Methylene blue monga chizindikiro cha kusowa ndi kukhalapo kwa oksijeni: zimene kusintha kwa mtundu kumatsimikizira

Katswiri wa labotale amatseka mwamphamvu mtsuko wopanda oksijeni, n’kuyang’ana kachidutswa ka chizindikiro cha methylene blue kudzera pachivundikiro, ndipo amaona zimene ankafuna kuona. Kachidutswako kasintha kuchoka pa buluu kufika pa zoyera. Amalemba kuti ntchito imeneyo yachitika popanda oksijeni n’kupitiriza ntchito zina. Patapita masiku awiri, palibe chomwe chimamera m’mbale imodzi, pamene chubu chotsekedwa chokhala ndi msuzi wokulitsira tizilombo, chomwe chili mumtsuko womwewo, chimasonyeza kuti oksijeni walowamo. Kachidutswako kankanena zoona. Iye anali kufunsa funso lolakwika.

Vuto ndi kusiyanitsa mfundo zake. Chizindikiro cha methylene blue cha kusowa kwa oksijeni chimakhudza redox, osati kusakhalapo kwa tizilombo kapena kutsimikizira dongosolo lonse. Kusiyana kumeneku kukamveka bwino, kachidutswako kamakhala chida cholondola ndi chodalirika chokhala ndi ntchito yochepa, yodziwika bwino.

Mfundo yake: mitundu iwiri ya redox yosinthana n’kubwerera

Methylene blue yosungunuka imakhala m’mitundu iwiri. Mtundu wake wotaya maelekitironi ndi katayoni wa buluu wodziwika bwino. Mtundu wake wolandira maelekitironi, wotchedwa leucomethylene blue, ulibe mtundu. Pa pH yomwe ili pafupi ndi yapakati, theka la kusinthana kwa redox, likafotokozedwa mwachidule, ndi katayoni mmodzi wa buluu kuphatikizidwa ndi pulotoni mmodzi ndi maelekitironi awiri, n’kupanga molekyulu imodzi ya leuco yopanda mtundu. Mphamvu yake yovomerezeka ya redox ili pafupi ndi plus 11 millivolts poyerekeza ndi elekitirodi ya hayidirojeni yokhazikika pa pH 7. Izi zimaiika pamlingo umene zinthu zambiri zopatsa maelekitironi zingafikire, ndiponso umene oksijeni angasinthe kuti ubwerere.

Kulandira maelekitironi kumafuna mphamvu yotsika ya redox pamalo omwepo. Kuchotsa oksijeni kokha sikumakwaniritsa zimenezi nthawi zonse. Kafukufuku wakale wa kusowa kwa oksijeni anapeza kuti methylene blue m’madzi wamba opanda oksijeni inkasungabe mtundu wake pokhapokha ngati munali chinthu chopatsa maelekitironi. Anapezanso kuti zosakaniza za msuzi wa dextrose ndi utoto pafupifupi 0.01 percent zinkataya mtundu mosavuta pa 37 C, pamene zosakaniza zomwezi zikasungidwa pa 4 C zinkakhalabe za buluu kwa tsiku limodzi, monga momwe zinalembedwera mu zoyesera za minofu yatsopano ndi mikhalidwe yokulitsira tizilombo popanda oksijeni. Kutentha, pH, glucose, ascorbate, thioglycollate, ndi ntchito ya tizilombo yopatsa maelekitironi zonse zimakhudza kupezeka kwa maelekitironiwo.

Kutayanso maelekitironi kumangofuna oksijeni. Mpweya ukafika pa mtundu wa leuco, umabwereranso kukhala wa buluu. Zizindikiro zamakono zopangidwa mwapadera zimagwiritsa ntchito kuzungulira kumeneku: utoto, chinthu chopatsa maelekitironi, ndi zinthu zousungitsa pamalo okhazikika. Sizikhala ndi mtundu pamene oksijeni ali wochepa, ndipo zimabwereranso ku buluu zikakumana ndi mpweya, monga zinasonyezedwera mu chizindikiro cha oksijeni cha methylene blue chophatikiza utoto, chinthu chopatsa maelekitironi, chinthu chochepetsa kukokana pamwamba pa madzi, ndi dongo. Chitsanzo chimenecho chinagwiritsa ntchito utoto wa 0.01 millimolar ndi ascorbate kapena glucose wa 2.0 millimolar pa pH 11. Chinkataya mtundu pamene oksijeni anali pafupi ndi 0.5 volume percent, ndipo m’chipinda choyeserera chinkasiyanitsa oksijeni wochepera 0.1 percent ndi woposa 0.5 percent.

Choncho mfundo yogwirira ntchito ndi yosavuta. Buluu amatanthauza kuti dera la chizindikiro lataya maelekitironi. Kusakhala ndi mtundu kumatanthauza kuti dera la chizindikiro lafika pamikhalidwe yopatsa maelekitironi komanso yokhala ndi oksijeni wochepa. Kusinthaku kumatha kubwerera, kumachitika pamalo omwepo, ndipo ndi kwa mankhwala. Pakokha sikunena chilichonse chokhudza tizilombo.

Mmene kachidutswa ka chizindikiro cha methylene blue kamagwirira ntchito mumtsuko wopanda oksijeni

Kachidutswa ka chizindikiro cha methylene blue ka mumtsuko wopanda oksijeni ndi dera laling’ono la kusintha kwa mankhwala, lomwe limayikidwa mumpweya wa mumtsuko pamalo ooneka popanda kutsegula mtsukowo. Zogulitsidwa zimasiyana: pali timapepala, mapiritsi osungunulidwa kapena onyowetsedwa pokonza ntchito, ndi mapepala atsopano ophatikiza zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Zina zimafuna dontho limodzi la madzi osungunulidwa ndi nthunzi kuti dera la kusinthalo liyambe kugwira ntchito. Zina ndi zida zouma zomwe ziyenera kukhalabe zouma. Malangizo a chinthu chimene mukugwiritsa ntchito ndi amene ayenera kutsatidwa, chifukwa kunyowetsa, malo oyika, ndi nthawi yowerenga ndi mbali ya ntchito ya mankhwalawo.

Pogwiritsa ntchito, tanthauzo lake limakhala la mitundu iwiri. Buluu amatanthauza kuti oksijeni kapena mikhalidwe yosapatsa maelekitironi mokwanira ikadali pakachidutswako. Zoyera kapena kusakhala ndi mtundu zimatanthauza kuti mikhalidwe ya redox yopanda oksijeni yakhazikitsidwa pakachidutswako. Mapepala ena ogulitsidwa amawonjezera mtundu wofiira pansi, choncho akalandira maelekitironi mokwanira amaoneka pinki m’malo mwa zoyera. Dziwani mtundu womaliza umene chinthu chanu chiyenera kusonyeza musanachiwunikire.

Nthawi yake imasiyana malinga ndi dongosolo. M’dongosolo lina la mtundu wa GasPak, mtundu unayamba kuzimiririka pasanathe pafupifupi ola limodzi ndipo unatha m’maola ochepa, pamene kuyerekezera kolamulidwa pa kutentha kwa chipinda kunafuna maola oposa asanu ndi limodzi kuti methylene blue itaye mtundu. M’kafukufuku ameneyo, mphamvu ya redox ya zinthu zokulitsira tizilombo inafika pafupifupi minus 100 millivolts mkati mwa mphindi 60 mpaka 100, utotowo usanasinthe mokwanira. Pofika nthawi imene kachidutswako kanalibe mtundu konse, mphamvuyo inali yotsika kwambiri kuposa minus 200 millivolts. Chizindikirocho chimasintha pambuyo poti mpweya wasintha kale. Kachidutswa ka buluu pa ola loyamba sikatsimikizira kulephera, ndipo kachidutswa koyera pa ola lachisanu ndi chimodzi kamafotokoza mmene kachidutswako kalili pa ola lachisanu ndi chimodzilo.

Malo oyika ndi ofunika pachifukwa chomwecho. Sungani kachidutswako mumpata wa mpweya pamwamba pa zinthu za mumtsuko, kooneka kudzera pachivundikiro, kutali ndi pamwamba pa agar ndi zinthu zokulitsira tizilombo. Kamasonyeza mikhalidwe ya pamalo omwe kali. Mukakagoneka kukhoma lozizira, kukabisa pansi pa mbale, kapena kulola madzi ochokera ku nthunzi kukanyowetsa, kamasonyeza mikhalidwe ya malo ang’onoang’ono amenewo m’malo mwa ya mtsuko wonse.

Zimene kachidutswako kamasonyeza ndi zimene sikamasonyeza

Ganizirani chizindikiro cha methylene blue cha mumtsuko wopanda oksijeni ngati sensa imodzi pamalo amodzi. Kamatsimikizira mikhalidwe ya redox ndi oksijeni pa dera lake la kusintha kwa mankhwala. Izi zingaimire mokwanira mpweya wa pamwamba pa zinthu za mumtsuko ngati mpweyawo wasakanikirana bwino ndipo wafika pa mkhalidwe wofanana. Zina zonse zimangoganiziridwa kuchokera pamenepo, ndipo kuganizira koteroko kumafuna umboni wina.

Kachidutswa kopanda mtundu sikatsimikizira kusakhalapo kwa tizilombo. Kusakhalapo kwa tizilombo kumatanthauza kuti palibe zamoyo zomwe zingapitirize kukhala ndi moyo. Zimatsimikiziridwa ndi njira zotsimikizidwa zochotsera tizilombo ndi zitsanzo zowongolera zotsimikizira ntchito yokulitsira tizilombo. Mtsuko ukhoza kukhala wopanda oksijeni konse koma uli ndi tizilombo tosafunika, kapena ukhoza kukhala wopanda tizilombo konse koma uli ndi oksijeni.

Sikatsimikizira gawo lililonse la dongosolo lokulitsira tizilombo. Oksijeni wosungunuka m’chubu chotsekedwa, oksijeni wotsekeredwa m’kati mwa agar wozama, kusiyana kwa mikhalidwe mumtsuko wodzaza kwambiri, ndi pobowoka poyamba kutseguka pambuyo powerenga, zonse sizingadziwike ndi kachidutswa kamodzi. Zoyesera zofufuza kusiyana kwa malo zinasonyeza madera oyandikana a buluu ndi opanda mtundu m’chotengera chimodzi, pomwe kulowa kwa oksijeni ndi ntchito yopatsa maelekitironi zinkayenderana mosiyanasiyana. Malo amodzi sangatsimikizire mkhalidwe wa malo onse a m’chotengera.

Sikatsimikizira kuti kusakhalapo kwa oksijeni kwapitirira popanda kudodometsedwa. Kachidutswa kowerengedwa kamodzi pokonza ntchito sikunena chilichonse chokhudza ola la makumi awiri. Kafukufuku waposachedwa wa kuonetsetsa khalidwe la ntchito yopanda oksijeni amachenjeza kuti zizindikiro za mankhwala zimafotokoza mkhalidwe wa mpweya panthawi imene zikuwerengedwa, ndipo zingawoneke zokhutiritsa ngakhale pali oksijeni wochepa wotsalira. Kulemba mosalekeza kapena pa nthawi zoikidwa zowunika, osati kungoyang’ana kamodzi pamapeto, ndi komwe kumagwirizanitsa kachidutswako ndi nthawi yonse yosunga zikhalidwe kuti zikule.

Kuti mudziwe ntchito ya mankhwala imene imayambitsa kusintha kwa mtundu, onani mmene methylene blue imasinthira pakati pa kutaya ndi kulandira maelekitironi. Kuti mudziwe mokulirapo mmene oksijeni amakhudzira kasamalidwe ka zitsanzo, onani kuwongolera oksijeni pa ntchito ya maikulosikopu ndi yokulitsira tizilombo.

Chithunzi chosunga pafupi ndi mtsuko

Chithunzi chili pansipa chikufupikitsa nkhaniyi kukhala chothandizira chimodzi cha patebulo la labotale. Chikusonyeza mikhalidwe itatu ya kachidutswa komweko, mbali ziwiri za kusintha kwa mankhwala, ndi malire pakati pa umboni wa chizindikiro ndi kutsimikizira dongosolo lonse.

Zolephera zimene zimasunga kachidutswa kukhala ka buluu kapena kupereka chidaliro cholakwika

Zolephera zambiri zimagwera m’magulu asanu. Gulu lililonse lili ndi chizindikiro chake chosiyana.

Mtsuko kapena thumba lotayikira limapitiriza kulowetsa oksijeni ku dera la kusintha kwa mankhwala. Kachidutswako kamakhalabe ka buluu kapena kamabwerera ku buluu mtundu utazimiririka. Yang’anani chivundikiro, mphete yosindikiza, zogwirira zolimbitsa, ndi malo otsekerana musanaimbe mlandu mankhwalawo.

Chopangira gasi chomwe mphamvu yake yatha kapena sichinayambitsidwe bwino sichichotsa oksijeni. M’madongosolo akale oyambitsidwa ndi madzi, kusowa kwa madzi ochokera ku nthunzi pafupifupi pa mphindi 10 mpaka 15, ndi kusatentha kwa chivundikiro pafupifupi pa mphindi 20 mpaka 40, zinali machenjezo oyambirira a dongosolo limenelo. Kathumba kosakwanira mumtsuko wodzaza kwambiri kamalephera mofananamo.

Kuonongeka kwa chothandizira kusintha kwa mankhwala ndi zinthu zoletsa ntchito yake kumakhudza madongosolo akale a hayidirojeni ndi palladium okha, pomwe palladium imathandiza hayidirojeni ndi oksijeni kuphatikizana kupanga madzi. Chinyezi ndi hydrogen sulfide zimawononga mphamvu yake. Timatumba tambiri tamakono sitigwiritsa ntchito palladium konse, choncho musagwiritse ntchito njira imeneyi yokonza pomwe siyikufunika.

Kachidutswa kowonongeka kapena kosasamalidwa bwino kamalephera popanda chizindikiro choonekeratu. Utoto ndi chinthu chopatsa maelekitironi zimataya mphamvu yosinthana n’kubwerera zikasungidwa. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zopangira zosakaniza zatsopano kuti zipirire kuzimiririka kwa mtundu chifukwa cha kuwala ndi kuchepa kwa mphamvu posungidwa. Kanani zinthu zomwe tsiku lake latha, zomwe zili ndi mtundu woyambira wosazolowereka, ndi timapepala tonyowetsedwa pamene tiyenera kukhala touma kapena tosiyidwa touma pamene tiyenera kunyowetsedwa.

Kusiyana kwa mikhalidwe pakati pa malo kapena kuchedwa kwa kusintha kumasokeretsa wowerengayo, osati mankhwalawo. Mpweya wa pamwamba pa zinthu za mumtsuko wosasakanikirana bwino, machubu otsekedwa okhala ndi oksijeni wosungunuka, ndi zinthu zokulitsira tizilombo zosalimba mokwanira, chilichonse chimasunga mikhalidwe yake kwa nthawi yaitali kuposa imene kachidutswako kamasonyeza. Timapepala ta resazurin timadutsa pa pinki tisanakhale topanda mtundu, ndipo nthawi zambiri timagulitsidwa monga tofulumira. Koma milingo imene timasinthira mtundu ndi ya zosakaniza zake zokha ndipo siingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa methylene blue.

Zitsanzo zowongolera ndi njira yowerengera yoyenera kutsatira

Zitsanzo ziwiri zotsika mtengo zowongolera zimathandiza kuzindikira kutanthauzira kolakwika kwambiri. Sungani kachidutswa katsopano kowongolera mumpweya wa chipinda pafupi ndi ntchito yomwe ikuchitika. Kachidutswa ka methylene blue kogwira ntchito bwino kamakhalabe ka buluu pamenepo. Zizindikiro zina zopakidwa zimayamba ndi mtundu wofooka ndipo zimasanduka buluu pakatsegulidwa; zimenezi zokha ndi mayeso a kugwira ntchito kwake. Ndipo nthawi ndi nthawi ikani kachidutswa katsopano m’dongosolo lopanda oksijeni lomwe linatsimikizidwa kale. Kayenera kufika pa mtundu womaliza wotsimikizidwa wa kulandira maelekitironi mkati mwa nthawi yotchulidwa pa chinthucho. Ngati chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zowongolerazo sichichita monga chiyenera, sinthani zinthu zonse za gulu lomwelo lopangidwa musanayambe kudalira kuwerenga kwa mumtsuko.

Njira yowerengera imachokera pa mmene chizindikirocho chimagwirira ntchito. Ikani kachidutswako mumpata wa mpweya pamwamba pa zinthu za mumtsuko, pamalo ooneka popanda kutsegula mtsuko, potsatira malangizo a chinthucho okhudza kukhudza khoma ndi kunyowetsa. Lembani mtundu woyambira, nthawi imene mtsuko unatsekedwa, ndi mtundu pa nthawi yowunika yotchulidwa pa chinthucho. Ngati chotengeracho chikulola, lembani kuti chizindikirocho chinakhalabe cholandira maelekitironi pa nthawi zoikidwa zowunika pamene zikhalidwe zikusungidwa kuti zikule. Lembani mtundu womaliza nthawi yomweyo musanatsegule. Mtundu wa musanatsegulewo ndi zotsatira zomaliza za ntchito imeneyo. Mutatsegula, yembekezerani kubwerera kwa buluu ndipo musalole zimenezo kusintha zomwe zinalembedwa kale.

Ngati kachidutswako kakhalabe ka buluu nthawi yake yotchulidwa itadutsa, tengani kuti kusowa kwa oksijeni sikunatsimikizidwe. Yang’anani zinthu motsatana: kutseka, kathumba, chothandizira kusintha kwa mankhwala ngati chilipo, kunyowetsedwa ndi tsiku lotha ntchito la chizindikiro, kenako kugwira ntchito kwa chizindikiro poyerekeza ndi chitsanzo chowongolera cha mumpweya. Pokhapokha mkhalidwe wa mpweya utatsimikizidwa ndi pamene muyenera kutanthauzira kukula kapena kusakula, pogwiritsa ntchito dongosolo lokulitsira tizilombo popanda oksijeni ndi zitsanzo zowongolera za tizilombo zoyenerana ndi ntchitoyo.

Kachidutswako kayenera kudaliridwa pa nkhani yomwe kali ndi mphamvu yofotokoza. Kaya ndi ka buluu kapena kalibe mtundu, kamayankha funso limodzi lokhudza malo amodzi pa nthawi imodzi. Kafunseni funso limenelo pa nthawi yoikidwa, ndi zitsanzo zowongolera pambali pake, ndipo kamayankha modalirika. Mukakafunsa za kusakhalapo kwa tizilombo, za chubu chilichonse, kapena za nthawi yonse yosunga zikhalidwe kuti zikule mutangokayangana kamodzi, palibe mankhwala a chizindikiro amene angapangitse kutanthauzira kumeneko kukhala kolondola.