Te whakapōpopo i te kikorangi methylene me te whakakōkiri ā-marama: te whakamāori i ngā hua tangohanga

Ka whakamātauria e tētahi taiwhanga ngā whakakōkiri e rua mō te whakapōpopo whakakōkiri ā-marama o te kikorangi methylene. Ka whakakore te whakakōkiri A i te 95 ōrau o te tae kikorangi i roto i te hāora kotahi. E 60 ōrau anake ka taea e te whakakōkiri B. Ka kī te tīma ko A te mea toa, ka tuhi i taua whakatau ki tētahi pūrongo, ā, ka tono kia nui ake te rahinga o taua whakakōkiri. Ka pahure ngā marama, ka kitea te pono i tētahi tātaritanga waro: ko te nuinga o te waikano i tangohia e A e noho tonu ana, kāore anō kia rerekē, ki te mata o te totoka, engari nā B kē i wāwāhi ngā rāpoi ngota waikano maha ake. I huri kōaro te whakatauranga, nā te mea i ine te tīma i tētahi āhuatanga, engari i tapaina ko tētahi atu.

He hapa noa tēnei, nā te mea e whā ngā āhuatanga rerekē e puta ai te kitenga kotahi: ka kōmā te wai kikorangi. Ka puta taua hua i te piri mata, te ngaronga tae, te whakapōpopo, me te whakakohuke, engari he kerēme rerekē tā tēnā, tā tēnā mō te mea i pā ki te waikano. Ko te kikorangi methylene tētahi o ngā whakamahinga tātari, taiao hoki e whai tūranga tautuhi ana te waikano. I konei, ko tōna tūranga he tauira whakapoke e tangohia ana, e whakarerekētia ana rānei. I mua i te whakataurite i ngā whakakōkiri, i te whakaputa rānei i tētahi ōrau tangohanga, whakatauria ko tēhea paearu mutunga ka taea te tautoko e ō inenga.

E whā ngā paearu mutunga, e whā ngā kerēme rerekē

Whakaarohia ēnei hei āhuatanga e whā, he rerekē ngā mātāpono whakahaere o tēnā, o tēnā. He pātai rerekē tā ia āhuatanga e whakautu ana, ā, me whai taunakitanga ake ia āhuatanga.

Ko te piri mata te wehenga atu o ngā rāpoi ngota waikano i te wairewa ki te mata o te totoka, ahakoa kāore pea tō rātou hanganga matū e rerekē. Ka whakahaerehia tōna whakamātautau i te pōuri kia tino pūmau ai te nui o te waikano e mau ana ki te mata. Hei taunakitanga pono, me whakauru hoki te waikano i whakahokia mai i te totoka mā te wetepiri, mā te tangohanga rānei. Ehara te wā pōuri pūmau o te 30 meneti i te taunakitanga kua tae ngā rawa katoa ki te taurite. E whakaatu ana tētahi kōrerorero tikanga rangahau nō nā tata nei i te putanga o ngā whakatauranga whakakōkiri hē ina rerekē te mau waikano i te pōuri i waenga i ngā rawa nā te whakarere i tēnei hipanga.

Ko te ngaronga tae te ngaronga o te rōpū rāpoi ngota whakaputa tae ka kitea e te karu. I te nuinga o te wā, ka aroturukihia tēnei i te takiwā o te roanga ngaru mimiti matua, tata ki te 664 nm. Ka taea e te piri mata, te tauhohenga whakaheke, te tangohanga rōpū methyl i te N, me te wāwāhinga o te rōpū whakaputa tae te whakaheke i taua pānuitanga. Nō reira, kāore e taea e tētahi uara roanga ngaru kotahi te tautuhi i te pūtake. Tuhia ngā tūāwhiorangi katoa, kaua ko tētahi tau anake: e hāngai ana te nekehanga o te tihi ki te taha kikorangi ki ngā hua o te whānau Azure kua tangohia ō rātou rōpū methyl. Me kī te hua e whakaaturia ana hei 95 ōrau tangohanga i te 664 nm, he 95 ōrau ngaronga tae, kaua he 95 ōrau whakapōpopo.

Ko te whakapōpopo te whakarerekētanga matū o te rāpoi ngota kikorangi methylene taketake. Ko te taunakitanga ka ahu mai i te tātari wehe matū: ka ngaro te waikano mau tonu i te HPLC, i te UPLC rānei, ka puta ngā hua whakarerekētanga, ā, ka whakapōpopo hoki aua hua i muri iho. Ko te mea pai rawa, ka tautuhia mā te LC-MS. Ko ētahi tohu whaihua ko te katote rāpoi ngota e tata ana ki te m/z 284 mō te waikano taketake, me te raupapa tangohanga rōpū methyl ā-hipanga: Azure B e tata ana ki te 270, Azure A e tata ana ki te 256, Azure C e tata ana ki te 242, me te thionine e tata ana ki te 228. Kua whakaputaina ngā whakawhitinga LC-MS/MS kua manatoko mō ngā waikano i te wai mō ēnei.

Ko te whakakohuke te hurihanga o te waro waroora hei hua mutunga pararopi, ko te nuinga he hauhā me te waro pararopi. Ka noho te hauota me te whanariki hei momo matū pēnei i te haukinia, te pākawa me te pūkawa ngāwhā. Ko te ngaronga o te waro waroora katoa (TOC) te inenga waro e whakamahia whānuitia ana. Ka whakaatu te hekenga o te hāora e hiahiatia ana mō te whakahāora matū (COD) i te hekenga o te rahinga matū ka taea te whakahāora, engari ehara tēnei i te pauna papatipu waro, ā, kāore tēnei anake e whakaū i te whakakohuke katoa. Ka whakapakari te tātari wehe katote mō te pūkawa ngāwhā, te pākawa me te haukinia i taua kerēme.

Ka tika te whakauru i ngā momo whakakōkiri, pēnei i te titania kua tāpirihia he matū whakarerekē, ngā rawa hiato, ngā rawa e tautokona ana e te waro, me ērā atu, ki te whakataurite kotahi mēnā ka whakamātauria ia momo mā ngā paearu mutunga me ngā whakamātautau whakahaere ōrite. Ka tere tonu te āhua o tētahi rawa hiato e kaha piri mata ana ina whakamātauria mā te tae. Koia te take ka wehe te rārangi arowhai i raro nei i te mau waikano me te tauhohenga, i mua i te whakatauranga.

Te tukanga whakapōpopo whakakōkiri ā-marama o te kikorangi methylene

Kua whakarāpopotohia te whānau ara tauhohenga e whakaaetia ana mō te whakahihiko tūturu i te āhua-kawenga hiko i tētahi arotake o te whakapōpopo whakakōkiri ā-marama i ngā waikano mā ngā rawa titania e kaha whakahuatia ana. Ka whakaputa ngā pūaho ka mimiti i ngā irahiko ki te pae kawe me ngā kōhao ki te pae honohono. Ka whakahāora ngā kōhao i te wai, i te hydroxide rānei, kei te mata hei tuwhena hydroxyl. Ka whakaheke ngā irahiko i te hāora rewa hei superoxide, ā, mā ngā tauhohenga anō e uru ai ngā tuwhena hydroperoxyl me te hydrogen peroxide, ka puta ētahi atu tuwhena hydroxyl. Kātahi ka whakaeke ēnei momo hāora tauhohe, me ngā kōhao anō hoki, i te waikano.

I te nuinga o te wā, ka tīmata te whakarerekētanga o te kikorangi methylene mā te tangohanga raupapa o ngā rōpū methyl i te N, mā Azure B, Azure A me Azure C, ahu atu ki te thionine. Ka haere tahi tēnei me te whakahāoratanga o te rōpū whakaputa tae phenothiazine. Ka wāwāhi ngā whakaekenga tuwhena e whai ake ana i ngā hononga waro-whanariki me ngā hononga waro-hauota, ka whakatuwhera i ngā mowhiti kakara, ā, ka puta ngā pūhui momo phenol me te aniline, ngā aldehyde, me ngā waikawa carboxylic iti te papatipu rāpoi ngota, i mua i te whakakohuke i te mutunga. Ka whakamārama whānuitia tēnei whānau e tētahi arotake motuhake o ngā āhuatanga o te kikorangi methylene me ngā ara whakapōpopo ā-marama. Kei te whakakōkiri, te pH, te tuku hāora me te whitinga marama ngā ōwehenga pū o ngā peka tauhohenga e whakawhirinaki ana. Nō reira, whakaarohia te mahere hei whānau ara tauhohenga, kaua hei raupapa kotahi me whai rawa.

E rua ngā āhuatanga whakamātautau me āta titiro, nā te mea ka whakarerekē ēnei i te tere tauhohenga e kitea ana, ahakoa kāore te whakakōkiri ake e rerekē. Ka whakarerekē te pH i te utu hiko o te mata titania me te nui o ngā rōpū hydroxyl i te mata. Ka whakarerekē tēnei i te piri mata o te waikano whai utu hiko tōrunga, nā reira ka rerekē hoki te tere e kitea ana. Whakatauritea ngā rawa i te pH ōrite, ā, tuhia ngā uara tīmatanga me ngā uara mutunga. He rite te mahi a ngā tai rewa me ngā pūreirei: ka noho te chloride, te phosphate, te carbonate me te pūkawa ngāwhā ki ngā wāhi mata, ka whakarerekē hoki i ngā tauhohenga tuwhena. Ka tuhi tētahi rangahau motuhake mō ngā tai pararopi i te whakakōkiri ā-marama mā te titania i tēnei pānga ki te kikorangi methylene.

Te mahanga o te marama kitea

Me whai te titania parakore i te whakahihiko mā te marama e tata ana ki te UV. Heoi anō, he maha ngā pūrongo e whakaatu ana i te kōmā haere o te kikorangi methylene i raro i ngā rama marama kitea anake, ā, ka kī nā te kaha mahi o te whakakōkiri i te marama kitea taua hua. Ko te tukanga tērā pea ko te whakahihiko nā te waikano: ka tuku te waikano kua whakahihikotia i tētahi irahiko ki te āhua-kawenga hiko, ā, ka whakaheke taua irahiko i te hāora. Ka kōmā haere te tae, ahakoa kāore he whakahihiko tūturu puta noa i te āputa pae hiko o te totoka. I whakaaturia tēnei pānga whakapohehe e ngā rangahau whakamātautau a Ohtani me ōna hoa mō te raruraru o te marama kitea kua pūrangatia. Ka mārama hoki te rohe i te tauākī hōkai o ISO 10678, nā te mea ka whakawhāitihia tōna tikanga whakamātautau kikorangi methylene ki te whitinga UV, ā, ka whakakorea ngā kerēme mō te kaha mahi i te marama kitea.

He māmā te whakamātautau ā-mahi. Mahia anō te whakamātautau mā tētahi matū whakamātau kāore he tae, kāore hoki e mimiti i te marama kitea. Whakatauritea te rerekētanga o te tere tauhohenga i runga i te roanga ngaru ki te tūāwhiorangi mimiti o te whakakōkiri. Ki te whai te kaha mahi i te mimiti o te waikano, kaua i te mimiti o te whakakōkiri, ka tautoko te hua i te whakahihiko nā te waikano, kaua i te whakakōkiri ā-marama kitea o te whakakōkiri ake. Kia mahara ki tēnei whakamātautau ina pānui koe i ngā kerēme a ngā kaiwhakarato mō ngā momo whakakōkiri marama kitea.

Rārangi arowhai paearu mutunga

Whakamahia tēnei rārangi i mua i te whakatauranga whakakōkiri, i te tuhi rānei i tētahi kerēme tangohanga. Koinei te rauemi ka taea te whakamahi anō o tēnei whārangi: me tutuki ia rārangi i ia whakamātautau whakapōpopo kikorangi methylene.

1. Whakamātautau whakahaere piri mata i te pōuri: te waikano me te whakakōkiri, kāore he marama, ka kōrorihia kia tae ki tētahi taumata pūmau kua inea, me te whakahoki mai i te waikano i te wāhanga totoka, kaua ko te whakapae mō tētahi wā pūmau.
2. Whakamātautau whakahaere wāwāhi ā-marama: te waikano me te marama, kāore he whakakōkiri, hei ine i te kōmā haere tika i raro i tō rama me tō whakatakotoranga āhuahanga.
3. Tauira pātea tātari: te whakakōkiri me te marama, kāore he waikano, hei hopu i ngā tohu papamuri i te TOC, ngā katote me ngā tūāwhiorangi.
4. Ngā āhuatanga tauhohenga pūmau: kia ōrite te tūāwhiorangi rama, te rerenga pūaho, te pāmahana, te whakaranu, te hāora rewa, te āhuahanga o te pūrere tauhohenga, te kukū waikano tīmatanga, te rahinga whakakōkiri, te pH me te taiao matū o te tauira puta noa i ngā momo.
5. Te wehe totoka i mua i te tātari tūāwhiorangi: tātarihia, hurihurihia rānei mā te pūrere wehe hurihuri, kia kore ai te marara marama e pānuitia hei mimiti.
6. Ngā tūāwhiorangi katoa, kaua ko tētahi roanga ngaru: pūrongotia te matawai kia kitea tonu ai ngā nekehanga tihi me ngā pae hou.
7. Te whakaū mā te tātari wehe matū mō ia kerēme whakapōpopo: te ngaronga o te waikano taketake mau tonu me ngā hua kua aroturukihia.
8. Te tatau waro mō ia kerēme whakakohuke: te TOC me ngā tauira pātea, me tētahi arowhai kia kore ai te waro kua tatauria hei waro ngaro i neke noa ki te totoka.
9. Arowhai tuku matū ki te wairewa: tangohia katoatia te totoka mā tētahi whakamātautau āhua rite ki te tātari wera, whitia te wai kua tātarihia ki te marama, ā, tātarihia ngā konganuku rewa. Ki te haere tonu te tauhohenga, he tohu tēnei kei te whai wāhi tētahi tauhohenga i te wāhanga ōrite kotahi.
10. Te tapa pono: tapaina te hua 664 nm he ngaronga tae, te hua tātari wehe matū he whakapōpopo, me te hua TOC he whakakohuke.

E whakaatu ana tētahi rangahau pūrere tauhohenga ā-marama UV-LED e whakakotahi ana i ngā whakamātautau piri mata, te wehe whakakōkiri, te UV-vis me te TOC nō nā tata nei i te tūhonotanga o ēnei paparanga i roto i tētahi wāhanga tikanga rangahau kotahi.

Tauira pauna papatipu kua tātaihia

Whakaarohia tētahi whakamātautau 100 mL ka tīmata ki te 10 mg/L kikorangi methylene. Nō reira, e 1.0 mg te waikano kei roto i te pūrere tauhohenga. Whai muri i te whakatau taurite i te pōuri, ko te pānuitanga o te wairewa he 8.0 mg/L. Ko te tikanga, e 0.2 mg kei te totoka, ā, e 0.8 mg kei te rewa tonu. Whai muri i te hāora kotahi o te whitinga marama, ka whakaatu te tātaritanga o te wairewa kua tātarihia i te 2.0 mg/L waikano mau tonu mā te tātari wehe matū (0.2 mg i te wairewa). Ka whakahokia mai e te wetepiri te 0.1 mg waikano mau tonu i te totoka, ā, ka whakaatu te TOC kua wehe te 40 ōrau o te waro waroora tīmatanga i te pūnaha wairewa-me-te-totoka hei waro pararopi.

Ko te pauna i runga i te waro e kī ana: he ōrite te waro tīmatanga ki te tapeke o te waikano taketake i te wairewa, te waikano taketake kua piri ki te mata, ngā matū takawaenga waroora, me te waro kua whakakohuketia. I konei, ka mau tonu te 20 ōrau o te papatipu waikano tīmatanga hei waikano taketake kāore i rerekē (0.2 mg puta noa i ngā wāhanga e rua), kua whakakohuketia te 40 ōrau, ā, ko te 40 ōrau e toe ana he hua whakarerekētanga waroora (ngā matū takawaenga i te wairewa, i te totoka rānei, kua whakaūngia e ngā tihi hua). Ko te pūrongo tika he 80 ōrau whakapōpopo o te waikano taketake me te 40 ōrau whakakohuke, kaua ko te 95 ōrau o tētahi āhuatanga. Kia mōhio ki te mahanga: mehemea i inea te TOC i te wai o runga kua tātarihia anake, kua tatauria ngā matū waroora kua piri ki te mata hei matū kua whakangaromia, ā, kua whakanuia hētia te uara whakakohuke. Inea te waro o te ranunga wai-totoka katoa ina taea, tāpirihia rānei te wāhanga e herea ana ki te totoka ki te tatauranga, me te whakaatu mārama i taua tāpiritanga.

Ture pūrongo

Whakaaturia te paearu mutunga iti rawa te kaha o te kerēme e tautokona ana e ō taunakitanga. Kātahi anō ka tāpiri i ngā kerēme kaha ake ina tutuki ia paparanga inenga. Ka whai pono ngā mahi whakapōpopo kikorangi methylene mā te huarahi kotahi e whai pono ai ērā atu tikanga whakamahi waikano: mā te whakahāngai i te hua ki te āhuatanga e tino inea ana e te tikanga. Ka whakawhānui tētahi aratohu hoa mō te pānui i ngā kerēme rangahau whakamahi waikano i taua tikanga ki te hoahoa rangahau. Ka hipoki hoki tētahi kawa ā-mahi mō te arowhai i ngā āhuatanga whakamātautau i ngā ritenga whakatikatika pūrere ka taea te whakamahi tika i ngā mahi pūrere tauhohenga ā-marama.