Ubururu bwa metilene mu gusiga amabara imyenda n’impapuro: Basic Blue 9 mu ruganda rusiga amabara

Ubururu bwa metilene bwamaze imyaka cumi n’itanu ari irangi ryagurishwaga mbere y’uko hagira ubuhabwa umurwayi. Heinrich Caro yabukoreye muri BASF mu 1876 nk’irangi ry’imyenda, kandi amateka ya BASF ubwayo ndetse na American Chemical Society bibuvuga nk’irangi ryakorewe ipamba. Imirimo ya Koch yo gusiga amabara ingero zo mu buvuzi yatangiye ahagana mu 1880, naho imiti ya malariya yo mu 1891 iza nyuma yaho. Ibindi byose iki kinyabutabire cyaje gukoreshwamo, yaba gusiga amabara ingero, kuba ikimenyetso cy’impinduka z’ikinyabutabire cyangwa kuba umuti, byatangiriye ku izina ryari mu rutonde rw’amarangi.

Iryo zina riracyari uburyo bukwiye bwo kumva iki kinyabutabire mu nganda. Mu mvugo y’abakora imirimo yo gusiga amabara, nticyitwa klorure ya metilitioniniyumu. Cyitwa Basic Blue 9.

Ikinyabutabire kimwe, uburyo bubiri bwo gutanga nimero

Colour Index iha buri rangi rigurishwa ibiranga bibiri. Izina rusange risobanura aho rikoreshwa n’icyo rikoreshwa; nimero y’imiterere igasobanura imiterere yaryo y’ikinyabutabire. Ubururu bwa metilene bufite izina rusange C.I. Basic Blue 9 na nimero y’imiterere C.I. 52015, ibushyira mu cyiciro cya tiyazine gifite nimero kuva kuri 52000 kugeza kuri 52999, nk’uko inyandiko iherutse kuvuga kuri Colour Index ibihamya ikoresheje ubururu bwa metilene nk’urugero rusesenguye.

Ikinyabutabire kiri inyuma y’izo nimero kigizwe na kat iyoni ya fenotiyazine ifatanyije na klorure: iyo nta mazi kirimo, gifite formule C16H18ClN3S n’uburemere bugera kuri 319.9 g/mol, hamwe na CAS 61-73-4; naho ubwoko busanzwe bugurishwa bufite molekile eshatu z’amazi, trihydrate, bugera kuri 373.9 g/mol, hamwe na CAS 7220-79-3. Uyu munyu ugurishwa ugira kristalo z’icyatsi cyijimye zirabagirana nk’umuringa wa bronze, zishonga zigatanga umushongi w’ubururu bwijimye. Umushongi wa trihydrate wa 1 ku ijana ugira pH kuva kuri 3 kugeza kuri 4.5, nk’uko PubChem n’isesengura riherutse gukorwa ku miterere ya molekile bibigaragaza. Ugura iki kinyabutabire mu ngunguru akwiye kugenzura nimero ya CAS iri ku kirango, kuko ikiro kimwe cya trihydrate kirimo igice gitanga ibara kiri munsi y’ikiri mu kiro kimwe cy’umunyu utarimo amazi ho hafi 15 ku ijana. Ni ngombwa kubanza kumenya neza igipimwa mbere yo gukora imibare iyo ari yo yose yo gusiga amabara.

Ihame ryo gufata: kat iyoni ishaka aniyoni

Amarangi yo mu bwoko bwa basic ni amarangi afite kat iyoni. Mu mushongi, igice gifite ibara kigira umuriro w’amashanyarazi mwiza, bityo kikoroherwa no gufata ku tundodo dufite ahantu hari aniyoni. Iryo hame rimwe risobanura hafi uburyo bwose aya marangi akoreshwamo.

Utudodo twa akrilike ni urugero rusanzwe rutangwa mu bitabo. Ubusanzwe tugira amatsinda ya karboksilate cyangwa sulfonate, kandi gukururana kw’iyoni hagati y’ayo matsinda na kat iyoni y’irangi bituma irangi rifata cyane, nk’uko bisobanurwa mu bushakashatsi ku buryo busanzwe bwo gusiga akrilike amabara hakoreshejwe amarangi ya kat iyoni no ku miterere y’ikinyabutabire y’utudodo twa akrilike. Ubwoya n’ubudodo bwa silike na byo bifata amarangi yo mu bwoko bwa basic mu buryo butaziguye ahantu hafite umuriro w’amashanyarazi mubi, bigatanga amabara agaragara cyane. Icyakora, inyandiko zerekeye imyenda ziburira ko amarangi ya kera yo muri ubu bwoko, iyo ari kuri utu tudodo, muri rusange atihanganira urumuri neza, nk’uko bivugwa mu gitabo gifunguye ku gusiga imyenda amabara.

Ipamba ni yo ntandukaniro ry’ingenzi. Selilozu itabanje gutunganywa ntifata neza amarangi gakondo yo mu bwoko bwa basic, ari na cyo cyatumaga “irangi ry’ipamba” rya Caro rikenera ubufasha. Mu buryo bwakoreshwaga kera, ipamba yabanzaga gushyirwamo aside tanike nk’ikinyabutabire gifatisha irangi, akenshi igafatishwa tartar emetic (tartrate ya antimoni na potasiyumu), bigakora urusobe rwa tanine n’irangi rutashongaga ku kadodo. Igitabo cyo muri icyo gihe cyerekeye gusiga ipamba amabara gisobanura ibyiciro bitatu: gushyiramo tanine, kuyifatisha, hanyuma gusiga irangi, muri Gusiga amabara imyenda y’ipamba. Nayiloni isanzwe na yo ikenera ibisobanuro nk’ibyo: ahanini isigwa amarangi yo mu bwoko bwa aside, kandi nayiloni yahinduwe ku bushake igashyirwamo amatsinda ya sulfonate, igurishwa nka nayiloni ishobora gusigwa amarangi ya kat iyoni kandi ivugwa mu nyandiko nka US6312805B1, ni yo yonyine ifata cyane amarangi yo mu bwoko bwa basic.

Bityo, incamake ku tundodo iroroshye. Ipamba ikenera ikifatisha irangi cya tanine kubera impamvu z’amateka; ubwoya na silike bifata irangi mu buryo butaziguye ariko ibara rikazimira vuba; akrilike ni yo ikoreshwa rigezweho rihuje neza n’imiterere y’ikinyabutabire; nayiloni isanzwe yo ntikwiriye muri rusange.

Ibara rigaragara cyane, ariko rizimira vuba

Ikibazo nticyigeze kiba gushyira ibara ku mwenda. Cyari ukuririndaho. Ubushakashatsi bwo mu 2019 bwasize ipamba, silike n’ubwoya amabara mu buryo butaziguye bukoresheje ubururu bwa metilene trihydrate, bupima ubushobozi bw’ibara bwo kwihanganira urumuri hakurikijwe ISO 105-B02. Ku moko yose uko ari atatu y’utudodo, habonetse amanota 1, ari yo yo hasi cyane ku gipimo. Ibara ryagumagaho neza kurushaho ari uko gusa nyuma yo gusiga irangi hakoreshejwe smectite, nk’uko byatangajwe muri RSC Advances. Inyandiko za kera zibivuga kimwe mu mvugo y’icyo gihe: amabara menshi yo mu bwoko bwa basic azimira vuba iyo ahuye n’urumuri, nk’uko inyandiko yo mu Encyclopaedia Britannica yo mu 1911 ivuga ku gusiga amabara ibigaragaza.

Imiterere y’ikinyabutabire y’umushongi wo gusigamo irangi izana indi ngingo yo kwitondera. Amarangi yo mu bwoko bwa basic ubusanzwe akoreshwa mu mushongi utari aside cyangwa alikali, cyangwa urimo aside nke. Alikali ikomeye igira ingaruka mbi by’umwihariko ku bururu bwa metilene: mu mushongi wa alikali uri mu mazi wa 0.1 M, busenywa n’imikoranire yabwo n’amazi, cyane cyane bukavamo methylene violet ya Bernthsen, ikinyabutabire gifite ibara rikomeye kandi gikunda ibinure, aho kuguma uko bwari bumeze, nk’uko ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka za alikali ku bururu bwa metilene bubigaragaza. Alikali isigara mu myenda nyuma yo kuyisukura, cyangwa kuyitunganya hakoreshejwe alikali nyuma yo kuyisiga irangi, bishobora rero guhindura ibara kubera impamvu z’imikoranire y’ibinyabutabire zidafitanye isano no gufatisha irangi. Ihinduranya ry’itakaza n’iyakira rya elegitoroni riri inyuma y’impinduka z’ibara ni indi ngingo, ariko ihame ngiro riroroshye: irinde ko umushongi wo gusigamo irangi urimo alikali ikomeye.

Impapuro, wino n’amakopi akorwa n’impapuro za karubone

Gusiga impapuro amabara byanditswe nk’imwe mu mikoreshereze y’ubucuruzi ikiriho. Umucuruzi wa Basic Blue 9 ashyira impapuro hamwe na silike, ikivuguto, ibiti n’imigano mu bintu iri rangi rikoreshwaho, akongeraho gukora wino n’amabara ahambirijwe ku bintu bidashonga, mu nyandiko ye y’imikoreshereze y’igicuruzwa. Ikoreshwa muri wino rifite ibihamya byinshi kurushaho mu nyandiko: Ubuhinde bwigeze kugira igipimo cyihariye, IS 2230:1962, cy’irangi ry’ubururu bwa metilene rikoreshwa mu nganda za wino. Ubu cyakuweho, ariko cyanditswe muri raporo y’umwaka ya BIS yo kuva mu 1962 kugeza mu 1963 kandi cyashyizwe mu rutonde nk’icyakuweho.

Impapuro za karubone na zo zivugwa mu nyandiko. Ipatanti yo muri Amerika yo mu 1933 yerekeye ibishyirwa ku mpapuro za karubone isobanura wino z’amavuta n’ibishashara zirimo amarangi ya aniline, harimo ubururu bwa metilene, muri US1925235A. Nanone, ubushakashatsi bwo mu 2024 mu bumenyi bwo kubungabunga umurage, bwakorewe ku makaramu y’ubururu yakoreshwaga kera mu gukora amakopi, bwasanze ubururu bwa metilene ari kimwe mu binyabutabire bitanga amabara byakoreshwaga cyane. Bwanagaragaje neza imyitwarire uruganda rusiga amabara rwari kuba rwiteze: kutihanganira urumuri cyane no gukwirakwira kw’irangi iyo ritose. Bwatangajwe muri npj Heritage Science. Ikaramu yakoraga amakopi afite ibara rigaragara cyane ariko rikazimira ku zuba ikoresha imiterere y’ikinyabutabire imwe n’ipamba yasigwaga ibara rigaragara cyane ariko rikazimira iri ku idirishya.

Ibyiciro bitatu, uburyo butatu bw’ibisabwa

Iri ni ryo gereranya ry’ingenzi kurusha ayandi, kuko izina rimwe rikoreshwa ku bikoresho byakozwe hakurikijwe ibisabwa bidahuye. Icyiciro cy’imyenda, irangi ry’ingero z’ibinyabuzima n’icyiciro cy’imiti si intambwe zikurikirana ku gipimo kimwe cy’ubuziranenge. Buri kimwe gisubiza ikibazo gitandukanye.

Ibintu bibiri bishobora kwitiranywa muri iyi mbonerahamwe bikwiye gushimangirwa. Icya mbere, irangi ry’imyenda rya “100 ku ijana” ntiriba ari igice gitanga ibara gifite ubuziranenge bwa 100 ku ijana; ISO 105-Z10 isobanura ubushobozi bwo gutanga ibara nk’ubugereranyije n’irangi fatizo. Icya kabiri, irangi ry’ingero ryemejwe kandi ririmo irangi ku rugero rwa 82 ku ijana si igicuruzwa cy’imiti cyatsinzwe ibipimo; ryatsinze ikizamini gitandukanye. Ku ruhande rw’imiti, urugero rutangwa na raporo yo gutunganya uburyo bwo gukora yagumishije ibyuma byose hamwe munsi ya 20 ppm, Azure B munsi ya 2 ku ijana n’ibindi bintu bivanzemo munsi ya 0.5 ku ijana. Iyo mibare isobanura ubwo buryo muri ubushakashatsi bwa Proveblue bwatangajwe, si ibisabwa rusange ku marangi y’imyenda. Impamvu Azure B igira igikoresho fatizo cyayo ni uko ari yo kinyabutabire nyamukuru kivamo iyo amatsinda ya metile avanyweho, kandi ubwayo ikaba n’ikinyabutabire gikomoka ku ihindurwa ry’umuti mu mubiri kandi gifite igikorwa cy’umuti. Ibyo bivugwaho mu bushakashatsi kuri Azure B.

Ku ruganda rusiga amabara, igenzura ngiro ry’ibikoresho byakiriwe rikurikiza inkingi y’ibumoso: kugereranya ibara n’iryagenwe, ubushobozi bugereranyije bwo gutanga ibara, gushonga n’ibidashonga, ubuhehere no guhuza ibyiciro bitandukanye by’ibicuruzwa. Nta kintu na kimwe muri uru rutonde cyemeza ko ingunguru ikwiriye gukoreshwa muri laboratwari, sembuse ko ibiyirimo byanyobwa.

Uko wasoma urupapuro rw’amakuru rwa Basic Blue 9

Urupapuro rusanzwe rw’amakuru ya tekiniki rugaragaza imibare ine, kandi buri umwe usubiza ikibazo gitandukanye. Ubushobozi bwo gutanga ibara, bugaragazwa nk’ijanisha ugereranyije n’icyiciro fatizo cy’umucuruzi, bubwira usiga amabara ingano y’irangi agomba gupima kugira ngo agere ku rwego rw’ibara ashaka; icyiciro gifite ubushobozi bwa 105 ku ijana gikenera uburemere buri munsi y’ubusanzwe ho hafi 5 ku ijana. Ingano y’irangi ririmo, iyo igaragajwe, ni umugabane w’ikinyabutabire gitanga ibara nyakuri. Ihora iri munsi y’uko umubare w’ubushobozi bwo gutanga ibara ushobora kubyumvikanisha, kuko ifu igurishwa irimo ubuhehere n’ibintu biyivanga bikayigabanyiriza ubukana. Ibidashonga mu mazi, bigenerwa imipaka nka 1.5 ku ijana, byerekana ibyago byo kugira utudomo no kuziba akayunguruzo aho kwerekana ubwoko bw’ibara. Ubuhehere bwuzuza ayo makuru, kandi bufitanye isano n’ikibazo cy’amazi ari mu miterere ya kristalo: trihydrate igira molekile eshatu z’amazi muri kristalo, bityo ikiro cyayo kikagira hafi bitandatu bya karindwi by’igice gitanga ibara kiri mu kiro cy’umunyu utarimo amazi. Uburyo bwo gusiga amabara bwandikiwe ubwoko bumwe bufite amazi muri kristalo, ariko bugapimirwa ubundi bwoko, ntibuzagera ku rwego rw’ibara rwateganyijwe kuri uwo mugabane, na mbere y’uko imyenda ishyirwa mu mushongi w’irangi.

Icyitonderwa ku mazi asohoka mu nganda

Ubururu bwa metilene bugira ibara rikomeye kandi biroroshye gukurikirana ingano yabwo hakoreshejwe igikoresho gipima uko urumuri runyuzwa mu mushongi. Ubushakashatsi ku gufatwa kw’ibinyabutabire ku buso bw’ibikoresho ubusanzwe bukurikirana uko bufata urumuri rugaragara ahagana kuri 663 kugeza kuri 665 nm, nk’uko bikorwa mu bushakashatsi ku gufatwa n’ibikoresho bikomoka ku binyabuzima no mu bushakashatsi ku gufatwa na hydrogel. Ubwo bworoherane bwatumye buba irangi rya kat iyoni rikoreshwa nk’icyitegererezo mu bushakashatsi ku mazi yanduye: isesengura rikomeye ryatangajwe muri Journal of Hazardous Materials ryiga uko bukurwa mu mazi bufashwe ku buso bw’ibikoresho bihendutse, rikareba amazi asohoka mu nganda z’imyenda, impapuro no gucapa.

Gukoreshwa nk’icyitegererezo bifite impande ebyiri. Kuba hari inyandiko nyinshi ku gufatwa kwabwo ku buso bw’ibikoresho ntibihamya ko ubururu bwa metilene ubwabwo ari kimwe mu bihumanya bikomeye by’inganda z’imyenda zigezweho; bihamya ko ari ikinyabutabire cyoroshye gukoresha mu guhagararira amarangi ya kat iyoni muri rusange. Soma ibivugwa ku mazi asohoka mu nganda uzirikana iryo tandukaniro.

Izina ubwaryo ni umuburo

Basic Blue 9, C.I. 52015, klorure ya metilitioniniyumu: amazina atatu y’ikinyabutabire kimwe gitanga ibara, kigurishwa hakurikijwe nibura uburyo butatu bw’ibisabwa. Ibikoresho by’imyenda Caro yakoreye ipamba ntibyigeze bisabwa kuba ibyo umuntu ashobora kumira, kandi nta cyemezo cyandikiwe ibara n’ubushobozi bwo kuritanga gishobora kubihindura gutyo. Iyo izina rimwe riri ku ngunguru ribonetse ku kabati ka laboratwari, ibisabwa by’igicuruzwa, aho kuba ibara ryacyo, ni byo bikubwira icyo ufite.