Tuhinga
Te whakakano māmā ki te kikorangi metilīni me te whakakano Gram: he aha ka taea e ia tikanga te whakaū
Ka whakarite tētahi ākonga i tētahi pani mai i tētahi ahurea kua tapaina ko E. coli, ka uhia ki te kikorangi metilīni mō te kotahi meneti, ka horoia, ā, ka titiro mā te arotahi rumaki hinu. Ka kapi te papa tirohanga i ngā pūtau āhua rākau kikorangi. E kī ana te pūrongo taiwhanga: "Kua tautuhia ngā huakita āhua rākau Gram-tōraro hei E. coli." He tika te kitenga. Kāore taua kiriata e whakarato taunakitanga hei tautoko i taua whakatau.
Ko te hapa kei te ariā, kāore i te whakahaere hangarau. I whakamahia e te ākonga te whakakano māmā me te mea nei he whakamātautau wehewehe. He rerekē ngā pātai ka whakautua e te whakakano māmā me te whakakano Gram, nā te mea he rerekē ngā ariā whakakano e whakamahia ana. Ko tā tētahi he pātai: he aha te āhua kei reira. Ko tā tētahi atu he pātai: he pēhea te whanonga o te pakitara pūtau ina whakamātauria. Ki te rangirua ēnei e rua, ka puta he pūrongo kāore i te whai taunakitanga, ahakoa kua tika te whakakano i te kiriata.
Ka wehe tēnei whakataurite i ngā tikanga e rua, ka whakaatu i ngā kōrero e tika ana kia whakapuakina i runga i ia hua, ā, ka whakautu i ngā pātai e rua e tino uia ana e ngā ākonga: ka taea rānei te whakamahi i te kikorangi metilīni i te whakakano Gram, ā, he aha rawa tā te whakakano i E. coli ki te kikorangi metilīni e whakaatu ai.
Te whakautu poto
Ka whakakano te whakakano māmā ki te kikorangi metilīni i ngā pūtau katoa ka taea te whakakano ki taua kikorangi kotahi. Nā reira, ka whakaatu i te āhua (he rākau, he porowhita, he tōrino) me te whakaritenga (he takitahi, he takirua, he mekameka), engari kāore he kōrero mō te kāwai Gram. Ka tāpirihia e te whakakano Gram te iodine, tētahi taahiraa tango tae, me tētahi kano tāpiri. Nā reira, ka wehe i ngā huakita ki te Gram-tōrunga (waiporoporo) me te Gram-tōraro (māwhero, whero rānei), i runga i te pupuri a ō rātou uhi pūtau i te kano. Ko te tikanga o ngā pūtau āhua rākau kikorangi whai muri i te kikorangi metilīni, "kei reira ngā pūtau āhua rākau." Ko te tikanga o ngā pūtau āhua rākau māwhero whai muri i te raupapa Gram katoa, "kei reira ngā huakita āhua rākau Gram-tōraro." He kaha ake te kōrero tuarua nā te mea i mahia e te tukanga tētahi whakamātautau anō.
Mō te whānuitanga o ngā tikanga huakita e whakamahi ana i te kano kotahi, e whai wāhi nei tēnei tuhinga, tirohia te mahere whakakano mō te karu whārahi.
Te whakakano māmā: kotahi te kano, kotahi te pātai
He kano pāpāhua (katote tōrunga) te kikorangi metilīni. He utanga tōrunga tō tōna katote whai tae, ā, ka herea ki ngā hanganga whai utanga tōraro i roto i te pūtau, tae atu ki ngā waikawa karihi me ngā rōpū waikawa i te mata. Nā reira, ka kitea ngā pūtau hei pūtau kikorangi ki mua i tētahi papamuri kōmā. Ka whakamārama a OpenStax i tēnei mātāpono whakakano tōrunga i tōna upoko mō te whakakano. Ko te katote tōrunga o te kano ake ko te katote phenothiazine iti, papatahi kua whakamāramatia i te tohutoro matū mō te kikorangi metilīni; ehara te katote tauaro chloride i te mea e tuku ana i te tae.
He ngāwari te kawa whakaako paerewa nā te āta hoahoa: whakaritea he pani angiangi, whakamaroketia ki te hau, whakamaua mā te wera, uhia ki tētahi wairewa kikorangi metilīni ā-wai, tata ki te 1%, mō te kotahi meneti pea, horoia āta ki te wai, pēhia ki te pepa hei whakamaroke, ā, tirohia mā te rumaki hinu. Ka tuku tētahi kawa whakaako a LibreTexts i tēnei whakaritenga 1% mō te kotahi meneti, me te kōrero hoki ka whakaroa ētahi taiwhanga i te wā. Kāore he matū whakamau kano, kāore he matū tango tae, kāore he kano tuarua. Ko taua korenga te tino kaupapa. Nā te mea kotahi anake te kano, ā, kāore he tangohanga tīpako, ka ōrite te tae o ngā pūtau katoa e here ana i te kano.
Mō E. coli, ko te papa tirohanga e tūmanakohia ana he pūtau āhua rākau kikorangi (he bacilli), he takitahi, he takirua, he rōpū iti rānei. Nā te kano te kikorangi. Nā te rauropi te āhua rākau. Engari kāore taua huinga e tautuhi i te rauropi, nā te mea he āhua rākau tō te maha o ngā momo, ā, ka kikorangi te maha o ngā pūtau āhua rākau i te whakakano māmā. Ka mārama te whakaatu a ATCC i tēnei here ki te āhua anake i tāna aratohu ahurea moroiti. Ko te pūrongo tika e kī ana: "kua kitea ngā bacilli kikorangi." Me whai taunakitanga anō mō ngā kōrero i tua atu i te āhua me te whakaritenga.
Te whakakano Gram: e whā ngā matū tauhohe, kotahi te whakamātautau whanonga
He whakakano wehewehe te whakakano Gram. Ka tukuna ngā pūtau katoa ki te raupapa kotahi, ā, ka tirohia ko ēhea e pupuri ana i te kano tuatahi, ko ēhea hoki e ngaro ai taua kano. Ka tautuhi ngā kawa whakakano Gram a te American Society for Microbiology i te raupapa paerewa e whā ngā taahiraa: te waiporoporo tioata (te kano tuatahi), te iodine Gram (te matū whakamau kano), te waipiro, te waipiro acetone rānei (te matū tango tae), kātahi ko te safranini (te kano tāpiri).
| Taahiraa | Matū tauhohe | Mahi | Hua Gram-tōrunga | Hua Gram-tōraro |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Waiporoporo tioata | Te kano tuatahi, ka whakawaiporoporo i ngā pūtau katoa | Waiporoporo | Waiporoporo |
| 2 | Iodine Gram | He matū whakamau kano, ka hanga i tētahi pūhui ki te waiporoporo tioata | Waiporoporo | Waiporoporo |
| 3 | Matū tango tae | Ka tango tīpako i te pūhui | Ka noho waiporoporo tonu | Ka kore he tae |
| 4 | Safranini | He kano tāpiri, ka whakakano i ngā pūtau kua tangohia te tae | Ka noho waiporoporo tonu | Māwhero, whero rānei |
Ka whakamārama te tauira whakaako paerewa i te wehenga mā te hanganga o te uhi pūtau. He pakitara peptidoglycan mātotoru tō ngā pūtau Gram-tōrunga, ka ngaro te wai i taua pakitara, ā, ka pupuri i te pūhui waiporoporo tioata me te iodine i te wā e horoia ana ki te waipiro. He paparanga peptidoglycan angiangi tō ngā pūtau Gram-tōraro, me tētahi kiriuhi waho he nui ngā lipid kei roto. Ka whakapōrearea te matū tango tae i taua kiriuhi, nā reira ka horoia atu te pūhui, ā, ka tango ngā pūtau i te safranini i muri iho. Ka tuku te arotake whakakano Gram a NCBI Bookshelf i tēnei whakamāramatanga mō te pakitara pūtau. Ka tāpiri ngā mātanga he matatini ake te katoa o ngā tukanga ahupūngao, matū hoki i te mātotoru o te pakitara anake. Engari, mō te whakamārama i ngā kitenga i te taiwhanga, ka mau tonu te ture whanonga: ko te waiporoporo e tohu ana i te pupuri; ko te māwhero e tohu ana i te ngaronga, kātahi ka whakakano anō ki te kano tāpiri.
He papa whakaahua hei whakamārama. He tānga ā-kāhua hei whakataurite i ngā tikanga, ehara i te whakaahua karu whārahi nā te kāmera. Kua whakangāwaritia ngā tae hei whakaako i te arorau: kotahi te tae i te whakakano māmā, e rua ngā tae whai muri i te tangohanga tae Gram.
Ka taea rānei te whakamahi i te kikorangi metilīni i te whakakano Gram
E rua ngā whakamāramatanga o tēnei pātai, ā, me rerekē ngā whakautu.
Te whakamāramatanga tuatahi: ka taea rānei e te uhinga kotahi ki te kikorangi metilīni te whakakapi i te raupapa Gram katoa. Kāo. Ki te kore he iodine, he matū tango tae, he kano tāpiri hoki, kāore he taahiraa wehewehe, nō reira kāore te kāwai Gram e whakamātauria. Ko te papa tirohanga kikorangi whai muri i te kikorangi metilīni anake he hua whakakano māmā, ahakoa kei te taha o ngā matū tauhohe Gram te pounamu. Kaua e tuhi hei hua Gram.
Te whakamāramatanga tuarua: ka taea rānei e te kikorangi metilīni te whakakapi i te safranini hei kano tāpiri i te taahiraa 4. Ka taea e ia te whakakano i ngā pūtau kua tangohia te tae, ā, e matapae ana tētahi ngohe pukapuka ako ka waiporoporo ngā pūtau Gram-tōrunga, ka kikorangi ngā pūtau Gram-tōraro whai muri i taua whakakapinga. He tika te arorau, nā te mea kua tata kore tae ngā pūtau Gram-tōraro kua tika te tango i te tae, ā, ka tango rātou i tētahi atu kano katote tōrunga. Engari ehara tēnei i te kawa paerewa. Ka whakarite ngā kawa ASM i te safranini, me ētahi kōwhiringa kē e mōhiotia ana, pērā i te fuchsin pāpāhua i ētahi putanga, kāore ko te kikorangi metilīni. He uauatanga ā-mahi anō hoki: he uaua ake te wehe i te kikorangi i te waiporoporo i te wehe i te māwhero i te waiporoporo, otirā mā te hunga tīmata, otirā hoki i raro i ngā rama karu whārahi kua ngoikore. Mō ngā mahi ako me ngā hua whai take katoa, whakamahia te kano tāpiri kua whakaingoatia i tō kawa, ko te safranini te nuinga. Whakaarohia te kano tāpiri kikorangi metilīni hei putanga whakaatu, kaua hei paerewa taurite.
Ko te pātai e pā ana ki te whakataurite i te kikorangi metilīni ki ētahi atu kōwhiringa kano kotahi e kōrerotia ana i tētahi whakataurite o ngā whakakano māmā mō te huakita.
Tā te whakakano i E. coli ki te kikorangi metilīni e whakaū ai, me ngā mea kāore e whakaūngia
He huakita āhua rākau Gram-tōraro a E. coli, engari ka whakakotahi taua rerenga i ngā meka mai i ngā tikanga maha: te āhua mai i te karu whārahi, te tauhohenga Gram mai i te whakakano Gram, me te tuakiri mai i te whakatipu ahurea me ngā whakamātautau matū koiora, rāpoi ngota rānei. Ko te pani kikorangi metilīni e whakarato ana i te wāhanga tuatahi anake. Ka whakaū kei reira ngā pūtau āhua rākau i te tauira kua whakakanohia, me te āhua o tō rātou whakaritenga. Kāore e whakaū i te tauhohenga Gram, nā te mea kāore he whakamātautau tango tae i mahia. Kāore e tautuhi i te momo, nā te mea he rite te āhua o ngā pūtau āhua rākau o ngā momo maha i tēnei taumata taumira.
Ko konei ka hē ngā pūrongo i tētahi ara ka taea te matapae. Ka whakauru te kaituhi i te mōhiotanga o mua ("ko te tikanga he E. coli tēnei ahurea, ā, he Gram-tōraro a E. coli") ki te rārangi kitenga, nā reira ka āhua whakaū te kiriata i te mea i whakapaetia kē. Ka wehe tētahi pūrongo mārama ake i ngā wāhanga: "Whakakano māmā ki te kikorangi metilīni: kua kitea ngā bacilli kikorangi; ko te āhua anake, kāore he kāwai Gram i whakamātauria." Kātahi, mēnā i tika te whakahaere i tētahi whakakano Gram me ngā tauira whakahaere: "Whakakano Gram: he pūtau āhua rākau māwhero, e hāngai ana ki te Gram-tōraro." Ka puta te tuakiri momo ā muri ake, mai i te tukanga tautuhi, kāore i te tae anake.
He aratohu whaihua mō te whakamārama i ngā kitenga
Whakamahia tēnei ture whakatau i te taiwhanga. Mēnā kotahi te tae o ngā pūtau katoa, ā, kotahi anake te kano i whakamahia e te kawa me te kore matū tango tae, he whakakano māmā tāu i whakahaere ai. Pūrongoa te āhua, te whakatau tata o te rahi, me te whakaritenga. Me mutu ki reira. Mēnā i whakamahia e te kawa te waiporoporo tioata, te iodine, te matū tango tae, me te kano tāpiri, me ngā tauira whakahaere tōrunga, tōraro hoki e mōhiotia ana, he whakakano Gram tāu i whakahaere ai. Pūrongoa te tae me te āhua: he cocci waiporoporo i ngā mekameka, he pūtau āhua rākau māwhero, me ērā atu.
E toru ngā hapa e hua ai te nuinga o te rangirua. Tuatahi, ko te whakaaro he whakaūnga o E. coli ngā pūtau āhua rākau kikorangi. Tuarua, ko te tuhi i tētahi kiriata kikorangi metilīni ki raro i te pane "whakakano Gram" i roto i te pukatuhi, ka hē ai te whakamāramatanga a ngā kaipānui ā muri ake. Tuatoru, ko te whakakapi noa i ngā kano tāpiri, kātahi ka whakataurite i ngā tae i waenga i ngā taiwhanga me te mea nei he ōrite ngā huinga tae. He ōrite te whakatika mō ia hapa: whakaingoatia te tikanga i mahia tūturu, ā, whakapuakina ko ngā mea anake e whakamātauria ana e taua tikanga.
E whai wāhi tika ana te whakakano māmā nā te mea he iti noa ngā mea e kī ana ia ka taea te whakaū. He tere, he ngāwari ahakoa ngā hapa iti o te whakahaere, ā, he rawaka ina pā te pātai ki te āhua: kei reira rānei tētahi mea, ā, he aha tōna āhua. Ina pā te pātai ki te whakarōpūtanga, whakahaerehia te whakamātautau wehewehe. Ka whakaatu te kiriata kikorangi i te āhua o ngā pūtau. Ka whakaatu te kiriata waiporoporo, māwhero rānei i te whanonga o ō rātou pakitara. Kāore tētahi o aua kiriata, ko ia anake, e whakaatu i te momo.