumvura inosvika 1 percent. Mushonga wakasimba kupfuura uyu kana kuusiya kwenguva refu kunosvibisa nzvimbo yakapoteredza masero nokukurumidza kupfuura nyukiriyasi, zvichikanganisa musiyano unooneka unodiwa nebasa iri.

Kubata sampuli dzemukati medama zvakachengeteka

Sampuli dzemukati medama dzinouya nemate nezvipenyu zvidiki zvinowanzogara mumuromo, saka bata sampuli itsva yega yega yakazorwa sechinhu chingatakura utachiona, kunyange vakapa sampuli vari vadzidzi vane utano hwakanaka. Nhungamiro dzeAmerican Society for Microbiology dzekuchengeteka pakubata zvinhu zvipenyu mumarabhoritari ekudzidzisa dzinotaura misimboti mikuru: ongorora njodzi basa risati ratanga, pfeka magirovhosi, dzivirira maziso panogona kusasika mvura, geza maoko kana wapedza, bvisa utachiona pamatafura, uye rasa zvinhu zvakashandiswa zvakasvibiswa nenzira yakatenderwa yekurasa tsvina yezvinhu zvipenyu.

Mitemo mina yemukirasi inoderedza njodzi zhinji. Chimuti chedonje nechisirayidi chimwe nechimwe ngazvishandiswe nemunhu mumwe chete, zvisambogoverwa. Munhu ngaazvitorere sampuli chete, asamboitorera mumwe. Zvimiti zvedonje nezvekubvisa zvokudya pakati pemazino zvinoshandiswa kamwe chete zvinofanira kupinda zvakananga mumudziyo wakasarudzirwa tsvina, zvisadzorerwe patafura. Methylene blue pachayo inosiya ruvara paganda nepazvipfeko uye inotsamwisa maziso, saka magirovhosi netsika dzakajairika dzekubata dhayi zvakachena zvinodiwa. Usawedzera basa iri nekukudza chero zvipenyu kubva musampuli yakazorwa, uye usangogadzira nzira yako yekusimbisa nekupisa sampuli itsva yemunhu kunze kwemaitiro ekuchengeteka echikoro.

Zvekucherechedza, uye chikonzero chemaonekero azvo

Pa100x, tsvaga masero akafara, akati sandara, ane bhuruu yakachenuruka, ane mipendero yakaita denderedzwa rakareba risina kuenzana kana chimiro chine mativi akawanda. Anenge ari ega kana mumapoka akati sandara anofukidzana zvisina kusimba. Sero rimwe nerimwe rinowanzova nekavara kamwe kebhuruu yakasviba. Kavara ikako inyukiriyasi. Cherechedzawo marongerwo awo: masero epithelium akati sandara akafanana nemataira matete, kwete mabhora, ndosaka mipendero yawo ichitaridzika sechinhu chakapenya chine mitswe pane kuita semabharumu akatenderera.

Pa400x, zvinhu zvitatu zvinonyatsooneka. Muganhu wesero unooneka semutsara mutete wakasvibirira wakakomberedza sero. Saitoplazimu inozadza mukati nebhuruu yakachenuruka yakaenzana. Nyukiriyasi yakasviba uye yakatsindirana kupfuura zvimwe, kazhinji yakaita denderedzwa rakareba, uye inowanzova pedyo nepakati asi kwete nguva dzose. Kumbira vadzidzi kunyora zvinhu zvose zvitatu izvi pamwe nechimiro nekukudzwa kwemufananidzo, nokuti ndizvo chaizvo zvinobvunzwa nepepa rebasa.

Pane chinhu chimwe chinoda kunyatsorurama pano uye mapepa ebasa mazhinji anochikanganisa. Muganhu unooneka unoenderana nenzvimbo yeganda rinokomberedza sero, rinonzi plasma membrane, asi ganda iri pacharo, rine zvikamu zviviri zvemafuta uye ukobvu hunenge 7 kusvika 10 nanometers, idiki zvikuru kuti mikrosikopu yechikoro iriratidze zvakajeka. Vadzidzi vanoona mupendero wesero unooneka nechiedza pamwe nedhayi yakaungana ipapo. Kungwarira kumwe chete kunodiwa kana tichitaura nezvezvikamu zvidiki zviri mukati mesero. Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, zvikamu zveGolgi, uye ribosomes hazvioneki musampuli iyi. Mikrosikopu yechiedza yakajairika inokwanisa kuratidza zvinhu zvidiki kusvika kungangoita 0.2 micrometers kana mamiriro akanaka, sezvinotsanangurwa neruzivo rweNCBI rwebhayoroji yemasero pamusoro pemidziyo yemikrosikopu, uye zvimiro zvidiki zvikuru zvakawanda zviri pasi kana pedyo nemuganhu iwoyo. Kuwedzera kukudzwa pasina kuwedzera zvinoonekwa kunongoita kuti mufananidzo ukure pasina kuwedzera zvakadzama.

Nei nyukiriyasi ichitora ruvara rwakasviba kupfuura zvimwe? Methylene blue idhayi ine chaji yakanaka kana yakanyungudutswa, uye inobatana nezvinhu zvine chaji yakaipa musero, kunyanya nucleic acids. Chromatin inounganidza DNA munyukiriyasi, saka nyukiriyasi inounganidza dhayi yakawanda kupfuura zvimwe. Saitoplazimu ine RNA nemamwe mamorekuru ane chaji, saka inotorawo ruvara, asi rwakapararira uye rwakareruka. Chinhu chikuru chinofanira kujeka: methylene blue haisi dhayi inonamira kuDNA chete. Tsvakiridzo pamusoro pekupararira kwemethylene blue pakutora mifananidzo yenyukiriyasi inotsanangura kubatana kweayoni ine chaji yakanaka nenzvimbo dzine nucleic acids dzakawanda, uye tsvakiridzo yekare yaiyera kunamira kwemethylene blue mumasampuli emasero yakawana kuti dhayi zhinji yakanga yanamira yaibatana nenucleic acids. Saka nyukiriyasi yakasviba pamwe nesaitoplazimu yakachenuruka zvinongoratidza musiyano weruvara, kwete bvunzo yemamorekuru.

Mhosho dzichaitwa nevadzidzi, uye madudzirwo adzo

Chinenge chisirayidi chose chisingabudi zvakanaka chinowira mune imwe yemhando shanu dzemhosho. Dzidzisa vadzidzi kuona chiri kukanganisa chisirayidi pane kungodzokorora basa vasingazivi chikonzero.

Kuisa ruvara rwakawandisa kunoita kuti masero nenzvimbo yakaapoteredza zvisvibe zvakafanana zvokuti nyukiriyasi haichasiyanisiki. Gadzirisa izvi nekupfupisa nguva yekuisa ruvara kana kunyatsosukurudza. Kuisa ruvara rushoma kunosiya zvimiro zvisina kujeka zvinonyangarika kana chiedza chawedzerwa; wedzera nguva nezvikamu zvemasekonzi makumi matatu. Sampuli dzakazorwa dzakakora dzinoita zvitsama zvakatsindirana uye zvakafukidzana zvisina mipendero inogona kuteverwa; kugadzirisa kunoda kuchinja nzira yekuzora, uchizora sampuli yakatetepa nguva inotevera, nokuti kusukurudza hakugadzirisi murwi wemasero. Mabhuru emhepo anooneka semadenderedzwa akakwana ane mipendero yakasviba uye yakajeka, uye anovhiringidza vanotanga vanofunga kuti zvikamu zvesero; isazve chivharo zvishoma nezvishoma wakachirerekera. Mavara madiki akasviba akapararira pamusoro kana pedyo nemasero anowanzova mabhakitiriya anogara mumuromo, sezvinotaurwa nemaitiro ezvikoro akadai semaitiro emasero emukati medama eIngrid Science. Anosimbisa kuti mumuromo mune zvipenyu, chinhu chingayeukwa nevadzidzi, asi mhando dzawo hadzigoni kuzivikanwa mubasa iri uye haafaniri kudhirowewa sezvikamu zvesero. Zvidimbu zvekudya neshinda dzemadzihwa zvinotora ruvara zvisina kuenzana uye zvakanyanya; kusukurudza muromo pakutanga kunoitirwa kuzvideredza.

Zvisingagoni kuitwa nebasa iri

Uku kucherechedza kwekudzidza, kwete bvunzo yekuziva chirwere. Hapana pamaonekero emasero akaiswa ruvara mukirasi panogona kuratidza kuti munhu ane utachiona, gomarara, kana chero chirwere, uye chinyorwa ichi hachifaniri kunzwisiswa sechiri kutaura zvakasiyana. Sampuli iyi inoratidza chimiro, muganhu, saitoplazimu, nenyukiriyasi pamatanho maviri ekukudza. Hairatidzi zvimiro zvidiki zvikuru zveplasma membrane, zvakadzama zvezvikamu zvidiki zviri musero, kana kuti mamorekuru acho ndeapi. Kutaura muganhu uyu zvakajeka kunodzivirira sainzi nevadzidzi: mhedzisiro yakanaka idhirowa ine mazita akarurama, yakanyorwa kukudzwa nemhando yedhayi, kwete mhedziso pamusoro peutano.

Pepa rebasa remudzidzi nemifananidzo yemikrosikopu ine mazita

Zvinhu zviviri zvebasa zviri papeji rino mufananidzo wemikrosikopu une mazita uri pamusoro nepepa rebasa riri pasi apa. Dhinda pepa rebasa rimwe pamudzidzi kana kuriratidza pachidzitiro chikuru woita kuti vadzidzi vakopire mabhokisi acho mumabhuku avo.

Mashandisiro aro muchikamu chemaminitsi 45: maminitsi gumi ekutsanangura kuchengeteka nekutora sampuli, maminitsi gumi ekuisa ruvara nekugadzira sampuli pachisirayidi, maminitsi gumi nemashanu ekucherechedza nekudhirowa pamatanho ose maviri ekukudza, uye maminitsi gumi ekuzadza rondedzero yezvekusimbisa nekuenzanisa nemufananidzo wemikrosikopu une mazita. Zvinhu zviri parondedzero iyi zvakasarudzwa kuti zvive zvinhu zvinoitwa zviri nyore kutarisa. Sampuli yakazorwa yakatetepa, nguva yakarurama yekuisa ruvara, nyukiriyasi yakasviba kupfuura saitoplazimu, uye kukudzwa kwakanyorwa. Mudzidzi anogona kusimbisa zvose zvina anenge anzwisisa pfungwa yakaitirwa chidzidzo ichi: mikrosikopu inoratidza misiyano, uye madhayi anogadzira misiyano yakakodzera kuratidzwa.