Bvunzo yemethylene blue yeivhu rinonamira, jecha nematombo, uye ivhu

Mugadziri wekongiri anoramba jecha raendeswa kwaari nokuti ukoshi hwaro hwemethylene blue hunodarika hunotenderwa nezvinodiwa. Mutengesi anopikisa: rabhoritari yake yakayera nhamba yakaderera pajecha rimwe chete iroro. Marabhoritari ose ari maviri akashandisa methylene blue. Ose akashuma mumagiramu pakirogiramu. Asi imwe chete ndiyo yakaedza chikamu chakadomwa muzvinodiwa, uye nhamba mbiri idzi dzakanga dzisingambofananidzwi.

Kukanganisa uku kunobva pamanzwisisirwo epfungwa yacho. Mashoko okuti “bvunzo yemethylene blue” anoita seanonongedzera kumudziyo mumwe une chikero chimwe. Muchokwadi, iboka renzira dzinoshandisa dhayi imwe chete asi dzichitsanangura zvinhu zvinoyerwa zvakasiyana: zvinhu zvakasiyana, zvikamu zvemasayizi akasiyana, mapoinzi ekugumisa akasiyana, uye hwaro hwekushuma hwakasiyana. Kukanganisa kuri pakutora zita rimwe chete redhayi sokunge rinoreva mhedzisiro imwe chete. Zvikamu zviri pasi apa zvinopatsanura nzira idzi kuitira kuti muverengi asarudze nzira inoenderana nechinhu chiri kuedzwa uye anzwisise nhamba imwe neimwe maererano nehwaro hwayo.

Zvinonyatsoongororwa nedhayi

Methylene blue idhayi ine maion ane chaji yakanaka. Maminerari eivhu rinonamira ane nzvimbo dzepamusoro dzinoshanda zvikuru anosungirira dhayi iyi zvakasimba pamusoro pawo, ukuwo quartz nezvimwe zvimedu zviduku zvisingaiti mhinduro zvichitora shoma zvikuru. Saka kuwedzera dhayi zvishoma nezvishoma kumusanganiswa une zvimedu zvakarembera mumvura uchikuchidzirwa kunoyera, nenzira yetitration, nzvimbo dzepamusoro dzinoshanda: dhayi isina kusungirirwa inozoonekwa mumvura chete kana nzvimbo dzinoshanda dzazadzwa. Ndokusaka bvunzo yemethylene blue yeivhu rinonamira ichiratidza huwandu nehunhu hwemaminerari anoshanda eivhu rinonamira, kwete huwandu hwose hwezvimedu zviduku chete.

Izvi zvine migumisiro miviri. Chekutanga, mhedzisiro inoenderana nezvimedu zviri muchikamu chinoedzwa. Nzira inoedza chikamu che0/2 mm nenzira inoedza chete guruva rakatsetseka kupfuura zvose dzinopa nhamba dzakasiyana kubva kumuenzaniso mukuru mumwe chete, nokuti ivhu rinonamira rinenge rakaungana muhuwandu hwakasiyana. Chechipiri, yuniti inoshumwa ine zvainoreva chete kana ichibatanidzwa nechikamu ichocho. Kuti magiramu edhayi pakirogiramu yechii chaizvo chikamu chemhedzisiro yacho. Gwaro rinoperekedza riri pamusoro pekuyerwa kwekusungirirwa kwemethylene blue pamusoro pezvinhu rinotsanangura zvakadzama maitiro ekutorwa kwedhayi.

Kuedza jecha nematombo ekusanganisa mukuvaka: EN 933-9 inotsanangura ukoshi huviri, kwete humwe

Mwero unoshandiswa sereferensi muEurope ndiEN 933-9, Bvunzo dzehunhu hwechimiro chejecha nematombo ekusanganisa mukuvaka, Chikamu 9: Kuongororwa kwezvimedu zviduku, Bvunzo yemethylene blue. Chinyorwa chazvino ndiEN 933-9:2022, chakatsiva chinyorwa cha2009 pamwe nekugadziridzwa kwacho kwa2013, uye zvinhu zvachinobata zvakapfupikiswa muportal yemwero yeCEN neCENELEC. Mwero uyu unotsanangura ukoshi huviri hwakasiyana. MB inoyerwa pachikamu che0/2 mm. MB_F, inotsanangurwa muwedzero ine zvinodiwa zvinofanira kuteverwa, inoyerwa pachikamu che0/0.125 mm. Kudana mhedzisiro ye0/2 mm kuti “MB_F” kukanganisa pakusarudza boka, kwete sarudzo yekutenderedza nhamba.

Nzira iyi inoisa chikamu chinoedzwa mumvura inenge 500 mL, zvimedu zvichirembera mairi, yobva yawedzera dhayi kubva pamushonga une 10 g/L ichikuchidzira. Pashure pekuwedzera kwega kwega, munhu ari kuita bvunzo anoisa donhwe remusanganiswa papepa rekusefa rakatarwa. Panogumira bvunzo panowanikwa nebvunzo yakajairika yedonhwe: dhayi isina kusungirirwa inooneka sedenderedzwa rebhuruu rakajeka rakafara anenge 1 mm richikomberedza gwapa repakati, uye rinoramba riripo kwemaminitsi mashanu. Mhedzisiro inoshumwa mumagiramu emethylene blue pakirogiramu yechikamu chakaoma chaedzwa. Saka MB ine mayuniti eg/kg echinhu che0/2 mm, uye MB_F ine g/kg echinhu che0/0.125 mm. Jecha rimwe chete rinogona kupasa kana richiyerwa seMB asi richitadza kana richiyerwa seMB_F; ndicho chikonzero nei zvinodiwa zvichifanira kudoma ukoshi hwazvinoreva.

Nzira dzekuAmerica dzekuedza jecha nematombo dzinoshandisa misimboti yakasiyana

MuUnited States, nzira mbiri dzinoongorora zvinhu zvakafanana dzichishandisa midziyo yakasiyana. ASTM C1777-20, yakanyorwa neASTM seinoramba ichishanda, inoyera ukoshi hwemethylene blue hwechinhu chinopfuura nepasefa ye4.75 mm (No. 4) ichishandisa mudziyo wekuyera ruvara pa610 nm, panzvimbo pebvunzo yedonhwe papepa rekusefa. AASHTO T 330, inowanikwa kuburikidza nechitoro cheAASHTO, inochengeta nzira yekuona neziso panogumira bvunzo yedonhwe uye inoedza chikamu chinopfuura pa75 µm. Dzose dzinoshuma kutorwa kwedhayi pauwandu hwehuremu, izvo zvakaenzana mumayuniti nemagiramu pakirogiramu, asi ASTM inoyambira pachena kuti mhedzisiro yeC1777, AASHTO T 330, neEN 933-9 inogona kusiyana zvikuru. Zvikamu zvinoedzwa zvinotsanangurwa zvakasiyana, ivhu rinonamira rinoungana muhuwandu hwakasiyana, uye kuyera ruvara nemudziyo hakusi kuita kumwe chete nekuongorora denderedzwa papepa.

Naizvozvo, kumutengi wejecha, zvinorehwa nebvunzo yemethylene blue yejecha nematombo zvinoenderana nemamiriro ayo: nhamba yacho inoshandiswa kuongorora kuvapo kweivhu rinonamira rinoshanda rinogona kukuvadza, muchikamu chakatarwa uye nenzira yakatarwa. Rabhoritari inoedza chikamu chakasiyana, kana inoverenga panogumira bvunzo ichishandisa musimboti wakasiyana, inenge ichiita bvunzo yakasiyana kunyange bhodhoro redhayi rakafanana.

Kuedza ivhu: VBS yekuFrance ndeyemabasa evhu, kwete kongiri

Ivhu rine nzira yaro muboka iri. Valeur de bleu de sol, inopfupikiswa kuti VBS, inoyera kutorwa kwemethylene blue neivhu kuitira kuripatsanura mumapoka anoshandiswa mumabasa evhu nekuvaka migwagwa. Nzira yaishandiswa kare iri mumwero wekuFrance NF P94-068, wakanyorwa mukatarogu yeAFNOR. Mwero iwoyo wa1998 wakabviswa uye wakatsiviwa neNF EN 17542-3:2022, saka nzira inonongedzera kuNF P94-068 isina kutarisa chinyorwa chazvino inenge ichishandisa gwaro rakatsiviwa.

Bvunzo yedonhwe yeVBS yakafanana nebvunzo yedonhwe yejecha nematombo: dhayi inowedzerwa kakawanda kumusanganiswa weivhu nemvura, madonhwe achiiswa papepa rekusefa kusvikira denderedzwa rinoramba riripo raonekwa kumucheto. Asi chinhu chinoyerwa chakasiyana. Rabhoritari inoedza chikamu che0/5 mm, uye VBS inowanzoratidzwa mumagiramu edhayi yebhuruu pa100 g yeivhu rakaoma, zvichireva chinhu che0/50 mm. Usashandura VBS kuita ukoshi hweMB hweEN 933-9 nekuwanza kana kupatsanura negumi. Chiverengero chegumi chinoshandura mayuniti; hachishanduri chikamu, magadzirirwo emuenzaniso, kana kuenzaniswa kwehwaro hwekushuma. VBS yeivhu neMB yejecha nematombo zvinopindura mibvunzo yakasiyana yeuinjiniya, uye muganhu wega wega ndewenzira yawo.

Bentonite nedhaka rekuchera: kushanda nekukwanisa kutora, kwete kuchena

Bazi rechitatu reboka iri harina chokuita nekugamuchira kana kuramba jecha nematombo ekusanganisa mukuvaka. Mumvura inoshandiswa pakuchera, bvunzo yemethylene blue yedhaka rekuchera inoyera kuti dhaka ratova neivhu rinonamira rinoshanda rakawanda sei, kusanganisira bentonite inotengeswa nezvimedu zvinoshanda zvinobva pakuchera, uye inofungidzira kukwanisa kwose kuchinjanisa maion ane chaji yakanaka. Nzira yazvino iri muAPI RP 13B-1, Kuedza mvura dzekuchera dzine mvura sehwaro, ine chinyorwa chechitanhatu chakanyorwa musi waNdira 2026; katarogu yemwero yeAPI ndiyo sosi ine simba yekuziva chinyorwa chiri kushanda. Muenzaniso wedhaka unoiswa asidhi uye worapwa nehydrogen peroxide kubvisa zvinhu zvemanyowa zvinokanganisa bvunzo, wozoyeredzwa nedhayi nenzira yetitration kusvikira denderedzwa raonekwa papepa rekusefa. Mhedzisiro, kukwanisa kutora methylene blue, inoshumwa pavhoriyamu yemvura yekuchera uye inogona kushandurwa kuita huwandu hwakaenzana hwebentonite kana pfungwa dzinofungidzirwa pamusoro pekukwanisa kwebentonite kuchinjanisa maion dzatsanangurwa.

Bentonite yakaoma pachayo inoongororwa neimwe nzira zvakare. API RP 13I inobata bvunzo dzemurabhoritari, kusanganisira nzira yemethylene blue inoshandiswa pabentonite yakaparadzirwa mumvura, ichishuma fungidziro yekukwanisa kuchinjanisa maion mumilliequivalents pa100 g. ASTM C837, Nzira Yakatarwa Yebvunzo yeIndekisi yeMethylene Blue yeIvhu Rinonamira, ine chinyorwa chazvino C837-09(2024) uye ichiri kushanda, inoyera kusungirirwa kwedhayi pamusoro peivhu rinonamira pacharo uye inotsanangura indekisi iyi seine chokuita nekukwanisa kuchinjanisa maion ane chaji yakanaka nezvimwe zvimiro zveivhu rinonamira. Izvi zviyero zvekushanda kweivhu rinonamira. Kushandisa muganhu wekuchena kwejecha nematombo paindekisi yebentonite, kana kushandisa kukwanisa kwebentonite kutora dhayi padhaka rekuchera, kunodzokorora kukanganisa kwekutanga nezvinhu zvitsva.

Kuenzanisa nzira

Tafura inotevera ndiyo referensi yechinyorwa chino. Usati waenzanisa nhamba mbiri, simbisa kuti zviri mumitsara zvinoenderana.

Tarisa chinyorwa chemwero mumwe nemumwe usati waburitsa nzira yekuita bvunzo kubva mutafura iyi. Mwero inogadziridzwa, uye tafura inonyora zvinyorwa zvakasimbiswa panguva yekutsvakurudza, kwete runyorwa rwemareferensi rusingazochinji. Mamwe mashandisirwo edhayi ane chekuita nekuedza zvinhu, kusanganisira bvunzo dzemamembrane nemapolymer, anotsanangurwa mugwaro rinoperekedza pamusoro pekuedza zvinhu nemethylene blue.

Nei muganhu weimwe nzira usingatamiswi kune imwe

Dzokera kujecha rakarambwa. Ngatitii muganhu wezvinodiwa wakanyorerwa EN 933-9 MB pachikamu che0/2 mm, asi rabhoritari yemutengesi yakashuma MB_F pachikamu che0/0.125 mm, kana ukoshi hwakayerwa neruvara pasi peASTM C1777. Chikamu chine zvimedu zviduku zvakanyanya chinounganidza ivhu rinonamira, saka nhamba yacho inova yakakwirira nemhaka yematsanangurirwo echikamu chacho; mudziyo wekuyera ruvara unoverenga chiratidzo chinooneka chakasiyana nedenderedzwa. Chero kusapindirana kumwe chete kweizvi kunogona kushandura kupasa kuita kutadza. Kupokana hakusi pamusoro pekuti ndiani akaita titration zviri nani. Kuri pamusoro pezvinhu zviviri zvinoyerwa zvakasiyana zvichishandisa zita redhayi rimwe chete.

Naizvozvo mutemo uyu wakasimba. Muganhu wezvinodiwa unoshanda chete kunzira, chikamu, uye hwaro hwekushuma zvakashandiswa kuugadzira. Kuisa muganhu pasi penzira inotsiva yekare kunoda hukama hunobva pamhedzisiro yebvunzo, hwakavakwa pachishandiswa zvinhu zvinomiririra boka racho uye zvakaedzwa nenzira dzose dziri mbiri, kwete kungoshandura mayuniti. Uye nokuti bvunzo yemethylene blue yeivhu rinonamira rinoshanda inoratidza hunhu hweivhu pamwe nehuwandu hwaro, kunyange hukama hwakanaka hwakawanikwa pazvinhu zvinobva kune imwe nzvimbo yejeoloji hunogona kusashanda kune imwe.

Rondedzero pfupi yekutarisa usati waedza

Nyora chinhu chiri kuedzwa, mwero negore rechinyorwa chawo, chikamu chinoedzwa, mutemo wepanogumira bvunzo, uye hwaro hwekushuma usati wagadzira chero mushonga. Simbisa nesangano rakaburitsa mwero kuti chinyorwa chataurwa ndicho chazvino. Wobva wagadzirira kusimba kwedhayi, kuenzaniswa kwemidziyo, uye zviyero zvekudzora zvinoenderana nenzira iyoyo. Mushumo unotaura zvinhu zvose zvishanu unobvumira chero muverengi kudzokorora chiyero uye unodzivisa kuti zita redhayi riite basa rinofanira kuitwa netsananguro yenzira.