Kudhaya kuri nyore nemethylene blue kuchienzaniswa nekudhaya kweGram: zvinogona kuratidzwa nenzira imwe neimwe

Mudzidzi anogadzira rukoko rutete rwemasero kubva mutsika yekurimwa kwemabhakitiriya yakanyorwa kuti E. coli, orufukidza nemethylene blue kweminiti imwe, orusukurudza, ozotarisa nelenzi inoshandiswa nemafuta. Masero ebhuruu akaita setsvimbo anozadza nzvimbo iri kuonekwa. Mushumo werabhoritari unoti: "Masero akaita setsvimbo eGram-negative akaonekwa seE. coli." Zvaonekwa ndezvechokwadi. Asi mhedziso iyoyo haina kutsigirwa nechiratidziro chiri pasiraidhi iyoyo.

Kukanganisa uku kuri pakunzwisisa pfungwa, kwete pakuita basa. Mudzidzi abata kudhaya kuri nyore sokunge ibvunzo inosiyanisa mapoka. Kudhaya kuri nyore nekudhaya kweGram zvinopindura mibvunzo yakasiyana nokuti zvakavakirwa papfungwa dzakasiyana dzekudhaya. Imwe inobvunza kuti: chimiro chipi chiripo. Imwe inobvunza kuti: madziro esero anoita sei kana akaiswa pamuedzo. Ukavhiringidza izvi zviviri, siraidhi yakadhayiwa nemazvo inogona kuburitsa mushumo usina humbowo hunoutsigira.

Kuenzanisa uku kunochengeta nzira mbiri idzi dzakaparadzana, kunoratidza zvinokubvumirwa kutaura nemhedzisiro imwe neimwe, uye kunopindura mibvunzo miviri inowanzobvunzwa nevadzidzi: methylene blue ingashandiswa pakudhaya kweGram here, uye kudhaya E. coli nemethylene blue kunonyatsoratidzei.

Mhinduro pfupi

Kudhaya kuri nyore nemethylene blue kunopa sero rimwe nerimwe rinogona kudhayiwa ruvara rumwe chete rwebhuruu, saka kunoratidza chimiro (tsvimbo, mabhora, zvinotenderera) nekurongeka (rimwe nerimwe, ari maviri maviri, ari mumaketani), asi hakuna zvakunoratidza nezveboka reGram. Kudhaya kweGram kunowedzera iodine, danho rekubvisa ruvara, nedhayi rechipiri, saka kunopatsanura mabhakitiriya kuva Gram-positive (pepuru) neGram-negative (pinki kana tsvuku) zvichienderana nekuti zvikamu zvakakomberedza masero awo zvinochengeta sei dhayi. Masero ebhuruu akaita setsvimbo mushure memethylene blue anoreva kuti "masero akaita setsvimbo aripo." Masero epinki akaita setsvimbo mushure mekutevedzana kwakazara kwematanho eGram anoreva kuti "masero akaita setsvimbo eGram-negative aripo." Chirevo chechipiri chine humbowo hwakasimba nokuti nzira yacho yakaita imwe bvunzo yakawedzerwa.

Kuti uone boka rakakura renzira dzekudhaya mabhakitiriya nedhayi rimwe chete iro chinyorwa ichi chiri mariri, ona gwaro remifananidzo yekudhaya pakutarisa nemakrosikopu.

Kudhaya kuri nyore: dhayi rimwe, mubvunzo mumwe

Methylene blue idhayi rebasic (rine kationi). Ioni yaro ine ruvara ine chaji yepozitivi uye inosunga kuzvikamu zvesero zvine chaji yenegativi, kusanganisira nucleic acids nemapoka ane asidhi ari pamusoro pesero, saka masero anooneka ari ebhuruu pamusoro penzvimbo yakachenuruka. OpenStax inotsanangura pfungwa iyi yekudhaya masero zvakananga muchitsauko chayo chekudhaya. Kationi yedhayi pachayo iioni diki, yakati sandara, yephenothiazine inotsanangurwa zvakadzama mugwaro rekemisitiri yemethylene blue; ioni yechloride ine chaji inopesana nayo haisiyo inopa ruvara.

Nzira yakajairika yekudzidzisa inoitwa iri nyore nemaune: gadzira rukoko rutete rwemasero, rusiya ruome mumhepo, simbisa masero pachisiraidhi nekupisa, rufukidze nemethylene blue yakanyungudutswa mumvura inenge 1% kweinenge miniti imwe, sukurudza zvinyoronyoro nemvura, omesa uchidzvanya bepa rinonwa mvura zvinyoronyoro, woongorora uchishandisa mafuta pakati pesiraidhi nelenzi. Nzira yekudzidzisa yeLibreTexts inopa chaizvo iyi nzira ye1% kweminiti imwe, ichitaurawo kuti mamwe marabhoritari anowedzera nguva yacho. Hapana chinobatsira kusunga dhayi, hapana chinobvisa ruvara, hapana dhayi rechipiri. Kusavapo kwezvinhu izvi ndiko kwakakosha. Kana paine dhayi rimwe chete uye pasina kubviswa kwaro kunosarudza mamwe masero, sero rimwe nerimwe rinosunga dhayi rinopedzisira rava neruvara rumwe chete.

NeE. coli, zvinotarisirwa kuonekwa masero ebhuruu akaita setsvimbo (bacilli), ari rimwe nerimwe, ari maviri maviri, kana ari mumapoka madiki. Ruvara rwebhuruu runobva kudhayi. Chimiro chetsvimbo chinobva pachipenyu chacho. Asi kusanganiswa kwezviviri izvi hakuratidzi kuti chipenyu chacho ndechipi, nokuti marudzi mazhinji ane chimiro chetsvimbo uye masero mazhinji akaita setsvimbo anodhayiwa bhuruu pakudhaya kuri nyore. ATCC inotaura zvakajeka mugwaro rayo rekurima tupenyu tudiki kuti nzira iyi inongogumira pachimiro. Mushumo wakarurama unoti: "masero ebhuruu akaita setsvimbo aonekwa." Chero chinopfuura chimiro nekurongeka chinoda humwe humbowo.

Kudhaya kweGram: makemikari mana, bvunzo imwe yemaitiro emasero

Kudhaya kweGram inzira yekudhaya inosiyanisa mapoka. Inoisa masero ose mukutevedzana kumwe chete kwematanho, ichitarisa kuti ndeapi masero anochengeta dhayi rekutanga uye ndeapi anorirasikirwa. Nzira dzekudhaya kweGram dzeAmerican Society for Microbiology dzinotsanangura kutevedzana kwakajairika kwematanho mana: crystal violet (dhayi rekutanga), Gram iodine (chinobatsira kusunga dhayi), doro kana musanganiswa weacetone nedoro (chinobvisa ruvara), kozotevera safranin (dhayi rechipiri).

Tsananguro yakajairika yekudzidzisa inotsanangura kupatsanuka uku kuburikidza nechimiro chezvikamu zvakakomberedza sero. Masero eGram-positive ane madziro makobvu epeptidoglycan anorasikirwa nemvura uye anochengeta mubatanidzwa wecrystal violet neiodine panguva yekusukwa nedoro. Masero eGram-negative ane rukoko rutete rwepeptidoglycan pamwe neganda rekunze rine lipids dzakawanda rinokanganiswa nechinobvisa ruvara, saka mubatanidzwa wacho unosukwa uchibuda uye masero anozotora safranin. Ongororo yekudhaya kweGram iri paNCBI Bookshelf inopa tsananguro iyi yemadziro emasero. Nyanzvi dzinowedzera kuti maitiro ose efizikisi nekemisitiri akaoma kupfuura ukobvu hwemadziro chete, asi pakududzira zvabuda parabhoritari mutemo wemaitiro uyu unoshanda: pepuru zvinoreva kuti dhayi rakachengetwa, pinki zvinoreva kuti rakarasika masero akazodhayiwa nedhayi rechipiri.

Mifananidzo yekuratidza pfungwa. Yakadhirowewa kuti ienzanise nzira, haisi pikicha yakatorwa nekamera yemakrosikopu. Mavara akarerutswa kuti adzidzise pfungwa yacho: ruvara rumwe pakudhaya kuri nyore, mavara maviri mushure mekubviswa kweruvara pakudhaya kweGram.

Methylene blue ingashandiswa pakudhaya kweGram here

Mubvunzo uyu unogona kunzwisiswa nenzira mbiri, uye dzinoda mhinduro dzakasiyana.

Kunzwisisa kwekutanga: kufukidza masero nemethylene blue kamwe chete kungatsiva kutevedzana kwose kwematanho eGram here. Kwete. Pasina iodine, chinobvisa ruvara, nedhayi rechipiri, hapana danho rinosiyanisa mapoka, saka hapana boka reGram rinoedzwa. Nzvimbo yebhuruu mushure mekushandisa methylene blue chete imhedzisiro yekudhaya kuri nyore kunyange bhodhoro racho rakagara pedyo nemakemikari eGram. Usainyora semhedzisiro yeGram.

Kunzwisisa kwechipiri: methylene blue ingatsiva safranin sedhayi rechipiri padanho 4 here. Pabasa rayo inogona kupa ruvara kumasero akabviswa ruvara, uye chiitwa chebhuku rekudzidza chinotarisira masero eGram-positive ari pepuru nemasero eGram-negative ari ebhuruu mushure mekutsiva uku. Pfungwa yacho ine musoro nokuti masero eGram-negative akabviswa ruvara nemazvo anenge asisina ruvara uye anotora rimwe dhayi rine kationi. Asi iyi haisi nzira yakajairika. Nzira dzeASM dzinoti safranin ndiyo inofanira kushandiswa, dziine dzimwe nzira dzinozivikanwa dzakadai sebasic fuchsin mune dzimwe mhando dzenzira yacho, kwete methylene blue. Panewo dambudziko pakushandisa: kusiyanisa bhuruu nepepuru kwakaoma kupfuura kusiyanisa pinki nepepuru, zvikurukuru kune vanotanga uye kana marambi emakrosikopu asisavheneki zvakanaka. Pamabasa ekudzidza uye pamhedzisiro ipi neipi yakakosha, shandisa dhayi rechipiri rinotaurwa nenzira yako, kazhinji safranin, uye tora kushandisa methylene blue sedhayi rechipiri semusiyano wekuratidzira pane kuitora senzira yakajairika yakaenzana nayo.

Mubvunzo wakabatana wekuti methylene blue inoenzaniswa sei nedzimwe sarudzo dzedhayi rimwe chete unotsanangurwa mukuenzanisa nzira dziri nyore dzekudhaya mabhakitiriya.

Zvinoratidzwa nekudhaya E. coli nemethylene blue, nezvisingaratidzwi

E. coli ibhakitiriya reGram-negative rakaita setsvimbo, asi mutsara iwoyo unobatanidza chokwadi chinobva munzira dzakasiyana: chimiro chinobva pakuongorora nemakrosikopu, maitiro eGram anobva pakudhaya kweGram, kuzivikanwa kwaro kunobva pakurimwa pamwe nebvunzo dzekemisitiri yezvipenyu kana dzemamorekuru. Rukoko rwemasero rwakadhayiwa nemethylene blue runongobatsira pachikamu chekutanga. Runosimbisa kuti masero akaita setsvimbo aripo mumuenzaniso wakadhayiwa uye kuti akarongwa sei. Harusimbisi maitiro eGram, nokuti hapana bvunzo yekubvisa ruvara yakaitwa. Haruratidzi rudzi rwebhakitiriya, nokuti masero akaita setsvimbo emarudzi mazhinji anotaridzika zvakafanana pamwero uyu wekukwanisa kusiyanisa zvinhu.

Apa ndipo panokanganiswa mishumo nenzira inotarisirwa. Munyori anoisa ruzivo rwaagara anarwo ("tsika iyi inofanira kunge iri E. coli, uye E. coli ndeyeGram-negative") mumutsara wezvaonekwa, saka siraidhi inoita sokunge inosimbisa zvakanga zvangofungidzirwa. Mushumo wakajeka unopatsanura zvikamu izvi: "Kudhaya kuri nyore nemethylene blue: masero ebhuruu akaita setsvimbo aonekwa; chimiro chete, hapana boka reGram raedzwa." Zvadaro, kana kudhaya kweGram kwakaitwa nemazvo paine mienzaniso yekuenzanisa: "Kudhaya kweGram: masero epinki akaita setsvimbo, zvinoenderana neGram-negative." Kuzivikanwa kwerudzi kunouya gare gare, kubva mukutevedzana kwebasa rekuziva rudzi, kwete kubva paruvara chete.

Gwaro rinoshanda rekududzira

Shandisa mutemo uyu pakushanda parabhoritari. Kana masero ose aine ruvara rumwe chete uye nzira yacho yakashandisa dhayi rimwe chete pasina chinobvisa ruvara, waita kudhaya kuri nyore. Nyora chimiro, fungidziro yeukuru, nekurongeka. Gumira ipapo. Kana nzira yacho yakashandisa crystal violet, iodine, chinobvisa ruvara, nedhayi rechipiri pamwe nemienzaniso yekuenzanisa inozivikanwa seGram-positive neGram-negative, waita kudhaya kweGram. Nyora ruvara pamwe nechimiro: masero epepuru akaita semabhora ari mumaketani, masero epinki akaita setsvimbo, zvichingodaro.

Kukanganisa kutatu ndiko kunokonzera kuvhiringidzika kwakawanda. Chekutanga, kududzira masero ebhuruu akaita setsvimbo sokusimbiswa kweE. coli. Chechipiri, kunyora siraidhi yemethylene blue pasi pemusoro wekuti "Kudhaya kweGram" mubhuku rezvinyorwa, izvo zvichazodudzirwa zvisiri izvo nevanozoverenga. Chechitatu, kungotsiva madhayi echipiri pasina kunyatsofunga, wozofananidza mavara pakati pemarabhoritari sokunge mavara anoshandiswa akafanana. Kukanganisa kumwe nekwemwe kunogadziriswa nenzira imwe chete: taura zita renzira yakaitwa chaizvo, uye taura chete zvinoedzwa nenzira iyoyo.

Kudhaya kuri nyore kwakakosha chaizvo nokuti kunotaura zvishoma. Kunokurumidza, hakudi kunyatsorurama kwakanyanya pamatanho ose, uye kwakakwana kana mubvunzo uri wechimiro: pane chinhu here, uye chine chimiro chipi. Kana mubvunzo uri wekuisa mumapoka, ita bvunzo inosiyanisa mapoka. Siraidhi yebhuruu inokuudza kuti masero anotaridzika sei. Siraidhi yepepuru kana yepinki inokuudza kuti madziro awo anoita sei. Hapana siraidhi, iri yoga, inokuudza rudzi rwebhakitiriya.