Mayeso a Kumamatira kwa Buluu wa Methylene: Mphamvu ya Kaboni Wokonzedwa

Laboratoriyo ikuyerekezera mitundu iwiri ya kaboni wokonzedwa kuti azimamatiritsa zinthu pamwamba pake. Pepala la mfundo za mtundu umodzi likuti mtengo wake wa buluu wa methylene ndi waukulu katatu kuposa wa winawo. Laboratoriyoyo ikugula mtundu wokhala ndi chiwerengero chachikulu, ikugwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwa kaboni kutengera chiwerengerocho, ndipo utoto ukuyamba kudutsa msanga. Palibe amene anapereka mfundo zabodza. Ziwerengero ziwirizo zinachokera ku mayeso osiyana, koma wogulayo anaziona ngati muyeso wa chinthu chimodzi.

Nkhaniyi ikukonza kulakwitsa kumeneko pa kutanthauzira. Ikufotokoza zimene mayesowo amayesa, ikuwerengera kawiri pogwiritsa ntchito ziwerengero zenizeni, ndipo ikutchula chilichonse chimene chimasintha zotsatira. Vuto lina loyerekezera ndi kusanja zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomamatiritsa limafotokozedwa payokha; pano tikukambirana gulu limodzi la zinthu ndi njira imodzi.

Chifukwa chake utotowu umagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa

Buluu wa methylene ndi utoto wokhala ndi ma ayoni a chaji yowonjezera, ndipo molekyulu zake ndi zathyathyathya zokhala ndi kapangidwe ka mphete za aromatic. M'madzi umakhala ngati ayoni ya chaji yowonjezera, ndipo kukula kwa molekyulu yake ndi pafupifupi 1.43 ndi 0.61 ndi 0.40 nm. Kukula kumeneko n'kumene kuli kofunika. Ayodini, chinthu china chodziwika bwino choyesera, ndi wochepa kwambiri ndipo amalowa m'mabowo aang'ono opapatiza, choncho chiwerengero cha ayodini chimasonyeza kukula kwa mabowo aang'ono kwambiri. Buluu wa methylene amafuna njira zolowera zokulirapo: amalowa m'mabowo opitirira pafupifupi 0.75 nm, ndipo mabowo a pafupifupi 1.4 mpaka 3 nm amathandiza kwambiri. Makulidwe amenewa akuphatikiza mabowo aang'ono kwambiri okulirapo ndi mabowo apakatikati ang'onoang'ono, choncho kunena kuti mayesowo amangoyesa mabowo apakatikati ndi kufotokoza mosakwanira. Zinthu ziwiri zoyeserazi zimathandizana. Ayodini amafufuza kuchuluka kwa mabowo aang'ono kwambiri. Buluu wa methylene amafufuza kuchuluka kwa malo a m'mabowo amene amalola molekyulu yaikulu ya chinthu cha organic kulowa, ndipo limenelo ndi funso lofunika pochotsa utoto. Palibe chiwerengero mwa ziwirizi chimene pachokha chimatha kuneneratu kuchuluka kwa molekyulu zina zimene zingamamatire.

Chaji ndi yofunika mofanana ndi kukula. Popeza utotowo uli ndi chaji yowonjezera, umakopeka ndi malo a chaji yochotsera ndipo umakankhidwa ndi malo a chaji yowonjezera. Choncho pH ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri chowongolera, osati mfundo yongowonjezera, monga mmene mayeso ali pansipa akusonyezera.

Mmene mayeso osakaniza zinthu pamodzi amachitikira

Njira yodziwika bwino ya mu laboratoriyo ndi kusakaniza zinthu pamodzi n'kuzisiya mpaka kuchuluka kwa utoto m'madzi ndi pa kaboni kukhazikike. Konzekerani kaboniyo, musefeni kuti musankhe tinthu ta kukula kolamulidwa, ndipo yezani kulemera kwake kodziwika m. Onjezerani voliyumu yodziwika V ya madzi okhala ndi utoto pa ndende yoyambira C0. Sungani pH ndi kutentha osasintha, gwedezani kwa nthawi yotsimikiziridwa, kenako patulani kaboniyo posefa kapena pogwiritsa ntchito makina ozungulira mothamanga. Pezani ndende yotsala Ce poyesa kuyamwa kwa kuwala ndi UV-Vis, nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi 660 mpaka 665 nm ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri pa 664 nm, poyerekeza ndi zitsanzo za ndende zodziwika zokonzedwa pa chipangizo chomwecho. Njira ina yofalitsidwa inagwiritsa ntchito 0.050 g ya kaboni ndi 50 mL ya madzi okhala ndi utoto pa ndende za 10 mpaka 1000 mg/L, kwa maola 24 pa 25 C, ndipo kuyeza kunachitika pa 660 nm. Palibe ndondomeko imodzi yogwiritsidwa ntchito kulikonse, choncho mtengo woperekedwa popanda kuchuluka kwa kaboni, malire a ndende, nthawi, kutentha, pH, ndi kutalika kwa mafunde si zotsatira za mayeso. Ndi mphekesera.

Kuyeza kuchuluka kwenikweniko kumafunanso kusamala kofanana ndi kumene kumafotokozedwa pa kuyeza utoto potengera kuyamwa kwa kuwala: yerekezerani chipangizo chanu ndi zitsanzo za ndende zodziwika, tsimikizirani pamene kuyamwa kwa kuwala kuli kwakukulu kwambiri m'malo mongoganiza kuti ndi 664 nm, ndipo chepetsani ndende ya madzi apamwamba okhala ndi utoto wambiri kuti ibwerere m'gawo limene chizindikiro cha chipangizo chimakwera molingana ndi ndende.

Chitsanzo cha kuwerengera

Mphamvu yosunga utoto imapezeka poyerekezera unyinji wa utoto usanachitike mayeso ndi utatsala. Utoto umene wasowa m'madzi uli pa kaboni:

qe = (C0 minus Ce) times V divided by m

Apa qe ndi kuchuluka kwa utoto womamatira zinthu zikakhazikika, mu mg/g; C0 ndi Ce ndi ndende yoyambira ndi ndende zinthu zikakhazikika, mu mg/L; V ndi voliyumu mu malita; ndipo m ndi unyinji wa kaboni mu magalamu.

Mfundo yoyamba. Yambani ndi C0 = 100 mg/L, V = 0.100 L, m = 0.0200 g. Zinthu zikakhazikika, chipangizo chikupereka Ce = 35 mg/L. Choncho qe = (100 minus 35) times 0.100 divided by 0.0200 = 65 times 0.100 divided by 0.0200 = 325 mg/g. Peresenti ya utoto wochotsedwa ndi (100 minus 35) divided by 100 times 100 = 65 peresenti.

Mfundo yachiwiri, kuchuluka kwa kaboni ndi voliyumu zili chimodzimodzi, koma utoto woyambira ndi wambiri. Yambani ndi C0 = 200 mg/L ndipo yezani Ce = 90 mg/L. Choncho qe = (200 minus 90) times 0.100 divided by 0.0200 = 550 mg/g, pamene kuchotsedwa kwa utoto ndi (200 minus 90) divided by 200 times 100 = 55 peresenti.

Magulu awiriwa, (Ce = 35, qe = 325) ndi (Ce = 90, qe = 550), ndi mfundo ziwiri pa mzere wa ubale wa ndende ndi kuchuluka komamatira pa kutentha kosasintha, wotchedwa isotherm. Onani kusintha kolowera mbali zosiyana: mphamvu yosunga utoto inakwera kuchokera pa 325 kufika pa 550 mg/g pamene kuchotsedwa kwa utoto kunatsika kuchokera pa 65 kufika pa 55 peresenti. Mphamvu yosunga utoto ndi peresenti yochotsedwa zimasintha molowera mbali zosiyana pamene ndende ikukwera. Aliyense amene amasanja mitundu ya kaboni potengera peresenti yochotsedwa yoyezedwa pa kuchuluka kosiyana kwa kaboni kapena pa ndende zosiyana akusanja mayesowo, osati kaboniyo.

Zinthu zimene muyenera kuwongolera

Chilichonse chili pansipa chimasintha chiwerengerocho. Chisungeni chosasinthika kapena chilembeni.

Kuchuluka kwa kaboni. Kaboni wambiri amatanthauza malo ambiri omamatirapo, choncho peresenti yochotsedwa imakwera pamene kuchuluka komamatira pa gramu nthawi zambiri kumatsika, chifukwa utoto wogwiridwawo umagawidwa pa unyinji wokulirapo. Perekani kuchuluka kwa kaboni mu g/L pamodzi ndi V ndi m zimene zagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Ndende yoyambira. C0 yokwera imapereka mphamvu yokulirapo yoyendetsa kumamatira, choncho qe imakwera pamene peresenti yochotsedwa imatsika pamene malo omamatirapo akudzaza. Mizere ya isotherm yoyerekezedwa ndi zotsatira za 5 mpaka 50 mg/L ndi ya 100 mpaka 400 mg/L imafotokoza magawo osiyana a mzerewo. Yerekezerani mphamvu zosunga utoto zopezeka m'mizereyi pokhapokha m'malire a ndende amene akufanana.

pH. Pa utoto umenewu wa chaji yowonjezera, kuchuluka komamatira nthawi zambiri kumakwera ndi pH, makamaka pamwamba pa pH imene chaji yonse ya pamwamba pa kaboni imakhala ziro, pamene pamwambapo pamakhala ndi chaji yonse yochotsera. pH yotsika imawonjezera mapulotoni ku malo a pamwamba ndipo imalola ma ayoni a haidrojeni kupikisana pa malowo. Kukula kwa kusintha kumadalira kaboni amene wagwiritsidwa ntchito: kafukufuku wina wa kaboni wokonzedwa anasonyeza kukwera kuchokera pa pafupifupi 51 mg/g pa pH 2 kufika pa pafupifupi 92 mg/g pa pH 8. Lembani pH yoyambira ndi pH zinthu zikakhazikika, komanso mchere umene uli m'madzi, chifukwa mphamvu ya ma ayoni imachepetsa mphamvu zokopana ndi zokankhana zomwe pH imasintha.

Nthawi yokhudzana. Kuchuluka komamatira kumakwera mofulumira, kenako kumakhazikika. Mtengo wokhazikikawo wokha ndi qe; chilichonse choyezedwa nthawi isanakwane ndi qt. Nthawi zofalitsidwa zoti zinthu zikhazikike zimasiyana kuchokera pa mphindi mpaka pa maola ambiri pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kaboni, ndipo njira zina zokhazikitsidwa zimagwiritsa ntchito kukhudzana kwa maola 24. Dziwani nthawi yokhazikika poyesa mmene kumamatira kumasinthira ndi nthawi pa kaboni wanu, m'malo mongoganiza kuti maola awiri ndi okwanira.

Kutentha. Palibe njira imodzi ya kusintha yogwira ntchito nthawi zonse. Kuchuluka komamatira kumakwera ndi kutentha mu machitidwe amene amatenga kutentha, ndipo kumatsika mu amene amatulutsa kutentha, choncho kuyezeni m'malo mongoganiza.

Kukula kwa tinthu ndi kugwedeza. Tinthu ting'ono kwambiri timafupikitsa njira zimene molekyulu zimadutsa ndipo nthawi zambiri timafulumizitsa kumamatira; kugwedeza mwamphamvu kumachepetsa makulidwe a wosanjikiza wa madzi osasuntha ozungulira tinthu ndipo kumachitanso chimodzimodzi. Zonsezi zimasintha liwiro, osati kuchuluka komamatira zinthu zikakhazikika. Mphamvu yosunga utoto imene imasintha ndi liwiro la kusonkhezera ndi chenjezo lakuti zinthu sizinakhazikike.

Mtundu wa mankhwala oyeserawo uyeneranso kulembedwa, ndipo n'chifukwa chake kuunika kuyera kwa utoto ndi mfundo zake kumalembedwa limodzi ndi unyinji wa kaboni: buluu wa methylene angagulitsidwe ngati mchere wopanda madzi wokhala ndi unyinji wa pafupifupi 319.9 g/mol kapena ngati trihydrate wokhala ndi madzi atatu pa molekyulu ndi unyinji wa 373.90 g/mol, ndipo kuchuluka kwa chinthu chenicheni m'mankhwala ogulitsidwa nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosakwana 100 peresenti. C0 yongowerengedwa kuchokera ku unyinji wa fomula wolakwika imapangitsa qe iliyonse kukhala yolakwika mwadongosolo.

Zimene mizere yoyerekezedwa imanena ndi zimene siimanena

Kuyerekeza kwa Langmuir kumalemba qe ngati qmax times KL times Ce divided by (1 plus KL times Ce). Kumapereka mphamvu yosunga utoto pamene malo adzaza, qmax mu mg/g, ndi chiwerengero chosonyeza kukopeka, KL mu L/mg. Kuyerekeza kogwirizana bwino ndi zotsatira kumatanthauza kuti mzere umenewu wa kudzaza umafotokoza bwino malire a ndende zoyezedwa. Sikutsimikizira kuti kaboni ali ndi gulu limodzi la malo omamatirapo ofanana, kuti utoto umangophimba pamwamba ndi wosanjikiza umodzi wokha, kapena kuti njira inayake ya molekyulu ikuchitika. Kaboni wokhala ndi mabowo ndi malo osiyanasiyana nthawi zambiri amapereka mizere yooneka ngati ya Langmuir m'malire ochepa a ndende.

Kuyerekeza kwa Freundlich kumalemba qe ngati KF times Ce to the power 1/n. KF imakhazikitsa mlingo wa mphamvu yosunga utoto wotengera mayeso, ndipo 1/n imakhazikitsa kupindika kwa mzere. Popeza mawonekedwe amenewa alibe malire apamwamba okhazikika, sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuneneratu kunja kwa malire a mayeso n'kupanga qmax. Kuyerekeza kwa Freundlich kogwirizana bwino kwambiri kumangotanthauza kuti mawonekedwe ake okwera akufanana bwino kwambiri ndi gawo loyezedwa. Kaya mugwiritsa ntchito fomula iti, sankhani kupeza mzere woyenera pogwiritsa ntchito nonlinear regression pa fomula yoyambirira, chifukwa kusintha fomulayo kukhala ya mzere wowongoka kumapotoza zolakwika, ndipo yang'anani kusiyana pakati pa zotsatira zoyezedwa ndi zoyerekezedwa m'malo mongodalira R squared yokha.

Zimene mayeso 914 amatiphunzitsa

Kusanthula pogwiritsa ntchito kuphunzira kwa makina kwa mayeso 914 ochokera m'mapepala 75 kunayerekezera kuchuluka kwa buluu wa methylene womamatira pa dongo, phulusa, ndi zinthu zokonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito alkali, pogwiritsa ntchito mitengo ya regression yolimbikitsidwa pang'onopang'ono ndi njira ya gradient. Chotsatira chake chachikulu: ndende yoyambira ya utoto ndiyo inali yolosera kwambiri kuchuluka komamatira komwe kunalembedwa; pH, mtundu wa zinthu zoyambira, ndi mtundu wa kusintha kwa zinthuzo zinalinso zofunika. Panalinso kugwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa ndende ndi pafupifupi chinthu china chilichonse, kuphatikiza kuchuluka kwa chinthu chomamatiritsa, dera la pamwamba pake, nthawi yokhudzana, ndi kugwedeza.

Mfundo ziwiri zochenjeza zimathandiza kuti chotsatirachi chigwiritsidwe ntchito moyenera. Choyamba, kafukufukuyo sanaphatikize kaboni wokonzedwa, choncho sangagwiritsidwe ntchito kusanja zinthu zokhudza kaboni malinga ndi kufunika kwake. Chachiwiri, phunziro lake ndi la njira yoyesera ndipo lingagwiritsidwe ntchito bwino pa zinthu zina: ndende yoyambira si chinthu chosokoneza chongonyalanyazidwa, ndipo mikhalidwe yoyesera imagwirizana kwambiri ndi makhalidwe a chinthu choyesedwa moti kusanja kulikonse potengera chiwerengero chachikulu cha mg/g sikungakhale ndi tanthauzo ngati mikhalidwe yake yasiyidwa. Ndi mfundo yomweyi imene chitsanzo cha kuwerengera chafika pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zoyambira.

Zolakwitsa ziwiri zimene muyenera kusiya

Choyamba, siyani kupereka peresenti yochotsedwa ngati mphamvu yosunga utoto. Kaboni wambiri angachotse mtundu wa 99 peresenti m'madzi a ndende yochepa koma atasunga mamiligalamu ochepa pa gramu, ndipo kaboni wochepa m'madzi a ndende yokwera angasunge mamiligalamu mazana ambiri pa gramu koma mtundu n'kukhalabe wooneka. Nthawi zonse perekani C0, Ce, V, m, kuchuluka kwa kaboni mu g/L, peresenti yochotsedwa, ndi qe pamodzi; apo ayi chiwerengerocho sichingagwiritsidwenso ntchito.

Chachiwiri, siyani kutcha mtengo woyezedwa pa nthawi yokhazikitsidwa kuti qe popanda kusonyeza kuti kuchuluka komamatira kwafika pamlingo wokhazikika, ndipo siyani kutsimikizira ndende ya utoto potengera kulemera kwake kotchulidwa pa chizindikiro. Tsimikizirani kuti zinthu zakhazikika poyesa pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana, tsimikizirani ndende poyesa kuyamwa kwa kuwala m'malo modalira kulemera kwa mankhwala amene mwayeza malinga ndi chizindikiro chake, chifukwa cha vuto la madzi ophatikizana ndi molekyulu komanso kuchuluka kwa chinthu chenicheni. Wongolerani pH, kutentha, kukula kwa tinthu, ndi kugwedeza. Mphamvu yosunga buluu wa methylene yokhala ndi mfundo zonsezi ndi muyeso umene ungagwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo ena. Popanda izo, ndi nkhani ya chochitika chimodzi chabe.