Te whakatae i ngā pūtau paparinga ki te kikorangi metilīni: ngā mea hei mātakitaki

Ka whakatakoto tētahi ākonga i tētahi pata wai e mānu ana ngā pūtau paparinga ki runga i tētahi kiriata karu whakarahi, ka titiro mā te karu whakarahi, ā, tata tonu kāore he mea e kitea. Ka mānu haere ētahi āhua kōmā, rite tonu ki te kēhua, i roto i tētahi papa tirohanga kanapa. Ka whakatika ia i te arotahi, kātahi ka whakapiki i te mārama, ā, ka whakatau he pātea te kiriata. Ehara te kiriata i te mea pātea. Kei reira ngā pūtau. He tata pūataata tonu aua pūtau, ā, ko taua pūataatatanga te tino raruraru e whakamahia ai tēnei waikano.

Me whakamārama taua rerekētanga i waenga i te mea e tūmanakohia ana me te whakaahua e kitea ana i mua i te tīmatanga o te tikanga mahi. Ki tā te hunga tīmata, mā te karu whakarahi e whakaatu ngā taipitopito, pēnei i te topa o te kāmera e whakaatu ana i tētahi tohu kei tawhiti. He whāiti ake te mahi a te karu whakarahi papa mārama: ka whakaatu i ngā rerekētanga o te ngongo mārama. Tata tonu kāore te pūtau paparinga kāore anō kia whakataea e ngongo mārama, nō reira tata tonu kāore he rerekētanga e puta nāna. Mā te kikorangi metilīni e tāpiri taua rerekētanga. Ka here ki roto i te pūtau, kāore i te ōrite te tohatoha, ā, ka huri i te hanganga hei rerekētanga e kitea ana. Ina mārama ngā ākonga ki taua ariā, ka mārama hoki rātou ki te take o ia mahi ka whai ake, kāore e whai noa i tētahi tohutaka.

He āwhina ngā kōrero whakamārama mō te whakapiki a ngā waikano māmā i te rerekētanga e kitea ana i te taiwhanga kura. Mā te arotake hoki i te whakarite i tētahi karu whakarahi papa mārama i mua i te whakatae e ārai te haurua o ngā kiriata kāore e pai. Kei tētahi whakataki ki te kikorangi metilīni mō te whakamahi karu whakarahi ngā kōrero matū e pā ana ki te tae, tae atu ki te take e whakamahia tonutia ai tēnei waikano i runga i te tēpu taiwhanga.

Te tikanga ā-akomanga

Ko te whakaritenga mākū kei raro nei te kōwhiringa māmā ake mō ngā akomanga whānui. Kāore e hiahiatia he mura, he mahi whakapūmau rānei. Ko te paninga kua whakapūmautia e whakamahia ana i ētahi pukapuka taiwhanga kāreti, ka tāpiri i te whakamaroke mā te hau me te whakapūmau poto mā te wera, pēnei i te mahi paninga paparinga a North Central Texas College kua whakaputaina mā Biology LibreTexts. He tikanga nō te mātai moroiti te whakapūmau mā te wera, engari kāore e hiahiatia kia kitea ai ngā pūtau uhi.

Ngā taputapu e hiahiatia ana: he kiriata me ngā karāhe uhi mā, he ūkui horomata mō te whakamahinga kotahi anake (koinei te kōwhiringa pai ake), he tīkaro niho papatahi hou rānei, he pounamu whakapata kikorangi metilīni kua rewa ki te wai, 0.5 ki te 1 ōrau te kukū, he wai māturu, he wai kua tangohia ngā katote rānei, he pepa ngongo wai, he karapu, me tētahi karu whakarahi pūhui e 100x me te 400x te whakarahinga katoa.

1. Horoia te waha ki te wai noa. Mā tēnei e tango ngā kongakonga kai ka tino whakataea ā muri ake, ka whakararuraru hoki i te mātakitaki i ngā pūtau.
2. Me tango ia ākonga i te tauira mai i tōna ake paparinga anake. Ūkuia marietia te taha o roto o te paparinga ki tētahi ūkui horomata hou. Pēhia, kaua e waruwaru. Me mutu i mua noa atu i te mamae, i te rere toto rānei.
3. Hurihia te ūkui ki te pokapū o tētahi kiriata mā kia angiangi te paninga. Ko te angiangi o te paparanga te tino take e māmā ai te pānui i te kiriata. Ki te mātotoru te putunga mā, ka whakataea hei pūranga kikorangi kāore e taea te pānui.
4. Tāpirihia tētahi pata kikorangi metilīni ki runga i te paninga. Waiho mō te 1 ki te 3 meneti. I ngā tikanga maha a ngā kāreti, e rawaka ana te kotahi meneti; e whakamahia ana e te pukapuka taiwhanga pūtaiao NCERT Class IX te 3 meneti pea mō tētahi whakaritenga rangitahi. Ehara te roa ake i te pai ake, ā, ko te whakatae nui rawa te hapa wā e tino kitea ana.
5. Horoia marietia ki te wai māturu, ngongohia rānei te waikano tuwhene ki te pepa ngongo wai, kia rite ki te tikanga o tō taiwhanga. Me kikorangi kōmā te papamuri, kaua e kikorangi tino pōuri.
6. Whakahekea te karāhe uhi ki tētahi koki kia pā tuatahi tētahi tapa, kātahi ka tuku kia heke pōturi. Mā tēnei e ārai ngā mirumiru hau.
7. Tīmata ki te whakarahinga iti hei kimi i ngā pūtau, hei whakaū hoki i te arotahi me te noho ki waenganui, kātahi ka neke ki te 100x, ā, ki te 400x hei whakamutunga. I te 400x, whakamahia anake te whakatika arotahi moroiti.

Me āta whakamārama te kukū o te waikano. Ko te nuinga o ngā tikanga kura e whakamahi ana i te kikorangi metilīni kua rewa ki te wai, 1 ōrau te kukū. Ki te kaha ake te wairewa pūtake, ki te roa rānei te pānga o te waikano, ka tere ake te pōuri o te papamuri i te pōuri o te karihi. Ka huripokina e tēnei te rerekētanga e kitea ana e whakawhirinaki ai tēnei mahi.

Te whakahaere haumaru i ngā tauira paparinga

Ka haere mai ngā tauira paparinga me te hūware me ngā moroiti e noho noa ana i te waha. Nō reira, me whakahaere ia paninga hou hei rawa tērā pea ka tuku mate, ahakoa he hoa akomanga hauora ngā kaituku tauira. Kei ngā aratohu haumaru koiora a te American Society for Microbiology mō ngā taiwhanga whakaako ngā mātāpono whānui: aromatawaitia te mōrea i mua i te akoranga, mau karapu, tiakina ngā karu mēnā tērā pea ka paratī he wai, horoia ngā ringaringa i muri, patu huakita i ngā tēpu taiwhanga, ā, tukuna ngā rawa whakamahi-kotahi kua whakapokea mā te ara para koiora kua whakaaetia.

E whā ngā ture ā-akomanga e whakahaere ana i te nuinga o te mōrea. Kia kotahi anake te kaituku tauira mō ia ūkui me ia kiriata, kaua rawa e tiritiri. Me tango noa i tō ake tauira, kaua rawa e tango i tō te tangata e noho tata ana. Me tuku tika ngā ūkui me ngā tīkaro niho whakamahi-kotahi ki te ipu para kua tohua, kaua rawa e whakahoki ki te tēpu taiwhanga. Ka whakapoke hoki te kikorangi metilīni i te kiri me ngā kākahu, ka whakapataritari hoki i ngā karu. Nō reira, me mau karapu, me whai hoki i ngā tikanga mā o te whakahaere waikano. Kaua e whakawhānui i tēnei mahi ki te whakatipu moroiti mai i te paninga, ā, kaua e waihanga noa i tētahi tikanga whakapūmau mā te wera mō ngā tauira tangata hou i waho i ngā tikanga haumaru o te kura.

Ngā mea hei mātakitaki, me te take o tō rātou āhua

I te 100x, kimihia ngā pūtau whānui, papatahi, kikorangi kōmā, he porotītaha kōhikohiko, he tapamaha rānei ō rātou tapa. Ka takoto takitahi, ka takoto rānei hei paparanga e īnaki kōrara ana. I te nuinga o te wā, he ira kikorangi pōuri ake tō ia pūtau. Ko taua ira te karihi. Tuhia hoki te whakatakotoranga: he rite ngā pūtau uhi papatahi ki ngā tāpa angiangi, ehara i te poi. Koinei te take e rite ai ō rātou tapa ki te paninga pīata kua kapiti, kaua ki ngā poihau porowhita.

I te 400x, e toru ngā āhuatanga ka tino kitea. Ka puta te rohe o te pūtau hei rārangi angiangi, pōuri ake, e karapoti ana i te pūtau. Ka whakakī te wai pūtau i te wāhi o roto ki tētahi kikorangi māmā, ōrite hoki. He pōuri ake, he kiato ake te karihi, he porotītaha i te nuinga o te wā, ā, he tata ki te pokapū i te nuinga o te wā, engari kāore i ngā wā katoa. Tonoa ngā ākonga kia tuhi i aua āhuatanga e toru, me te āhua o te pūtau me te whakarahinga, nā te mea koinei tonu ngā mea e tonoa ana i te pepa mahi.

He kōrero tika hei aro mā tātou i konei, ā, he maha ngā pepa mahi e hē ana i tēnei. E hāngai ana te rohe e kitea ana ki te wāhi o te kiriuhi wē, engari ko te kiriuhi tonu, he paparanga ngako takirua e 7 ki te 10 nanomita pea te mātotoru, he iti rawa kia taea e te karu whakarahi kura te wehewehe. Ko tā ngā ākonga e kite ai ko te tapa o te pūtau e puta ana i te tirohanga, me te waikano kua putu ki reira. Me tūpato pēnei anō mō ngā whēkauiti. Kāore ngā mitokōria, te kōtuitui roto pūtau, ngā tinana Golgi, me ngā raipōhōma e kitea i tēnei whakaritenga. I raro i ngā āhuatanga pai, ka taea e tētahi karu whakarahi mārama tikanga noa te wehewehe i ngā mea tae noa ki te 0.2 maikoromita pea, e ai ki ngā kōrero pūtaiao pūtau a NCBI mō ngā taputapu karu whakarahi. Ko te nuinga o ngā hanganga moroiti rawa kei raro i taua herenga, kei te tata rānei ki taua herenga. Mā te whakapiki i te whakarahinga kāore he taipitopito tāpiri e nui ake ai te whakaahua, engari kāore e tāpiri i ngā taipitopito.

He aha i tino pōuri ai te whakatae o te karihi? He waikano katote tōrunga te kikorangi metilīni, arā, he utu hiko tōrunga tōna i roto i te wairewa. Ka hono ki ngā rawa whai utu hiko tōraro i roto i te pūtau, otirā ki ngā waikawa karihi. Ka whakahuihui te kromatini i te DNA ki roto i te karihi, nō reira ka kohia e te karihi te nuinga o te waikano. He RNA me ētahi atu rāpoi ngota whai utu hiko kei te wai pūtau, nō reira ka whakataea hoki, engari he marara ake, he kōmā ake te tae. Ko te whakamārama matua: ehara te kikorangi metilīni i te waikano motuhake mō te DNA. Ko ngā rangahau mō te tohatoha o te kikorangi metilīni i te whakaahua karihi e whakaahua ana i te hono o te katote tōrunga ki ngā wāhi whai waikawa karihi nui. I kitea hoki e ngā rangahau ine tawhito mō te here o te kikorangi metilīni i ngā whakaritenga pūtau ko te nuinga o te waikano kua herea i hono ki ngā waikawa karihi. Nō reira, ko te karihi pōuri me te wai pūtau kōmā he tauira o te rerekētanga e kitea ana, ehara i te whakamātautau rāpoi ngota.

Ngā hapa ka mahia e ngā ākonga, me te whakamārama i aua hapa

Tata tonu ka taka ia kiriata kāore e pai ki tētahi o ngā tauira e rima. Whakaakona ngā ākonga ki te kimi i te take o te raruraru o te kiriata, kaua e tāruarua noa i te mahi me te kore e whakaaro.

Mā te whakatae nui rawa e pōuri ōrite ai ngā pūtau me te papamuri, kia kore ai te karihi e kitea i roto i te papa tirohanga. Whakatikahia mā te whakapoto i te wā whakatae, mā te horoi pai ake rānei. Mā te whakatae iti rawa e waiho ai he āhua kēhua ka ngaro ina whakanuia te mārama; tāpirihia he wā, kia toru tekau hēkona i ia tāpiritanga. Ka puta i ngā paninga mātotoru he pūranga kiato e īnaki ana, kāore e taea te whai i tētahi tapa; mā te whakarerekē i te mahi ā-ringa e whakatika, arā, kia angiangi ake te paninga ā muri ake, nā te mea kāore he horoinga e whakaora i tētahi pūranga pūtau. He porowhita tino ōrite ngā mirumiru hau, he tapa koi, pōuri hoki ō rātou. Ka whakararuraru i te hunga tīmata e pōhēhē ana he hanganga pūtau aua mea; whakatakotoria anō te karāhe uhi, kia pōturi, kia koki hoki. Ko ngā ira pōuri ririki e marara ana ki runga, ki te taha rānei o ngā pūtau, he huakita e noho noa ana i te waha i te nuinga o te wā, e ai ki ngā tikanga kura pēnei i te tikanga pūtau paparinga a Ingrid Science. Ka whakaū ēnei he rauropi e noho ana i te waha, he mea pea ka maumahara ngā ākonga. Heoi, kāore e taea te tautuhi i tō rātou momo i tēnei mahi, ā, kaua e tāngia hei wāhanga o te pūtau. Ka kōhikohiko, ka kaha hoki te whakatae o ngā kongakonga kai me ngā whenu hūpē; ko te take o te horoi tuatahi he whakaiti i aua mea.

Ngā mea kāore e taea e tēnei mahi

He mātakitakinga mātauranga tēnei, ehara i te whakamātautau tautuhi mate. Kāore tētahi āhuatanga o ngā pūtau kua whakataea i te akomanga e taea ai te tautuhi i te pokenga, te mate pukupuku, tētahi atu mate rānei, ā, kaua tēnei tuhinga e pānuitia hei whakapae ka taea. Ka whakaatu te whakaritenga i te āhua, te rohe, te wai pūtau, me te karihi i ngā whakarahinga e rua. Kāore e whakaatu i te hanganga moroiti rawa o te kiriuhi, ngā taipitopito o ngā whēkauiti, te tuakiri rāpoi ngota rānei. Mā te āta kī i te herenga e tiaki ai te pūtaiao me ngā ākonga: ko te hua pai he tānga kua tika ngā tapanga, kua tuhia hoki te whakarahinga me te waikano, ehara i te whakatau mō te hauora.

Te pepa mahi mā ngā ākonga me ngā whakaahua karu whakarahi whai tapanga

Ko ngā rauemi kaupapa e rua mō tēnei whārangi ko te whakaahua karu whakarahi whai tapanga kei runga, me te pepa mahi kei raro. Tāngia tētahi pepa mahi mā ia ākonga, whakaaturia rānei mā te pūwhiti, ā, tonoa ngā ākonga kia tārua i ngā pouaka ki ā rātou pukapuka tuhi.

Te whakamahi i roto i tētahi akoranga 45 meneti: tekau meneti mō ngā tohutohu haumaru me te tango tauira, tekau meneti mō te whakatae me te whakarite ki te kiriata, tekau mā rima meneti mō te mātakitaki me te tānga i ngā whakarahinga e rua, tekau meneti mō te rārangi arowhai me te whakataurite ki te whakaahua karu whakarahi whai tapanga. Kua āta hangaia ngā mea o te rārangi arowhai hei tirohanga māmā ki ngā mahi. He paninga angiangi, he wā whakatae tika, he karihi pōuri ake i te wai pūtau, he whakarahinga kua tuhia. Kua mārama te ākonga ka taea e ia te tohu kua tutuki aua mea e whā ki te ariā matua e whakaakona ana i tēnei akoranga: ka whakaatu ngā karu whakarahi i ngā rerekētanga, ā, ka hangaia e ngā waikano ngā rerekētanga e whai take ana kia whakaaturia.