Kwibiza amafi mu bururu bwa metilene ugereranyije no kuyavurira mu kigega

Umworozi asoma inama ebyiri, zombi zitangwa nta gushidikanya. Imwe ivuga ngo ibiza ifi mu muti mu gihe cy'amasegonda. Indi ikavuga ngo shyira umuti mu kigega umaremo iminsi. Zombi zivuga ubururu bwa metilene, bityo zigasa n'aho ari ingano ebyiri z'ubuvuzi bumwe. Si ko biri. Ni uburyo bubiri butandukanye buhuriye gusa ku kinyabutabire kimwe.

Tekereza kuri buri buryo bwo kuvura nk'igipimo cy'umuti mu mazi gihujwe n'igihe, bigira ingaruka ku ifi no ku bidukikije ibamo. Hindura kimwe muri ibyo bine, ibisobanuro na byo bihinduke. Kwibiza ifi mu mazi arimo 50 ppm mu gihe cy'amasegonda 10 no kuyigumisha mu kigega kirimo 3 ppm mu gihe cy'iminsi 5 ntibitandukaniye gusa ku buremere bw'igipimo. Uburyo bumwe butuma ifi imara igihe gito mu muti, ariko umuyunguruzo, ibimera n'inyamaswa zidafite uruti rw'umugongo ntibigerweho. Ubundi butuma sisitemu yose imara iminsi mu muti. Amakosa menshi yo kugena ingano y'umuti aturuka ku myumvire itari yo: igipimo cy'umuti mu mazi cyonyine gifatwa nk'aho ari cyo kigize ubuvuzi bwose, igihe, ingano y'amazi na sisitemu y'ibinyabuzima bikibagirana. Iyi nyandiko yubaka bundi bushya iyo myumvire ishingiye ku kirango cy'umuti umwe, hanyuma ikerekana aho ubwoko bw'ifi n'icyiciro cy'imikurire yayo bisaba ibindi bihindurwa. Kugira ngo umenye icyo iri rangi rikora iyo rimaze gushonga, reba uko ubururu bwa metilene bukora mu mazi y'ikigega cy'amafi.

Ikirango gisobanura uburyo bubiri bwo kuvura, si bumwe

Huza buri mubare ukurikira n'umuti wihariye. Ibipimo biri muri miligarama kuri litiro nta cyo bivuze utaramenya uburemere bw'umuti w'umwimerere, kuko ibiyiko by'icyayi by'umuti wa 2.303 ku ijana n'ibiyiko by'icyayi by'umuti ucuruzwa wamaze koroshywa kurushaho bitanga ingano zitandukanye z'irangi. Iri gereranya rikurikiza amabwiriza yemewe ya Kordon ku bururu bwa metilene, asobanura ko uyu muti ari umushonga wo mu mazi wa 2.303 ku ijana wa koloride y'ubururu bwa metilene idafite zinc. Niba icupa ryawe ryerekana uburemere butandukanye, ongera ubare aho gukoresha izi ngano z'ibiyiko by'icyayi.

Ibintu bitatu biri muri iyo mbonerahamwe bifasha kwirinda amakosa akunze kubaho. Icya mbere, igipimo cyo kwibiza kiruta icy'umuti wo mu kigega hafi inshuro cumi na zirindwi kandi kwibiza bimara amasegonda, si iminota. Kongera igihe cyo kwibiza muri 50 ppm kikagera ku minota 10 cyangwa 30 ni ugutandukira cyane aya mabwiriza, si ukuyongeraho igihe witonze. Icya kabiri, amabwiriza y'iminsi 3 kugeza kuri 5 ntarimo guhindura amazi no kongeramo umuti buri munsi. Kordon isaba guhindura igice cy'amazi cyangwa yose ku musozo, no kongeramo karubone nshya. Icya gatatu, amabwiriza ya Kordon agezweho atanga ingano mu biyiko by'icyayi no muri mililitiro, si mu bitonyanga. Inyandiko z'abacuruzi rimwe na rimwe zifata ibitonyanga 10 kuri gallon nk'aho bitanga 3 ppm imwe, ariko ingano y'igitonyanga iterwa n'agatonyangirizo, bityo upimishe seringue cyangwa ikiyiko gifite ibipimo.

Ikirango kinagena aho ubuvuzi bukorerwa. Kordon ivuga ko umuti utagomba gukoreshwa muri sisitemu zisubiza amazi mu ruziga zishingiye ku muyunguruzo w'ibinyabuzima, kuko ubangamira bagiteri zihindura amoniya zikayigeza kuri nitrate. Yongeraho ko iri rangi rishobora kubangamira imikurire y'ibimera, ko amabuye, korali n'ibiti birinyunyuza, ko ibigega bitarimo imitako ari byo bikora neza kurusha ibindi, kandi ko silikoni ifunga imyenge ishobora kugira ibizinga bidashira. Ayo magambo yerekeza ku gikoresho cyihariye cyo kuvuriramo nk'ahantu hagomba kubanza gutekerezwaho.

Kwibiza cyangwa kuvurira mu kigega: icyo buri buryo bubereye

Kwibiza mu muti, byaba mu gihe gito cyane cyangwa kirekire kurushaho, bitandukanya umuti na sisitemu y'ikigega cyo kwerekana amafi. Ifi ijya mu gipimo cyagenwe mu gihe cyagenwe, hanyuma igasubira mu mazi meza. Bagiteri zo mu muyunguruzo, ibimera, ibitwikiriye hasi n'inyamaswa zidafite uruti rw'umugongo ntibigera bihura n'irangi. Amabwiriza yasohowe y'ubworozi bw'ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi agaragaza ubundi buryo burenze kwibiza kw'amasegonda 10 kwa Kordon: amabwiriza ya FAO yo gushyira utwana tw'amafi mu kato akoresha 20 kugeza kuri 40 ppm mu minota 3 kugeza kuri 5, hanyuma amafi agahita asubizwa mu mazi meza atari ay'umunyu yongerwamo umwuka, nk'uko biri mu mabwiriza yayo yo gushyira mu kato mu bigo bituragirwamo amafi. Isesengura rya FAO ku bworozi bw'ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi rigereranya kwibiza igihe kirekire muri 1 kugeza kuri 2 ppm no kwibiza igihe gito muri 8 kugeza kuri 10 ppm mu ncamake yaryo y'uburyo bwo kuvura. Ubushakashatsi bwa kaminuza ku gutwara amafi bwakoresheje igipimo cyo hasi kurushaho, 2 mg/L mu gihe cya hafi amasaha 11.5 mu mazi yongerwamo umwuka, mu bushakashatsi bwa UF IFAS ku gutwara amafi y'imitako. Ibi ni ibipimo n'ibihe bitandukanye bihuzwa ku nyamaswa no ku ntego zitandukanye, ari na yo mpamvu nta mabwiriza amwe yo kwibiza abereye amoko yose.

Kuvurira mu kigega, aho igipimo gito kigumishwa iminsi mu mazi ifi ibamo, bibereye ibibazo bisaba ko umuti ukomeza kuyigeraho: ibihumyo ku magi mu gihe cyo guturaga, cyangwa ubuvuzi bwa protozoa zo ku ruhu bumara iminsi myinshi hakurikijwe ikirango. Gukoresha 3 ppm mu minsi 3 kugeza kuri 5 nk'uko Kordon ibivuga ni rwo rugero rusobanutse cyane ku bigega by'amafi. Ingaruka zabyo ni uko sisitemu yose igerwaho n'umuti. Sipos na Urakawa bagerageje ubururu bwa metilene ku binyabuzima bito bihindura amoniya, bakoresheje ibipimo kuva ku bice 10 muri miliyari kugeza kuri 10 ppm. Basanze ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira umuti butandukanye cyane, bimwe bibangamirwa bikomeye n'ibipimo bito cyane, kandi umuti ukica uturemangingo twa Nitrosomonas marina twageragejwe, nk'uko bivugwa mu bushakashatsi bwabo ku kubangamira ibinyabuzima bihindura amoniya bikayigeza kuri nitrate. Icyemezo gishobora gushyigikirwa n'ibimenyetso kiragufi kurusha ibikunze kuvugwa n'abakunda korora amafi: ubururu bwa metilene bushobora kubangamira cyangwa kwica ibinyabuzima bito bihindura amoniya bikayigeza kuri nitrate, bukabangamira iyo nzira, ariko uko byihanganira umuti biratandukanye. Bityo nta gipimo kimwe cyo mu kigega cyemeza ko sisitemu izahungabana cyangwa ko izaba itekanye.

Uburyo bwo guhitamo buturuka kuri ibyo bitekerezo bibiri. Koresha kwibiza igihe intego ari uko ifi imwe cyangwa nke zihura n'umuti igihe gito, ariko sisitemu y'ikigega cyo kwerekana amafi igomba kuguma uko iri: ifi nshya izanye ibizinga biteye amakenga, ifi imwe ifite igikomere ahantu hamwe, cyangwa ikigega cyose kirimo udusimba twa shrimp, ibisamunwa, ibimera bifite agaciro, cyangwa umuyunguruzo w'ibinyabuzima wamaze gukura udashobora kwemera ko uhungabanywa. Koresha uburyo bwo kugumisha amafi mu muti iminsi myinshi mu gikoresho cyo kuvuriramo kitarimo imitako iyo impamvu yo kuvura isaba ko umuti ukomeza kugera ku bivurwa, nko ku cyiciro cy'amagi mu gihe ibihumyo bishobora kuyibasira. Gushyira umuti mu kigega cyo kwerekana amafi kirimo imitako, ibimera n'umuyunguruzo w'ibinyabuzima ni amahitamo ya nyuma, si yo abanzirizwa. Ndetse no muri icyo gihe, igikoresho gikwiye kuba kirimo ibintu bike bishoboka, karubone yakuwemo, kandi amoniya na nitrite bigapimwa buri munsi.

Amoko, amagi n'utwana tw'amafi: impamvu nta gipimo kimwe kibereye byose

Kuba ikirango kivuga ko umuti utekanye ku magi no ku twana tw'amafi “iyo ukoreshejwe uko amabwiriza abiteganya” ntibivuze ko amoko yose yihanganira ibipimo byose byatangajwe. Ubushakashatsi ku magi y'amafi y'imitako bwagerageje 0.5 kugeza kuri 3 mg/L ku magi ya black tetra, angelfish na zebrafish. Bwasanze 3 mg/L yarafashije amagi ya angelfish na black tetra guturaga, ariko si aya zebrafish. Abanditsi baburiye abantu kudafata ibyabonetse ku bwoko bumwe ngo babigereke ku bundi, nk'uko byanditswe mu nyandiko ya FAO AGRIS y'igerageza ryo kwica mikorobe ku magi. Ubushakashatsi bushya kurushaho kuri zebrafish bwasanze ibipimo bisanzwe bikoreshwa mu bworozi, hafi 0.5 kugeza kuri 1 mg/L, byarahinduye uburyo umubiri ukoresha intungamubiri binyuze mu bikorwa bya okisidasiyo mu mikurire ya mbere. Bwasabye ko imikoreshereze ihoraho yongera gusuzumwa aho ibipimo by'imikorere y'umubiri bifite akamaro, nk'uko bisobanurwa mu bushakashatsi bwo mu 2025 ku mikurire ya zebrafish. Igihe na cyo gifite akamaro kabyo katagengwa n'ubwoko: amafi ya goldfish yagumishijwe muri 2 mg/L ubudahagarara mu minsi 21 yagaragaje kugabanuka kw'ibipimo by'amaraso n'ubudahangarwa, hamwe n'impinduka mu mikurire. Uko kumara igihe kirekire mu muti ntigusabwa n'ikirango icyo ari cyo cyose, nk'uko byatangajwe mu igerageza ryo kumara igihe kirekire kwa goldfish mu muti.

Ibihuha bibiri byo mu bakunda korora amafi bikeneye gusuzumwa muri ubwo buryo. Umuburo wo kwirinda ubururu bwa metilene ku mafi adafite umunzani usa n'uwakomotse ku w'umuti wa malachite green, wo ufite ubushakashatsi bugaragaza ko amafi adafite umunzani ashobora kuwugiraho ingaruka byoroshye. Nyamara isesengura riherutse gutandukanya ubururu bwa metilene na wo, rikabufata nk'irangi rifite uburozi buke kurushaho mu isesengura ryo mu 2025 ku kuvura udusimba dutunzwe n'inyamaswa ku ruhu rwazo. Ibyo ntibivuze ko ubururu bwa metilene nta ngaruka bugira ku ifi yose itihanganira imiti. Bivuze ko intonde za tetra, gourami n'amafi adafite umunzani zidafite amasoko azishyigikira zikwiye gufatwa nk'imbuzi zo kwitonda, aho kuba ibyiciro byemejwe. Ku nyamaswa zidafite uruti rw'umugongo, amakuru akomeye ku bipimo bitekanye ku dusimba twa shrimp n'ibisamunwa by'imitako ni make, kandi ibivugwa n'ababikora biratandukanye: ikirango kimwe cy'umuti ucuruzwa kiburira ko umuti wacyo ushobora kwica udusimba twa shrimp iyo urengeje urugero. Ibyo si kimwe no kuvuga ko buri gihe utwo dusimba tugeze mu muti wo kuvura dupfa. Imbonerahamwe za kera za FAO zo zigaragaza ko udusimba two mu nyanja two mu muryango wa penaeid twihanganiye 75 ppm mu isaha imwe, ariko hakabaho impfu kuri 100 ppm. Ayo makuru ntashobora guhita akoreshwa kuri Neocaridina, Caridina cyangwa ibisamunwa byo mu bigega by'amafi, nk'uko biri mu mbonerahamwe za FAO ku burozi ku dusimba twa shrimp. Kugeza habonetse amakuru yihariye kuri buri bwoko, irinde ko inyamaswa zidafite uruti rw'umugongo zijya mu mazi arimo umuti, ukoreshe igikoresho gitandukanye.

Kubara ingano y'umuti wo mu kigega cy'amafi: igice cy'ibanze

Iki gice ni intangiriro y'uburyo bwo kubara, gitangwa nk'ihuriro ry'imibare rifite ingero ushobora kugenzura ubara ubwawe. Kibara ingano y'umuti w'umwimerere ku buremere bw'umuti umwe gusa. Ntigisaba igipimo cy'umuti kigomba kuba mu mazi. Hitamo icyo gipimo ugikuye ku kirango cy'icupa ufite, ukurikije ubwoko bwawe n'intego yawe, cyangwa ugikuye ku nama z'umuganga w'amatungo.

Ihuriro ry'imibare ku muti w'umwimerere wa 2.303 ku ijana nk'uwa Kordon, urimo hafi 23.03 mg z'irangi muri buri mL:

stock mL = target mg/L x water liters / 23.03

Banza uhindure gallons mo litiro. Gallon imwe yo muri Amerika ingana na litiro 3.785. Pima amazi ahari koko, nyuma yo gukuramo umwanya ufitwe n'ibitwikiriye hasi, imitako n'umwanya w'umwuka uri hejuru, aho gukoresha ingano yanditse ku kigega. Pima umuti w'umwimerere ukoresheje seringue cyangwa ikiyiko gifite ibipimo, ntukoreshe agatonyangirizo kadafite ibipimo.

Urugero rwa mbere rubazwe, kugumisha amafi mu kigega ku gipimo kiri ku kirango. Igikoresho cyo kuvuriramo cya gallons 10 kitarimo imitako kirimo hafi gallons 9 z'amazi nyuma yo gukuramo umwanya ufitwe n'ibindi bintu, ni ukuvuga hafi litiro 34. Igipimo kigamijwe ni 3 mg/L. Ingano y'umuti w'umwimerere ingana na 3 x 34 / 23.03, hafi 4.4 mL, iri munsi gato y'ikiyiko kimwe cy'icyayi cyo muri Amerika cya 4.93 mL. Bityo ingano iri ku kirango y'ikiyiko kimwe cy'icyayi kuri gallons 10 ifata ko ingano y'amazi yuzuye ingana n'iyanditse ku gikoresho. Gabanya ingano y'umuti ukurikije umwanya ufitwe n'ibindi bintu.

Urugero rwa kabiri rubazwe, kwibiza ku gipimo kiri ku kirango. Gallons eshatu z'amazi yo kwibizamo zingana na hafi litiro 11.4. Igipimo kigamijwe ni 50 mg/L. Ingano y'umuti w'umwimerere ingana na 50 x 11.4 / 23.03, hafi 24.7 mL, ari yo ngano y'ibiyiko by'icyayi 5 iri ku kirango. Bitegurire mu gikoresho kitari icyuma, ubushyuhe na pH bihuze n'iby'ikigega ifi isanzwe ibamo, wongeremo umwuka ku kwibiza kose kurenze akanya gato cyane, ukomeze kureba ifi nta guhagarika, kandi uhagarike kwibiza ku kimenyetso cya mbere cyo kubangamirwa, nko kwihirika cyangwa guhumeka bigoranye. Iryo tegeko ryo kwitegereza rikurikiza amabwiriza rusange yo kwibiza ari mu gice cy'igitabo cy'ubuvuzi bw'amatungo ku micungire y'amafi yo mu bigega, gisaba guhuza pH n'ubushyuhe, guhita ukuramo ifi iyo igaragaje kubangamirwa, no kurushaho kwitonda ku moko uburyo bwo kwibiza butaremejweho.

Imiburo itatu yerekeye kubara igomba kujyana n'iyi mibare. Icya mbere, 1 ppm ingana na hafi 1 mg/L mu mazi arimo umuti muke, bityo ppm ziri ku kirango na mg/L ziri mu bushakashatsi bishobora gusimburana hano. Icya kabiri, ntukigere uhindura urugero rwo kwibiza wongera igihe aho kubara: gukuba kabiri iminota muri 50 ppm ntibingana no kugabanya igipimo mo kabiri. Icya gatatu, andika ibyo wakoresheje koko: izina ry'umuti n'uburemere bwawo, ingano y'amazi yapimwe, mililitiro z'umuti w'umwimerere, igihe watangiriye n'igihe warangirije. Udafite iyo nyandiko, guhindura amazi ubutaha cyangwa gufata icyemezo cyo gusubiramo biba ari ugukeka.

Gukoresha buri buryo neza

Mu kwibiza, tegura byose mbere y'uko ifi iva mu kigega cyayo. Tegura igikoresho, huza ubushyuhe na pH, teganya kongeramo umwuka niba igihe kirenze amasegonda, kandi ushyire igikoresho gipima igihe aho ukibona. Ambara uturindantoki n'ibikoresho birinda amaso, kuko irangi risiga ibizinga ku ruhu, imyenda n'ameza y'akazi. Incamake zisanzwe z'ibyago zivuga ko ryangiza iyo rimizwe kandi rishobora kurakaza amaso n'uruhu, nk'uko byegeranyijwe mu nyandiko ya PubChem ku byago by'ubururu bwa metilene. Koresha urushundura rworoshye, wimure ifi vuba, uyitegereze nta guhagarika, kandi uyisubize mu mazi isanzwe ibamo igihe amasegonda ateganyijwe ku kirango arangiye cyangwa ku kimenyetso cya mbere cy'ikibazo, bitewe n'ikibanje. Ntukongere gukoresha amazi yo kwibizamo ku bindi byiciro by'amafi.

Mu kugumisha amafi mu muti iminsi myinshi, koresha igikoresho kitarimo imitako gifite icyuma gishyushya amazi, uburyo bwo kongeramo umwuka buhoro, n'umuyunguruzo ufata imyanda, ariko kidafite karubone cyangwa imitako inyunyuza amazi. Shyiramo umuti rimwe hakurikijwe ikirango, upime amoniya na nitrite buri munsi, ugaburire bike, kandi uhindure amazi ushingiye ku bisubizo by'ibipimo aho gushingira ku ibara. Ubuvuzi burangiye, kora isuku iteganyijwe ku kirango: hindura igice cy'amazi cyangwa yose ukoresheje amazi yatunganyijwe kugira ngo abere amafi kandi ahuje ubushyuhe n'asanzwe arimo, hanyuma ushyiremo karubone nshya yogejwe mu gihe cya hafi amasaha 24 kugeza kuri 48. Uko gukora isuku kose, harimo silikoni yasizwe ibizinga n'igenzura ry'umuyunguruzo w'ibinyabuzima, gusobanurwa mu gukuramo umuti nyuma y'ubuvuzi no gusubiza umuyunguruzo mu mikorere.

Kwita ku muti w'umwimerere no kujugunya ibisigazwa bisaba ubwitonzi bumwe n'ubwo kuvura. Kordon ivuga ko umuti wayo wo mu bigega by'amafi utagenewe kuribwa cyangwa kunyobwa n'abantu kandi ko, hakurikijwe amategeko yo muri Amerika, atari umuti w'amafi agenewe kuribwa. Gumana icupa rifunze kandi kure y'abana n'amatungo yo mu rugo, wirinde kumenagura umuti, kandi ntusuke umuti w'umwimerere ukomeye mu miyoboro y'amazi cyangwa mu byuzi.

Hitamo ubaza sisitemu izagerwaho n'umuti n'igihe bizamara. Niba ari amafi gusa agomba guhura n'umuti igihe gito, hitamo kwibiza. Niba impamvu yo kuvura yanditse ku kirango isaba iminsi myinshi, hitamo igikoresho cyo kuvuriramo kitarimo imitako. Ikigega cyo kwerekana amafi, hamwe na bagiteri, ibimera n'inyamaswa zidafite uruti rw'umugongo kirimo, gikwiye kugerwamo n'irangi gusa iyo nta buryo butandukanye bushoboka. Iryo tandukaniro rimwe—igipimo cy'umuti mu mazi, igihe na sisitemu igerwaho—risimbura urutonde rwose rw'amabwiriza afatwa nk'aho ashobora gusimburana.