Tuhinga
Te whero metila me te kahurangi metilīni: te mahi a te tohu Tashiro
Ka whakakotahi te tohu hanumi Tashiro i te whero metila me te kahurangi metilīni kia māmā ake ai te kite i te pito whakamutu o te taitaretanga waikawa-pāpāhua. Mā te whero metila te urupare e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pH; mā te kahurangi metilīni e whakarerekē te rerekētanga o ngā tae ka kitea. Kaua e whakamāoritia te whakawhitinga mai i te kākāriki ki te waiporoporo i tēnei ranunga hei whakahekenga o te waikano kahurangi ki tōna āhua kore tae e mōhiotia whānuitia ana.
He mea nui te hanganga. Ka tautuhi te ingoa i runga i te pātara i tētahi whānau tohu, engari me whai tonu te taiwhanga i te hanganga matū, i tētahi whakawhitinga kua tuhia, me tētahi tikanga e tautuhi ana i te wā me whakamutu te tāpiri wairewa taitare.
Te mahi a ia waikano
He tohu waikawa-pāpāhua te whero metila. He rerekē te ngongo o te māramatanga kitea e tōna āhua kua herea ki te iraoho me tōna āhua kua wetekina te iraoho. Nā reira, ka panoni te tae i te panonitanga o te pH, i runga i te panonitanga o ngā ōwehenga o aua āhua. Hei tauira, e tohu ana a Sigma-Aldrich i tētahi whakawhitinga mai i te māwhero ki te kōwhai i te awhe pH 4.2–6.2 mō tāna tauhohe whero metila.
Mā te tāpiri i tētahi wāhanga kahurangi e whakarerekē te āhua ka kitea e te karu: ka waiporoporo ake te taha whero, ā, ka kākāriki te taha kōwhai ina whakakotahitia ki te kahurangi. Ka kīia tēnei he whakarerekē i te āhua kitea o te tohu. Ko te wehewehenga whai hua, ko tērā i waenga i te wāhanga e urupare ana ki te waikawatanga me te wāhanga e whakarerekē ana i tōna āhua kitea. E kore te whakaranu i ngā waikano e huri i te kahurangi metilīni hei ine pH mō ngā āhuatanga katoa.
Whakatauritea ēnei āhuatanga e toru i mua i te whakamāori i tētahi tae:
| Pūnaha tohu | He aha te pūtake o te tohu ka kitea? | He aha ka taea e te kaitirotiro te whakatau |
|---|---|---|
| Te whero metila anake | Ngā panonitanga o te āhua waikawa-pāpāhua | Kua whakawhiti te wairewa i te awhe whakawhitinga pH o taua tohu |
| Te whero metila me te kahurangi metilīni | He urupare pH e kitea ana mā ngā tae kua whakakotahitia | Kua tae te tohu hanumi ki tētahi āhua e hāngai ana ki tōna hanganga motuhake |
| Te kahurangi metilīni i tētahi pūnaha whakaheke | Te whakahekenga o te waikano kahurangi, me te tūponotanga ka hāoratia anō | Kei te puta he tauhohenga hāoratanga-whakahekenga; kāore tēnei e tautuhi i te pito whakamutu o tētahi taitaretanga |
E whakaahua ana te rārangi whakamutunga i tētahi whakamātautau kē. I te whakaaturanga pātara kahurangi a Oxford, ka whakaheke te kūhuka i roto i te wairewa pāpāhua i te kahurangi metilīni ki tētahi āhua kore tae, ā, mā te hāora ka whakaurua e whakahoki te tae kahurangi. E whakamārama ana aua āhuatanga i tētahi huringa hāoratanga-whakahekenga, ehara i te pānuitanga waikawa-pāpāhua e whāia ana mō Tashiro. Ka whakamāramatia te wehewehenga whānui ake i roto i te matū hāoratanga-whakahekenga o te kahurangi metilīni.
Tētahi hanganga kua tuhia me te ahunga o ōna tae
E tautuhi ana te pepa hangarau a ITW Reagents mō te hua 282430, putanga 5 nō Whiringa-ā-nuku 2018, i te 100 mg whero metila me te 50 mg kahurangi metilīni, me te 10.4 mL wai me te ewaro pūmau kia eke te rōrahi katoa ki te 100 mL. Ka tautuhi taua pepa i te hua hei whakamahi ki ngā taitaretanga haukinia, ā, ka tuhi he whero-waiporoporo te tae i te pH 4.4, he kākāriki i te pH 5.8.
Ka puta i tēnei te hoahoa e whai ake nei mō taua hanganga motuhake:
pH 4.4, whero-waiporoporo → pH e piki ana → pH 5.8, kākāriki
pH 5.8, kākāriki → pH e heke ana → pH 4.4, whero-waiporoporo
E whakaahua ana te pere i te ahunga o te whakawhitinga i roto i te awhe o te tohu. Kāore e whakatau ana ko tētahi o ngā pito o taua awhe te wāhi whakamutu mō ia tātaritanga. Kāore te pepa e tautuhi i tētahi pito whakamutu hina pū, nō reira kāore e taea te tiki mai i tēnei whakaritenga tētahi pH mō te wāhi hina e tika ana mō ngā whakamahinga katoa.
Me mōhio hoki, he waikawa tonu te wairewa kākāriki i te pH 5.8 i raro i ngā āhuatanga wai noa. Mā te tapa noa i ngā tae hei “waikawa” me te “pāpāhua” ka rangirua tēnei: ko te taha kākāriki te taha pH teitei ake o te whakawhitinga, ehara i te taunakitanga kei runga ake te pH o te tauira i te pH 7.
He aha tonu tā te taitaretanga haukinia e ine ai
Mā te tohu e whakaatu te wā hei pānui i te pūreta. Ka tātaihia te nui o te matū e inea ana mai i te nui o te wairewa taitare kua whakamahia, tōna kukūtanga kua whakatauritea ki tētahi paerewa, me ngā ōwehenga matū o te tauhohenga. Kāore te kaha ake o te tae kākāriki, ko ia anake, e ine i te nui ake o te haukinia.
Hei tauira tikanga motuhake, ka whakamāturu te Tikanga EPA 350.2 o mua kua tāruatia e NEMI i te haukinia ki roto i te waikawa pōriki, ā, ka ine mā te taitaretanga ki te waikawa pungatara kua whakatauritea ki tētahi paerewa. Ka whakamahia e tōna tohu hanumi ngā wāhanga rōrahi e rua o te wairewa pūtake whero metila 0.2% me tētahi wāhanga rōrahi o te wairewa pūtake kahurangi metilīni 0.2%, kei roto tahi i te ewaro 95%. Ka tohutohu te tikanga i te kaitātari kia whakataurite i te pito whakamutu ki tētahi tauira pātea kei roto ngā rōrahi wai me te waikawa pōriki e hāngai ana.
He ōrite te ōwehenga papatipu waikano o tēnei tohutaka me te hanganga arumoni i runga ake nei, engari he rerekē ngā kukūtanga me ngā hanganga whakarewa. Nā reira, kāore te ōwehenga ōrite e rawaka hei taunakitanga ka taea te whakakapi tētahi pātara ki tētahi atu. E pā ana hoki te tukanga ki te hauota o te haukinia, ā, ka tino whakakore i te hauota Kjeldahl katoa i tōna whānuitanga. E kore te whakamahi i te tohu kotahi e whakatau he ōrite ngā whakamātautau ine hauota e rua.
Whakamahia taua tuhinga kia mārama ai ki tētahi rerenga mahi tātari kua tautuhia, kaua hei whakapae ko tōna putanga o mua e whakatakoto ana i ngā whakaritenga pūrongo o nāianei. Me tautuhi te tikanga kua whāia e te taiwhanga i te putanga e hāngai ana me ōna whakahaere kounga.
He rerekē te pito whakamutu me te wāhi ōritenga
Ka tautuhi a IUPAC i te taitaretanga me tōna pito whakamutu mā te mōhio kua oti tētahi tauhohenga; ko te wāhi ōritenga e hāngai ana ki te ōritenga matū pū. Ka whai hua te tohu ka kitea ina tata rawaka taua tohu ki taua wāhi mō te kaupapa o te tikanga.
Whakaarohia e taitare ana ngā kaitātari e rua i ngā tauira ōrite. Ka whakamutu tētahi ina ōrite te wairewa ki te tauira pātea kua tautuhia. Ka haere tonu tērā atu kia kitea rā anō te tae waiporoporo tino kukū. Kua kōwhiria e te kaitātari tuarua tētahi pito whakamutu rerekē, ā, tērā pea ka nui rawa te wairewa taitare ka whakamahia. Ahakoa whakaae rāua ki te ingoa o te tae whakamutunga, kāore tēnā e whakaū ka ōrite te rahinga kua inea.
Koinei te take me tautuhi tētahi tohutoro whakangungu i te tauira whakataurite, ngā āhuatanga tirohanga, me te paearu mō te mauroatanga o te tae e hiahiatia ana e te tikanga. Ka taea e tētahi whakaahua mata te whakamārama i te ahunga o te panonitanga, engari mā te tauira whakataurite o te taiwhanga e whakatau te whakatau ā-mahi.
He arowhai whai hua i mua i te whakakapi tohu, i te rapu raruraru rānei
Whakamahia tēnei pepa mahi ina hē te āhua o te tae, ina whakaarohia rānei he pātara whakakapi:
| Arowhai | Tuhia | Te take e pā ai ki te whakamāoritanga |
|---|---|---|
| Tuakiri tauhohe | Ngā ingoa o ngā waikano e rua me te waehere hua | Tērā pea he matū rerekē kei roto i tētahi tohu hanumi he ingoa āhua ōrite |
| Hanganga | Ngā kukūtanga waikano, te ōwehenga, me te whakarewa | Ki te ōwehenga anake, ka noho tonu ētahi rerekētanga nui kāore anō kia whakatauria |
| Tukanga | Te tikanga, te putanga, te tāpiritanga tohu, me te ahunga taitaretanga | Kāore te whakaritenga o te pātara e tautuhi i te tātaritanga katoa |
| Tohutoro pito whakamutu | Te tauira pātea, te tauira whakataurite rānei e hiahiatia ana, me te ture whakamutu | Ka kapi i te kupu “waiporoporo” ētahi āhua he tino rerekē ki te karu |
| Whanonga ohorere | Mēnā ka whai te panonitanga i te tāpiritanga wairewa taitare, te waiho kia tū, te whakauru hau rānei | Ki te ngaro, ki te hoki anō te tae i runga i te haere o te wā, me rangahau i ngā take i tua atu i te pH |
Me whai te kore tutuki o tētahi tauira pātea, tētahi panonitanga tae kāore e taea te whakamārama rānei, hei take ki te rangahau i te tauhohe me te tikanga i mua i te tuku pūrongo hua. Mā te tāpiri tonu i te waikano kia mōhio ai te āhua o te tauira e whakarerekē ngā āhuatanga tirohanga, ā, ka huna pea i te raruraru tuatahi.
Hei kōwhiri i te mahi tika mō te waikano i tētahi whakamātautau kē, tīmata ki te kahurangi metilīni i roto i ngā whakamātautau tātari. Mō ngā taitaretanga Tashiro, tuhia ngātahitia te hanganga waikano, te pito whakamutu ka kitea, me te tātaitanga tātari.