Ibikomeye na kristali bya methylene blue mu mushongi: gukemura ibibazo

Umushongi uboneka neza ku wa Mbere, ariko ku wa Gatanu ukagira kristali. Cyangwa ifu ntishonga yose nubwo bayikoroga cyane. Cyangwa ibintu bibiri by'amazi biboneka neza bigahinduka ibicu bikimara guhura. Buri kimwe muri ibi cyitwa kwirema kw'ibikomeye bya methylene blue, ariko ni ibibazo bitandukanye, bifite impamvu n'uburyo bwo kubikemura bitandukanye.

Ikosa ni ugufata uko ikintu kigaragara nk'igisobanuro cy'ikibazo. Ibikomeye bigaragara bisubiza ikibazo kimwe gusa: hari igice gikomeye cyitandukanije n'umushongi. Ibindi byose, ni ukuvuga ubwoko bw'icyo gikomeye, impamvu cyaremwe n'icyo wakora, bigomba kumenyekana hashingiwe ku gihe byabereye, ibigize imvange, ikinyabutabire gishongesha n'amabwiriza yo gufata no gukoresha igicuruzwa ari ku kirango cyacyo.

Ubushobozi bwo gushonga ni bwo bushyiraho umupaka

Buri gikorwa cyo gushaka no gukemura ikibazo kigomba gutangirira ku igenzura rimwe: iyi mvange yegereye ku rugero rungana iki umupaka wo gushonga muri iki kinyabutabire gishongesha no kuri ubu bushyuhe?

Ku munyu wa chloride uri mu mazi atarimo ibindi, amakuru ya PubChem kuri methylene blue akusanya agaciro k'ubushobozi bwo gushonga kangana na hafi 43.6 mg/mL kuri 25 C. Andi makuru yavuye mu bushakashatsi yapimye 43.2 g/L kuri ubwo bushyuhe, hamwe n'agaciro k'ingufu z'ubushyuhe bwo gushonga kari hejuru cyane ya zeru. Ibyo bivuga ko ubushobozi bwo gushonga bwiyongera cyane iyo hashyushye kandi bukagabanuka cyane iyo hakonje. Muri ayo makuru, ubwinshi bw'ikinyabutabire mu mushongi wuzuye bwari hafi 19 g/L kuri 5 C, 43 g/L kuri 25 C, na 84 g/L kuri 45 C.

Hari ibintu bibiri bigomba kwitabwaho mbere y'uko umuntu wese akoresha iyi mibare nk'ibipimo ngenderwaho. Icya mbere, amakuru ya PubChem ku bwoko bwa trihydrate atanga undi mubare wakusanyijwe, nibura 100 mg/mL hafi y'ubushyuhe busanzwe bwo mu cyumba, wavuye mu yindi nkomoko no ku gikomeye gifite irindi zina. Iyo mibare ibiri ntigomba guhuzwa ngo ibe agaciro kamwe k'ukuri. Icya kabiri, ubushakashatsi ku miterere ya kristali bwabonye ibyiciro bitanu bitandukanye bya methylene blue irimo amazi mu miterere yayo, ariko ntibwabona icyiciro kimwe cya trihydrate kidavanze n'ibindi, nubwo trihydrate ikiri izina risanzwe rikoreshwa mu bitabo by'ibipimo ngenderwaho no ku bicuruzwa. Mu magambo yoroshye, igikomeye upima gishobora kuba kitameze neza nk'icyanditse ku kirango, kandi ubushobozi bwacyo nyakuri bwo gushonga bushingira ku gikomeye n'ikinyabutabire gishongesha bihari, si ku izina gusa. Imiterere y'ibikomeye yihishe inyuma y'amazina ya hydrate isobanura impamvu amazina yo mu bitabo by'ibipimo ngenderwaho n'imiterere ya kristali bishobora kudahuza.

Nk'urugero rwo kubigereranya, umuti warangije gutunganywa witwa PROVAYBLUE ni umushongi wa 5 mg/mL, uri munsi cyane y'umupaka wo gushonga mu mazi atarimo ibindi. Kristali za methylene blue zigaragara mu mushongi ufite ubwo bwinshi, wabitswe neza, ntizishobora gusobanurwa n'ukwuzura k'umushongi ku buringanire bwawo gusa. Hagomba kurebwa indi mpamvu, nk'ubushyuhe umushongi wanyuzemo, ikindi cyawongeweho, cyangwa uduce dukomeye twavuye ahandi hatari mu kinyabutabire cy'ibara ubwacyo.

Igihe ni cyo cya mbere gitandukanya ibibazo

Mbere yo gushaka igisobanuro, andika igihe ibikomeye byagaragariye ugereranyije n'ibihe bitatu: igihe ifu yakoranye bwa mbere n'ikinyabutabire gishongesha, igihe cyose umushongi wamaze utanyeganyezwa cyangwa ukonja, n'igihe hongerwagamo ikindi kinyabutabire. Uru rukurikirane rw'ibihe rwonyine rutandukanya ibibazo byinshi.

Icyagaragaye n'igihe cyagaragariye	Ibigize imvange n'ikinyabutabire gishongesha	Uburyo bushobora kuba bwateye ikibazo	Igenzura ry'ikirango cyangwa uburyo bwo gufata no gukoresha	Intambwe ikurikira
Ibikomeye bihari kuva mu ntangiriro; ifu ntishonga ngo umushongi uboneke neza	Ubwinshi buri hafi cyangwa hejuru y'umupaka nyakuri wo gushonga; ikinyabutabire gishongesha kidakwiye ubwoko bw'igikomeye; igihe cyo gushonga kidahagije	Gushonga kutarangiye, si ikibazo cyo kubika	Emeza ko ubwoko bw'igikomeye cyapimwe, ubwinshi bugamijwe n'ikinyabutabire gishongesha bihuye n'uburyo bwemejwe	Gabanya ubwinshi cyangwa uhindure ikinyabutabire gishongesha hakurikijwe uburyo bwemejwe; emeza igice cyashonze ukoresheje isesengura ripima ubwinshi aho kugenzura n'amaso gusa
Uboneka neza mu ntangiriro, ariko kristali cyangwa ibicu bikaza nyuma yo kumara igihe utanyeganyezwa cyangwa gukonja	Umushongi fatizo urimo ikinyabutabire kinshi mu mazi; kubika mu cyumba gikonje cyangwa muri firigo	Kurenga umupaka wo gushonga bigakurikirwa no gutinda kw'iremwa ry'intangiriro za kristali	Reba ubushyuhe bwo kubika buri ku kirango; amabwiriza yo kubika no gufata umuti ari ku kirango ateganya 20 kugeza kuri 25 C, nta kuwushyira muri firigo cyangwa kuwukonjesha ngo ube urubura	Wushyushye gusa niba uburyo bwo gukora bubibyemera; bitabaye ibyo, tegura undi mushongi ufite ubwinshi buri hasi kandi uwubike ku bushyuhe buri ku kirango
Ibicu cyangwa uduce dukomeye bigaragara iyo ibintu bibiri by'amazi bivanzwe	Ikintu kigabanya ubwinshi kirimo chloride, cyane cyane amazi arimo umunyu wa 0.9%; kuvangwa n'undi muti	Kutajyana kw'ibinyabutabire cyangwa kwitandukanya n'umushongi bitewe n'umunyu	Amabwiriza yo gukoresha PROVAYBLUE ategeka gukoresha dextrose ya 5% igihe hagabanywa ubwinshi, kandi aburira ko chloride igabanya ubushobozi bwo gushonga; genzura niba harimo uduce dukomeye	Hagarika icyo gikorwa kandi utandukanye iyo mvange n'ibindi; ntuyungurure ngo ukoreshe umuti wo gutera urimo uduce dukomeye; suzuma urutonde rwo kongeramo ibinyabutabire mu buryo bwo kugabanya ubwinshi no kugenzura ko bijyana
Ibara ry'ubururu riragabanuka nta bikomeye byirundira hasi	Hari ikinyabutabire gitanga electron, nka aside ascorbic; ogisijeni yabanje gukumirwa ikongera ikemerwa	Impinduka ya redox ihindura ikinyabutabire mu bwoko bwa leuco butagira ibara, si ukwitsindagira kw'ibikomeye	Genzura urutonde rw'ibigize imvange ushake ibinyabutabire bitanga cyangwa byakira electron	Byemeze ukoresheje isesengura rya sipetirumu, urebe kugabanuka gukomeye k'agace methylene blue inyunyuza urumuri rugaragara, aho gusesengura uduce dukomeye; bifate nk'ikibazo cy'impinduka y'ibinyabutabire, si icy'ubushobozi bwo gushonga
Uduce dukomeye mu gacupa k'umuti katarafungurwa kandi kabitswe neza	Igicuruzwa cyarangiye cya 5 mg/mL kitarengeje igihe cyo kurangira, kandi nta kugabanya ubwinshi kwabaye	Uduce twavuye hanze cyangwa ku gikoresho kirimo umuti, cyangwa inenge y'igicuruzwa; si ukwuzura k'umushongi gusa	Kurikiza amabwiriza yo ku kirango yo kugenzura uduce dukomeye n'ihinduka ry'ibara mbere yo gukoresha	Shyira icyo gicuruzwa ukwacyo kandi ukurikize uburyo bwo gutanga ikirego ku gicuruzwa; uko agace kagaragara konyine ntigushobora kwerekana icyo ari cyo, nk'uko bisobanurwa mu buryo igenzura ry'isesengura ritandukanya umwirondoro n'uko ikintu kigaragara

Amakosa yo gutegura: ibikomeye kuva ku munota wa mbere

Ifu idashonga yerekeza ku kibazo cyo gutegura, si icyo kubika. Impamvu zisanzwe ni ubwinshi burenze umupaka nyakuri wo gushonga mu kinyabutabire cyatoranyijwe, ikinyabutabire gishongesha cyatekerejwe ko gihwanye n'ikindi kandi atari byo, no kutihangana.

Ethanol igaragaza neza umutego wo guhitamo ikinyabutabire gishongesha. Ibisobanuro bivuga ko methylene blue ishonga muri ethanol bihisha intera nini y'ibipimo byabonetse mu bushakashatsi, kandi inyandiko za kera zivuga ko trihydrate ishonga gake gusa muri alukoro. Mu makuru y'ubushyuhe yavuzwe haruguru, ethanol kuri 25 C yashongeshaga hafi 37 g/L, naho amazi agashongesha 43 g/L, kandi byombi byahindukaga cyane bitewe n'ubushyuhe. Uburyo bwo gukora bwimuwe bukava ku kinyabutabire gishongesha kimwe bukajya ku kindi, cyangwa ku bushyuhe bumwe bukajya ku bundi, butongeye kwemezwa, bushobora kurenga umupaka nta kimenyetso kibigaragaza.

Gufatana kwa molekile byongeraho undi mutego utagaragara byoroshye. Molekile za methylene blue mu mazi zirifatanya zikarema amatsinda ya molekile ebyiri n'amatsinda manini kurushaho; molekile imwe inyunyuza urumuri hafi ya 665 nm, naho amatsinda akagira uruhare hafi ya 605 kugeza kuri 612 nm. Umushongi urimo ikinyabutabire kinshi ushobora rero guhindura ibara cyangwa sipetirumu kandi ugakomeza kuboneka neza nta bicu. Amatsinda ya molekile ebyiri si ibikomeye bya methylene blue byitandukanije n'umushongi. Gufata buri mpinduka ya sipetirumu nk'ikimenyetso cya kristali zigiye kwirema bituma hakoreshwa ibisubizo, nko kuyungurura cyane, bikemura ikibazo kitari cyo.

Impinduka zo kubika: ubanza kuboneka neza, kristali zikaza nyuma

Umushongi wabonekaga neza hanyuma ukagira kristali ni ikimenyetso cyo kurenga umupaka wo gushonga. Amazi ashyushye ashobora kugumana ikinyabutabire cy'ibara cyashonze kiruta icyo amazi akonje ashobora kugumana. Umushongi fatizo urimo ikinyabutabire kinshi wateguwe ushyushye, hanyuma ukimurirwa mu cyumba gikonje cyangwa muri firigo, ushobora kumara amasaha uboneka neza mu buryo budahamye mbere y'uko intangiriro za kristali zitangira kwirema. Iyo intangiriro ya mbere imaze kwirema, kristali zishobora gukura vuba, ari na yo mpamvu impinduka isa n'ibaye gitunguranye.

Aha ni ho amabwiriza yo gufata no gukoresha ari ku kirango agaragaza akamaro kayo. Ku kirango cy'umuti handitse ubushyuhe bwa 20 kugeza kuri 25 C, hakemerwa impinduka z'igihe gito hagati ya 15 na 30 C, kurinda urumuri, n'amabwiriza yeruye abuza kuwushyira muri firigo cyangwa kuwukonjesha ngo ube urubura. Iperereza ku duce dukomeye turi muri uwo muti rigomba rero kubanza kubaza ubushyuhe wanyuzemo mbere yo gusuzuma impinduka z'ibinyabutabire. Kubika mu bukonje igicuruzwa kibibuza ni ukutanyura mu mabwiriza yo kugifata no kugikoresha, kandi igisubizo ni ugukosora uburyo bwo gukora, si ugukorera agacupa igikorwa cyo kugatabara.

Imyitwarire ya hydrate ishobora kongeraho impinduka iba buhoro mu gihe cyo kubika. Kubera ko igikomeye gishobora kugira ibyiciro byinshi bitandukanye birimo amazi mu miterere yacyo, imvange irimo uduce tutashonze cyangwa umushongi uri hafi y'umupaka wo gushonga ushobora guhindura ubwoko bw'ibikomeye iyo umara igihe utanyeganyezwa, bigahindura ingano ikomeza gushonga. Ibi bifite akamaro cyane ku mishongi fatizo yo muri laboratwari yateguwe hafi yo kwuzura ikabikwa ibyumweru, si ku bicuruzwa byarangiye birimo ikinyabutabire gike.

Kutajyana kw'ibinyabutabire: ibikomeye biza nyuma yo kuvanga

Iyo ibicu bije nyuma yo guhura kw'ibinyabutabire bibiri, keka iyo mvange, si ikinyabutabire cy'ibara cyonyine. Urugero rwanditswe neza kurusha izindi ni chloride. Amabwiriza yo gukoresha yirinda imishongi ya sodium chloride nk'ibintu byo kugabanya ubwinshi kuko chloride igabanya ubushobozi bwo gushonga, kandi amakuru y'igicuruzwa yo muri Ositaraliya avuga ko ibikomeye byirema iyo gikoreshejwe n'amazi arimo umunyu wa 0.9%. Ubushakashatsi ku buryo ibyo bibaho bushyigikira igitekerezo cy'uko gufatana kwa molekile no kwitandukanya n'umushongi bitewe n'umunyu bishingira kuri chloride: umunyu wongewemo uhindura uburinganire bwo gufatana kwa molekile ugashyigikira amatsinda manini kurushaho, kandi iyo chloride ari nyinshi ayo matsinda ava mu mushongi. Amazi arimo umunyu rero si amazi afite gusa iyoni itagira uruhare. Ni ikinyabutabire gishongesha gitandukanye, gifite umupaka wo gushonga uri hasi.

Ibindi binyabutabire bitajyana na methylene blue byanditswe mu makuru y'ibicuruzwa, aho kuba inkuru zo mu kazi ka laboratwari: alkali zikaze zangiza, iodide, dichromate, n'ibinyabutabire byakira cyangwa bitanga electron; ku minyu myinshi itari iy'ibinyabuzima, havugwa kwirema kw'umunyu w'ibinyabutabire bibiri. Ibidukikije birimo alkali nyinshi ntibitera gusa kwirema kw'ibikomeye; muri alkali ya 0.1 M, ikinyabutabire cy'ibara kirahinduka, ahanini kikaba methylene violet. Ibyo ni ugusenyuka kw'ikinyabutabire, kandi nta buryo bwo kongera ubushobozi bwo gushonga busubizaho ikinyabutabire cy'umwimerere.

Umutego wa aside ascorbic: kugabanuka kw'ibara si kwirema kw'ibikomeye

Hari ikibazo kimwe gikwiye gusobanurwa ukwacyo kuko gitera imyanzuro itari yo abantu bemeza cyane. Aside ascorbic itanga electron igahindura methylene blue y'ubururu mu bwoko bwa leuco hafi ya butagira ibara, kandi ogisijeni ishobora gusubiza inyuma iyo mpinduka. Uburyo bw'isesengura bukoresha neza uko kugabanuka kw'ibara kugira ngo bupime ascorbate ku bipimo bya micromolar. Umushongi w'ubururu ugira ibara rike iyo uri hafi y'ikinyabutabire gitanga electron, nta bikomeye byirundira hasi, uba wagize impinduka ya redox. Kubyita kristali za methylene blue mu mushongi byerekeza iperereza ku byunguruzo n'ibinyabutabire bishongesha, kandi ibikoresho bikwiye ari igikoresho gipima urumuri rwanyunyujwe n'umushongi no gusuzuma urutonde rw'ibigize imvange.

Ikinyuranyo na cyo ni ukuri. Uduce dukomeye nyakuri tugifite ibara ry'ubururu ni ikibazo cy'igice gikomeye cyitandukanije n'umushongi, keretse isesengura ryerekanye ibindi. Imyitwarire y'ibara igabanya impamvu zishobora gukekwa; ntirangiza iperereza.

Ibyo uko ikintu kigaragara bidashobora kukubwira

Hari imipaka ibiri ituma aya mabwiriza atavuga ibirenze ibyo ashobora kwemeza. Icya mbere, uduce dukomeye tugaragara mu muti ntidushobora kwemezwa ko ari kristali z'ikinyabutabire cy'ibara hakoreshejwe kureba gusa. Ibintu byavuye ku gikoresho kirimo umuti n'uduce twaturutse hanze bikomeza kuba mu mpamvu zishoboka, ari na yo mpamvu ikirango gisaba kugenzura no kwanga igicuruzwa aho gusaba kumenya ubwoko bw'uduce iruhande rw'umurwayi. Icya kabiri, aya mabwiriza ntatanga uburyo bwo gutegura imiti yo gutera. Ibintu byo kugabanya ubwinshi, urutonde rwo kubyongeramo, n'ibibazo by'igihe ntarengwa cyo gukoresha nyuma yo gutegura bigengwa n'ikirango cy'igicuruzwa, uburyo bwo gukora muri farumasi n'ibipimo ngenderwaho bikurikizwa mu gutegura imiti, si n'inyandiko yo gukemura ibibazo.

Incamake y'uburyo bwo gusobanukirwa ikibazo, ivuzwe rimwe: ubushobozi bwo gushonga bushyiraho umupaka, ubwinshi n'ubushyuhe bigena ibyago byo kuwurenga, chloride n'imbaraga z'iyonike bituma molekile zifatana zikagera ku kwitandukanya n'umushongi bitewe n'umunyu, amatsinda ya molekile ebyiri yirema atabaye ibikomeye byitandukanije n'umushongi, kandi ibinyabutabire bitanga electron bishobora gukuraho ibara ry'ubururu nta gikomeye na kimwe kiremwe. Huza icyagaragaye n'urukurikirane rw'ibihe ruri mu mbonerahamwe, genzura ibigize imvange n'ikirango, maze ibibazo byinshi byo kwirema kw'ibikomeye bya methylene blue ntibikomeze kuba amayobera.