Kupaka maselo a mkati mwa tsaya utoto wa methylene blue: zoti muone

Wophunzira amaika dontho la madzi okhala ndi maselo a mkati mwa tsaya pagalasi loikira chitsanzo, amayang'ana mumaikulosikopu, ndipo saona pafupifupi chilichonse. Maonekedwe ochepa otumbululuka ngati mizukwa amayandama m'dera lowala. Amakonza kuyang'ana bwino, kenako amawonjezera kuwala, ndipo pamapeto pake amaganiza kuti pagalasipo palibe kanthu. Koma pagalasipo pali zinthu. Maselowo alipo. Amakhala pafupifupi oonekera kudzera, ndipo kuonekera kumeneku ndilo vuto lonse limene utotowu umathandiza kuthetsa.

Kusiyana kumeneku pakati pa zimene munthu akuyembekezera ndi chithunzi chimene akuona n'kofunika kufotokoza njira isanayambe. Oyamba kumene amayembekezera kuti maikulosikopu aonetse tsatanetsatane monga mmene kamera imakulitsira chikwangwani chakutali. Maikulosikopu a dera lowala amagwira ntchito yocheperapo: amaonetsa kusiyana kwa kuyamwa kuwala. Selo la mkati mwa tsaya losapaka utoto siliyamwa pafupifupi kuwala kulikonse, motero silipanga pafupifupi kusiyana kulikonse. Methylene blue imawonjezera kusiyanako. Imamangirira mkati mwa selo, mosafanana m'madera onse, ndipo imapangitsa kuti kapangidwe ka selo kaonekere chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kuwala. Ophunzira akamvetsetsa mfundo imeneyi, sitepe iliyonse yotsatira imakhala ndi chifukwa chomveka m'malo mongokhala malangizo oti atsatire.

Kumvetsa mmene utoto wosavuta umawonjezerera kusiyana kwa kuwala mu labotale ya sukulu kumathandiza pano, ndipo kukumbutsana za kukonza maikulosikopu a dera lowala musanapake utoto kumalepheretsa theka la zitsanzo zagalasi zosatuluka bwino. Zokhudza kemistri imene imachititsa mtunduwo zili mu mawu oyamba okhudza methylene blue poyang'ana ndi maikulosikopu, amene amafotokoza chifukwa chake utoto umenewu umagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza pa tebulo la labotale.

Njira ya m'kalasi

Njira yoika chitsanzo chonyowa yomwe ili pansipa ndiyo yosavuta yoyambira m'makalasi ambiri. Sifuna lawi la moto kapena sitepe yokhazikitsa chitsanzo pagalasi. Njira ya chitsanzo chopakidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa pagalasi, imene imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabuku ena a makoleji, imawonjezera kuyanika ndi mpweya kenako kukhazikitsa mwachidule ndi kutentha, monga mu ntchito ya chitsanzo cha mkati mwa tsaya ya North Central Texas College yofalitsidwa kudzera mu Biology LibreTexts. Koma kukhazikitsa ndi kutentha ndi njira yozolowereka pophunzira tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, osati chinthu chofunika kuti muone maselo a minofu yophimba pamwamba.

Zofunika: magalasi oyera oikira zitsanzo ndi magalasi aang'ono ophimbira, timitengo tosabala tokhala ndi thonje togwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi kokha (tomwe tikulimbikitsidwa) kapena timitengo tatsopano tothyathyathya totsukira mano, botolo lokhala ndi chogwetsera madontho la methylene blue wosungunuka m'madzi wa 0.5 mpaka 1 peresenti, madzi odistilidwa kapena ochotsedwa ma ayoni, pepala loyamwa madzi, magolovesi, ndi maikulosikopu a magalasi angapo okhala ndi kukulitsa konse kwa 100x ndi 400x.

1. Tsukani m'kamwa ndi madzi okha. Izi zimachotsa tizidutswa ta chakudya timene pambuyo pake timayamwa utoto kwambiri ndi kusokoneza kuyang'ana maselo.
2. Wophunzira aliyense atenge chitsanzo cha mkati mwa tsaya lake yekha. Pakani pang'onopang'ono mkati mwa tsaya ndi kamtengo katsopano kosabala kokhala ndi thonje. Kanikizani, musakande. Lekani musanamve kupweteka kapena kutuluka magazi.
3. Gubuduzani kamtengoko pakati pa galasi loyera kuti musiye chitsanzo chopyapyala. Kupaka chitsanzo chopyapyala ndicho chinthu chimodzi chachikulu kwambiri chotsimikizira kuti chitsanzocho chidzaoneka bwino. Chitsanzo chokhuthala choyera chidzakhala mulu wabuluu wosatha kusiyanitsa zinthu zake chikapakidwa utoto.
4. Ikani dontho limodzi la methylene blue pamwamba pa chitsanzo chopakidwacho. Lisiyeni kwa mphindi 1 mpaka 3. Mphindi imodzi imakwanira m'njira zambiri za makoleji; buku la labotale ya sayansi la NCERT Class IX limagwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi mphindi 3 pa chitsanzo choikidwa kwakanthawi. Kusiya nthawi yaitali sikutanthauza kuti zidzakhala bwino, ndipo kupaka utoto mopitirira muyeso ndiko kulakwitsa kofala kwambiri pa nthawi.
5. Tsukani pang'onopang'ono ndi madzi odistilidwa kapena yamwitsani utoto wowonjezera ndi pepala loyamwa madzi, motsatira njira ya kumaloko. Malo ozungulira maselo ayenera kukhala abuluu wotumbululuka, osati abuluu wakuda kwambiri.
6. Tsitsani galasi lophimbira molipendeketsa kuti m'mphepete umodzi ukhudze kaye, kenako mulisiye litsike pang'onopang'ono. Izi zimalepheretsa thovu la mpweya kulowa.
7. Yambani ndi kukulitsa kochepa kuti mupeze maselo, mutsimikizire kuti akuoneka bwino ndi kuti ali pakati, kenako pitani pa 100x ndipo pamapeto pake pa 400x. Pa 400x gwiritsani ntchito chokonzera kuyang'ana bwino pang'onopang'ono chokha.

Kuchuluka kwa utoto m'njira yosakanizira kumafunika kufotokozedwa molondola m'chiganizo chimodzi. Njira za kusukulu zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito methylene blue wosungunuka m'madzi wa pafupifupi 1 peresenti. Utoto wamphamvu kwambiri kapena kuusiya kwa nthawi yaitali kumadetsa malo ozungulira maselo mwamsanga kuposa mmene kumadetsela phata, zomwe zimabweza kusiyana kwa kuwala kumene ntchitoyi imadalira.

Kusamalira zitsanzo za mkati mwa tsaya mosamala

Zitsanzo za mkati mwa tsaya zimabwera ndi malovu komanso tizilombo tating'onoting'ono topezeka mwachibadwa m'kamwa. Choncho tengani chitsanzo chilichonse chatsopano chopakidwa pagalasi ngati zinthu zomwe zingathe kufalitsa matenda, ngakhale opereka zitsanzozo ali anzanu a m'kalasi athanzi. Malangizo a American Society for Microbiology oteteza ku zoopsa za zinthu zamoyo m'malabotale ophunzitsira amapereka mfundo zazikulu: fufuzani zoopsa phunziro lisanayambe, valani magolovesi, tetezani maso pamene madzi angathe kuwaza, sambani m'manja pambuyo pake, yeretsani matebulo ndi mankhwala opha tizilombo, ndipo tayani zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi zomwe zaipitsidwa motsatira njira yovomerezeka yotayira zinyalala za zinthu zamoyo.

Malamulo anayi a m'kalasi amachepetsa zoopsa zambiri. Kamtengo kalikonse ndi galasi lililonse zikhale za wopereka chitsanzo mmodzi, osagawana. Aliyense atenge chitsanzo chake yekha, osatenga cha mnzake. Timitengo tokhala ndi thonje komanso totsukira mano togwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi tipite mwachindunji m'chidebe cha zinyalala chosankhidwa, osabwereranso pa tebulo. Methylene blue yeniyeniyo imasiya mtundu pakhungu ndi pa zovala ndipo imakwiyitsa maso, choncho gwiritsani ntchito magolovesi ndi kutsatira ukhondo wanthawi zonse pogwira utoto. Musapitirize ntchitoyi mpaka kukulitsa tizilombo tochokera mu chitsanzocho, ndipo musayese njira zanu zokhazikitsira ndi kutentha zinthu zatsopano zochokera kwa munthu kunja kwa ndondomeko ya chitetezo ya sukulu.

Zoti muone, ndi chifukwa chake zimaoneka choncho

Pa 100x, yang'anani maselo otambalala ndi othyathyathya, abuluu wotumbululuka, okhala ndi malire ozungulira otalikirapo kapena a mbali zambiri osafanana bwino. Amakhala pawokha kapena ngati mapepala osakanikirana mosakhwima. Selo lililonse nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi kadontho kamodzi kabuluu wakuda kwambiri. Kadonthoko ndiko phata la selo. Onaninso mmene maselowo alili: maselo othyathyathya a minofu yophimba pamwamba ali ngati matailosi opyapyala, osati mipira. N'chifukwa chake m'mphepete mwawo amaoneka ngati pamwamba pa chinthu chonyezimira chong'ambika, osati ngati mabaluni ozungulira.

Pa 400x, zinthu zitatu zimaoneka bwino. Malire a selo amaoneka ngati mzere wopyapyala wakuda pang'ono wozungulira selo. Sitoplazimu imadzaza mkati ndi mtundu wabuluu wopepuka wofanana. Phata limakhala lakuda kwambiri ndi lolimba kwambiri, nthawi zambiri lozungulira motalikirapo, ndipo nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi pakati koma osati nthawi zonse. Funsani ophunzira kuti alembe zinthu zonse zitatuzi pamodzi ndi mawonekedwe ndi kukulitsa, chifukwa pepala la ntchito likufunsa zimenezi ndendende.

Mfundo imodzi ya kulondola ndi yofunika pano, ndipo mapepala ambiri a ntchito amalakwitsa pa iyo. Malire ooneka amagwirizana ndi dera la nembanemba ya selo, koma nembanembayo yeniyeni, yomwe ili ndi zigawo ziwiri za mafuta ndipo ndi yokhuthala pafupifupi nanomita 7 mpaka 10, ndi yaying'ono kwambiri kuposa zimene maikulosikopu a sukulu angathe kusiyanitsa. Zimene ophunzira amaona ndi m'mphepete mwa selo mooneka ndi kuwala komanso utoto womwe wasonkhanitsidwa pamenepo. Chenjezo lomweli likugwiranso ntchito pa zigawo zing'onozing'ono za mkati mwa selo. Mitokondiriya, endoplasmic reticulum, zigawo za Golgi, ndi ribosomu sizimaoneka mu chitsanzo chokonzedwa motere. Maikulosikopu wamba a kuwala amatha kusiyanitsa zinthu mpaka pafupifupi maikromita 0.2 ngati zinthu zili bwino, monga mfundo za NCBI za sayansi ya maselo zokhudza zida za maikulosikopu zimafotokozera, ndipo kapangidwe kochuluka ka zinthu zing'onozing'ono kwambiri kali pansi kapena pafupi ndi malire amenewo. Kukulitsa kwambiri kopanda tsatanetsatane wowonjezera kumangopangitsa chithunzicho kukhala chachikulu popanda kuwonjezera zinthu zooneka.

N'chifukwa chiyani phata limayamwa utoto n'kukhala lakuda kwambiri? Methylene blue ndi utoto wa ma ayoni okhala ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ya positif pamene wasungunuka, ndipo umalumikizana ndi zinthu zokhala ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ya negatif m'selo, makamaka ma asidi a nukleiki. Kromatini imasonkhanitsa DNA m'phata, motero phata limasonkhanitsa utoto wochuluka kwambiri. Sitoplazimu ili ndi RNA ndi mamolekyulu ena okhala ndi mphamvu yamagetsi, motero imayamwanso utoto, koma utotowo umafalikira kwambiri ndipo mtundu wake umakhala wopepuka. Mfundo yofunika kuwonjezera: methylene blue si utoto wopakira DNA yokha. Kafukufuku wa kufalikira kwa methylene blue pojambula zithunzi za phata amafotokoza mmene ayoni ya positif imalumikizirana ndi madera olemera ndi ma asidi a nukleiki, ndipo kafukufuku wakale woyeza kuchuluka kwa kumangirira kwa methylene blue mu zitsanzo zokonzedwa za maselo anapeza kuti utoto wambiri womangirira unali wolumikizana ndi ma asidi a nukleiki. Choncho phata lakuda ndi sitoplazimu yopepuka ndi maonekedwe a kusiyana kwa mtundu, osati mayeso a mamolekyulu.

Zolakwitsa zimene ophunzira adzachita, ndi mmene mungazimvetsere

Pafupifupi chitsanzo chilichonse pagalasi chosatuluka bwino chimakhala m'gulu limodzi mwa magulu asanu. Phunzitsani ophunzira kuzindikira vuto la chitsanzocho m'malo mongobwereza osamvetsa.

Kupaka utoto mopitirira muyeso kumapangitsa maselo ndi malo owazungulira kukhala akuda mofanana, motero phata silisiyananso ndi malo ena ooneka. Konzani vutoli pochepetsa nthawi yopaka utoto kapena kutsuka bwino kwambiri. Kupaka utoto wochepa kumasiya maonekedwe ngati mizukwa omwe amazimiririka kuwala kukawonjezeka; onjezerani nthawi ndi masekondi makumi atatu pa ulendo uliwonse. Zitsanzo zopakidwa mokhuthala zimapanga milu yodzazana ya maselo omwe malire awo sangathe kutsatidwa; kukonza kwake ndi kusintha kapakidwe, kufalitsa mopyapyala nthawi ina, chifukwa kutsuka kulikonse sikungakonze mulu wa maselo. Thovu la mpweya limaoneka ngati zozungulira zofanana bwino zokhala ndi m'mphepete mwakuda wooneka bwino, ndipo limasokoneza oyamba kumene omwe amaliganiza kuti ndi zigawo za selo; ikaninso galasi lophimbira pang'onopang'ono molipendeketsa. Timadontho tating'ono takuda tomwazika pamwamba kapena mozungulira maselo nthawi zambiri ndi mabakiteriya a m'kamwa opezeka mwachibadwa, monga njira za sukulu monga njira ya Ingrid Science ya maselo a mkati mwa tsaya zimafotokozera. Timasonyeza kuti m'kamwa muli zamoyo, zomwe ophunzira angakumbukire mosavuta, koma mitundu yake siingadziwike mu ntchitoyi ndipo sitiyenera kujambulidwa ngati zigawo za selo. Zotsalira za chakudya ndi zingwe za mamina zimayamwa utoto mosafanana komanso kwambiri; kutsuka koyambirira kumachitika kuti zichepe.

Zimene ntchitoyi singachite

Uku ndi kuyang'ana kophunzitsira, osati mayeso ozindikira matenda. Palibe chilichonse pa maonekedwe a maselo opakidwa utoto m'kalasi chomwe chingazindikire matenda obwera chifukwa cha tizilombo, khansa, kapena matenda ena aliwonse, ndipo nkhaniyi siyenera kuwerengedwa ngati ikunena zosiyana ndi zimenezi. Chitsanzo chokonzedwachi chimaonetsa mawonekedwe, malire, sitoplazimu, ndi phata pa milingo iwiri ya kukulitsa. Sichimaonetsa kapangidwe kakang'ono kwambiri ka nembanemba, tsatanetsatane wa zigawo za mkati mwa selo, kapena kudziwika kwa mamolekyulu. Kufotokoza malirewa momveka bwino kumateteza sayansi ndi ophunzira: zotsatira zabwino ndi chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi kulembedwa mayina molondola, chokhala ndi kukulitsa ndi utoto wogwiritsidwa ntchito zolembedwa, osati chiganizo chokhudza thanzi.

Pepala la ntchito la ophunzira ndi zithunzi za maikulosikopu zokhala ndi zilembo zofotokozera

Zida ziwiri za ntchitoyi pa tsamba lino ndi chithunzi cha maikulosikopu chokhala ndi zilembo zofotokozera pamwambapa ndi pepala la ntchito pansipali. Sindikizani pepala limodzi la ntchito la wophunzira aliyense kapena lionetseni pa sikirini ndipo ophunzira ajambule mabokosiwo m'mabuku awo.

Mmene mungaligwiritsire ntchito m'phunziro la mphindi 45: mphindi khumi zofotokozera chitetezo ndi kutenga zitsanzo, mphindi khumi zopaka utoto ndi kuika chitsanzo pagalasi, mphindi khumi ndi zisanu zoyang'ana ndi kujambula pa milingo yonse iwiri ya kukulitsa, ndi mphindi khumi zodzaza mndandanda wotsimikizira ndi kuyerekezera ndi chithunzi cha maikulosikopu chokhala ndi zilembo zofotokozera. Zinthu za m'ndandanda wotsimikizira zasankhidwa mwadala kuti zikhale zosavuta kuunika. Chitsanzo chopakidwa mopyapyala, nthawi yoyenera yopaka utoto, phata lakuda kuposa sitoplazimu, ndi kukulitsa kolembedwa. Wophunzira amene angatsimikizire zonse zinayizi wamvetsa mfundo imene phunziroli lakonzedwera kuphunzitsa: maikulosikopu amaonetsa kusiyana, ndipo utoto umapanga kusiyana kofunika kuonetsa.