He whakamārama mō ngā wairewa whakapoke puru metilīni kawakore a Loeffler me te puru metilīni tae-maha

Ka tū pea ngā pounamu e toru ki te taha o tētahi ki tētahi i runga i te tēpu whakapoke, me tētahi momo puru metilīni kei te tapanga o ia pounamu. E kī ana tētahi he puru metilīni wai 1%. E kī ana tētahi he puru metilīni kawakore a Loeffler. E kī ana tētahi he puru metilīni tae-maha. Ka toro atu te kaimahi pukumahi ki te pounamu e tata rawa ana. Kātahi ka ngoikore rawa te tae o te paninga, ka puru ōrite rawa rānei, ka puta rānei he āhua waiporoporo kāore i tūmanakohia, ā, ka whakahēngia te tauira mō taua hua.

He raruraru tātai tēnei, ehara i te raruraru tauira. He waikano whai pānga kei roto i ngā wairewa e toru, engari he rerekē ā rātou ariā whakapoke. Ko tētahi he waikano katote tōrunga noa, he tata ki te kūpapa tōna pH. Ko tētahi ko taua waikano anō, kua whakapakarihia e te kawakore. Ko tētahi ehara rawa i te waikano kotahi, engari he ranunga kua āta hāoratia. Ki te hē tō kōwhiringa, ka rerekē te mātāpono whakapoke i raro i ō ringa.

Te whakautu poto

Ko te puru metilīni wai noa te tūāpapa: tata ki te 1% waikano i roto i te wai, he wairewa whakapoke katote tōrunga māmā mō te āhua o ngā huakita me te mātai karuwhakarahi whānui. Ka tāpirihia e te puru metilīni kawakore a Loeffler tētahi rahinga iti, kua inea, o te kawakore waimeha ki tētahi wairewa pūtake waipiro kua waimehatia ki te wai. Mā tēnei ka piki te pH, ka kaha ake hoki te piri o te waikano katote tōrunga ki ngā hanganga waikawa o ngā huakita. Ko te puru metilīni tae-maha he puru metilīni kua āta whakapakeketia mā te hāoratanga i roto i te kawakore. Nō reira, kei roto i te pounamu he ranunga o ngā pūhui huānga kua tangohia ō rātou rōpū metila (azure A, azure B, azure C), te thionin, me te methylene violet, me te puru metilīni e toe ana. Ka whakapokea e taua ranunga ngā hanganga rerekē ki ngā tae rerekē.

Ki te maumahara koe ki te rerenga kotahi anake: mā te whakakawakore ka rerekē te kaha o te whakapoke, engari mā te whakarite hei wairewa tae-maha ka rerekē ngā tae whakapoke.

Te puru metilīni wai noa: te pūwāhi whakataurite

Ko te tātai māmā rawa he puru metilīni kua rewa ki te wai, i te nuinga o te wā he 1% w/v, kāore he kawakore, kāore hoki he hāoratanga. Ko te momo matū whai tae ko te katote tōrunga methylthioninium me tētahi katote tauaro pūhaumāota. He waikano phenothiazine iti, papatahi tēnei, e whakaahuatia ana i te pūkete puru metilīni a PubChem hei methylthioninium chloride. Nā tōna āhua katote tōrunga, ka piri ki ngā tuarā pūkawa o ngā waikawa karihi me ngā rōpū waikawa i ngā pakitara pūtau huakita, ā, ka whakapurua ngā pūtau ki runga i tētahi papamuri koma.

Ko tōna painga ko te mōhio ki te hua ka puta. Ka kitea he puru ngā karihi me ngā huakita. He āhua iti te rerekētanga tae. Ka ngoikore pea te whakapoke o ngā rauropi kōmā, ā, koinei tonu te herenga i whai a Loeffler ki te whakatika. Mō te whānau whānui o ngā wairewa whakapoke huakita māmā e uru nei tēnei wairewa, tirohia tētahi tirohanga whānui ki te whakapoke huakita māmā. He mea nui tonu te āta whakaū i te tuakiri matū: he rāpoi ngota tino rerekē te puru metila, e whakamāramatia ana i te puru metila me te puru metilīni. Nō reira, mā te rapu putumōhio mā te ingoa tae anake ka whiwhi pea koe i te karaehe waikano hē.

Te puru metilīni kawakore a Loeffler: ko taua waikano anō, kua whakapakaritia

Ka whakakotahitia e te tātai tuku iho a Loeffler tētahi wairewa pūtake puru metilīni waipiro me te kawakore waimeha i roto i te wai. E ai ki ngā putanga pukapuka ako, me whakamahi te 0.3 g waikano i roto i te 30 mL ewaro 95%, me te 100 mL wairewa wai konurehu waihā 0.01% (he ōrite rānei ki te 30 mL puru metilīni waipiro kukū, te 100 mL wai māturu, me te 1 mL KOH 1%). Ka puta he wairewa mahi e tata ana ki te 0.3% waikano, me te pH tino kawakore. Ka whai ngā putanga arumoni i taua mātāpono anō, ā, ka whakarārangitia e te putumōhio wairewa whakapoke koiora moroiti a Thermo Fisher te puru metilīni kawakore a Loeffler ki te taha o ngā momo tae-maha me ngā momo wai, hei tūemi putumōhio motuhake, me ō rātou whakamahinga motuhake.

Ko te kawakore te tino aronga mahi. Mā te whakapiki i te pH ka tangohia ngā proton i ngā rōpū carboxyl me ngā rōpū pūkawa o te tauira, ka nui ake ai te kiato o ngā wāhi tōraro. I taua wā anō, mā te wairewa pūtake ewaro ka rewa katoa te waikano, kia tae atu ai ki aua wāhi hei rāpoi kotahi. Ko te hua, he tere ake, he kaha ake te whakapoke o ngā huakita i tā te waikano wai kūpapa, me ngā huakita rākau me ngā huakita porohita puru hōhonu e mōhiotia ana i te paninga huakita o ia rā. Ko te wā whakapoke he kotahi ki te toru meneti i te nuinga o te wā, kātahi ka horoia ki te wai.

Ko te whakamahinga tuku iho ko te Corynebacterium diphtheriae kua whakatipuria ki runga i te papa whakatipu seramu a Loeffler: he huakita rākau angiangi, he rite tonu te āhua poro ki ngā pito, me ngā kōpura Babes-Ernst panoni-tae o te polyphosphate penapena, kua tino whakapokea. He takenga hītori tō te takirua o te papa whakatipu me te wairewa whakapoke, nā te mātanga huakita kotahi i hanga ēnei mea e rua. Ko te painga mō te tautuhi ko te mārama o te rerekētanga tae o ngā kōpura. I tua atu i te mahi e pā ana ki te mate korokoro whakapokenga, ka whakamahia tēnei hei wairewa whakapoke huakita whānui mō ngā paninga nō ngā ahurea whakatipu, mō te āhua o Neisseria i ngā paninga haumanu, me ngā wā kāore e hiahiatia te whakapoke Gram engari he ngoikore rawa te puru wai noa. He wairewa whakapoke tae-kotahi tēnei. Ka huri ngā mea waikawa katoa ki tētahi āhua puru. Ki te tono te kawa i ngā tae wehewehe, kāore e taea e te kawakore anake te whakarato.

Kotahi te whakatūpato ā-mahi: ka kino haere ngā wairewa waikano kawakore, ka puta hoki he tōtā i te rokiroki me te ngongo hauhā. Ka whakarite ngā taiwhanga i ngā rahinga iti, ka hoko rānei i te wairewa putumōhio me te whai i tōna wā rokiroki, kaua e pupuri tonu i tētahi pounamu tawhito e whakatakoto nei i te waipara ki ia kiriata.

Te puru metilīni tae-maha: kotahi te ingoa, he maha ngā waikano

Ka tīmata te puru metilīni tae-maha i taua waikano anō, engari ka tukuna ki te hāoratanga āta whakahaere i roto i te kawakore. I ngā wā o mua, i kīia tēnei he whakapakeke, he whakarite tae-maha rānei. Mā te whakapakeke kawakore, te whakamahana ki te pākawa waro, te hāoratanga rānei ki ngā matū pērā i te dichromate, ka tangohia takitahitia ngā rōpū metila i ngā rōpū whakakapi dimethylamino. He ranunga te hua: ko te puru metilīni e toe ana me te azure B (kotahi te metila kua ngaro), te azure A me te azure C (kua tangohia ētahi atu metila), te thionin (kua tangohia katoatia ngā metila), me ngā hua āpiti hāoratanga nō te whānau methylene violet. Kei ia wāhanga tōna ake tae me tōna ake kaha piri ki te kiko. Nō reira ka whakapoke te ranunga mā te panonitanga tae: ka whai ngā karihi, ngā kōpura, ngā mucin, me te ngohe i ō rātou ake tae, mai i te puru ki te whero-waiporoporo.

Ko tēnei matūhanga tonu te matūhanga i muri i ngā wairewa whakapoke toto rongonui. I kitea e ngā kaimahi o mua ka whakapokea e te puru metilīni kua whakakawakoretia ngā karihi o ngā pirinoa malaria ki ngā āhua waiporoporo, engari kāore ā rātou wairewa wai kua whakapakeketia i pūmau, ā, ka puta he tōtā i roto i ngā rā ruarua. Ko te arotake mō te orokohanga o te wairewa whakapoke toto waiporoporo e whai ana i te whakamahinga motuhake a Malachowski rāua ko Romanowsky i tēnei pānga i te 1891, te whakaurunga o te mewaro hei whakapūmau i te tōtā waikano me te whakau i ngā paninga me te kore whakamahana, me te whakaritenga paerewa a Giemsa i muri mai, mā te azure B kua inea me te eosin, me te glycerol hei whakapūmau. He uri tōtika ngā wairewa whakapoke momo Giemsa o nāianei nō te puru metilīni tae-maha me te eosin, te takirua e whakaputa ana i te pānga Romanowsky. Mō ngā taipitopito o te takirua eosin me te wāhanga azure B, tirohia ngā wairewa whakapoke momo Romanowsky me te pāhekoheko azure B–eosin.

Nā te mea he ranunga, ko te puru metilīni tae-maha te mea iti rawa te whakaritenga paerewa o ēnei e toru. Ka whakawhirinaki tōna taurite tae pū ki te ara hāoratanga me te whānuitanga o taua hāoratanga. Koia ngā kaiwhakarato mātai kiko e hoko ai hei hua motuhake me ōna ake whakamātautau mahi, kaua hei wairewa a Loeffler kua tawhitotia. Ko ngā whakamahinga noa ko te whakaatu panoni-tae i ngā kōpura o ngā pūtau mast, ngā mucin, me te ngohe; te whakaatu i ngā taipitopito o ngā pūtau plasma; me te whakaatu i te Helicobacter pylori i ngā wāhanga kiko mā ngā tikanga tae-maha momo Goodpasture. Koinei te kōwhiringa tika ina ko te wehewehe mā te tae te kaupapa, engari ko te kōwhiringa hē ina hiahia te kawa ki tētahi āhua huakita mārama, tae-kotahi.

Te whakataurite i ngā tātai me ngā kaupapa

Pānuihia te ripanga hei tukanga whakatau. Ki te ngoikore rawa te tae o te tauira, hurihia te ariā pH, ka kōwhiri i tā Loeffler. Ki te whakapokea ngā mea katoa engari kāore he mea e motuhake ana, hurihia te ariā waikano, ka kōwhiri i te tae-maha. Ki te tino ātaahua te whakaatu o ngā kōpura i tētahi paninga a Loeffler, engari ka pātai te kaitirotiro he aha i ōrite ai te puru o ngā karihi me te wai o te pūtau, ko te whakautu, kāore tētahi wairewa whakapoke kawakore tae-kotahi e taea te wehewehe mā te tae. Nō te whānau tae-maha taua pātai, me ōna wairewa whakapoke toto uri.

Te karo i ngā pōhēhētanga noa

E rua ngā hapa kei te pūtake o te nuinga o te rangirua. Ko te tuatahi ko te whakaaro ka taea te whakakapi tētahi i tētahi, arā, tā Loeffler me te puru metilīni noa, nā te mea he puru te āhua o ēnei mea e rua i roto i te pounamu. He rerekē te pH me te kaha o te tae. Ki te whakakapia tā Loeffler kua tohua ki te waikano kūpapa, ka ngaro tonu te rerekētanga tae o ngā kōpura i hāngai ai te tuhi o te kawa. Ko te tuarua ko te whakaaro he wairewa tae-maha ngā puru kawakore tawhito katoa, ngā mea rānei kua tawhitotia tūpono. Mā te tawhito kāore i āta whakahaeretia ka puta he ranunga kāore e mōhiotia ana, he kaha hoki kāore e mōhiotia ana. Engari ka whakaritea ngā wairewa tae-maha tūturu mā ngā ara hāoratanga kua tautuhia, ā, i te whakapapa wairewa whakapoke toto, ka whakakotahitia ki te eosin kua inea. He akoranga kei te hītori: i whakakapia ngā wairewa wai kua whakapakeketia, kāore i pūmau, o ngā tau 1890 ki ngā tātai mewaro kua whakapūmautia, nā te mea kāore e taea te whakaputa anō i ngā ranunga kāore i āta whakahaeretia. He akoranga tēnei hei maumahara i mua i te whakapoke i tētahi kiriata tātaritanga mā tētahi pounamu kāore e mōhiotia tōna pakeke.

Mā te āta whai i ngā ingoa ka oti te mahi whakaū. Whakaūngia te tūemi putumōhio (he wai, he Loeffler, he tae-maha rānei), te rahinga waikano, me te whakamahinga e hiahiatia ana i runga i te tapanga, kaua e whakatau mā te tae. He tupuna rōpū whakaputa tae kotahi tō ngā tātai e toru. Kāore he kaupapa kotahi.