Te puru metilīni i te taiao: tōna haerenga, tōna paitini ki ngā rauropi wai, me te horopaki waipara

E rua ngā momo tuhinga rangahau e whakamahi ana i te ingoa puru metilīni. Ko tētahi ko ngā tuhinga ine taiao: he ruarua, he ine rahinga, ā, he nui ngā here me ngā whakamārama. Ko tētahi ko ngā tuhinga maimoatanga: he nui rawa, he māia, ā, tata katoa e takea ana i ngā wairewa waihanga kua whakaranu i te taiwhanga. Ko te pōhēhē ko te momo tuarua te momo tuatahi te hapa matua o tēnei kaupapa. Ko te pepa rangahau e tango ana i te 95 ōrau o te waikano i tētahi ipu whakamātau kua tāpirihia ki te waikano, kua whakaatu i tētahi āhuatanga o te matū, ehara i te kukūtanga i te taiao.

Ka wehe tēnei tuhinga i aua momo e rua. Ko te haerenga o te rāpoi ngota i te wai te tuatahi, kātahi ko ngā pito mutunga paitini kua inea, kātahi ko te tino tikanga o ngā tau waipara.

Te haerenga: he katote tōrunga wairewa e piri ana ki ngā matū totoka

He māmā te memeha o te puru metilīni, ā, ka noho tōrunga tōna pūngao hiko puta noa i ngā pH taiao noa. Kei ngā kohinga tohutoro te wairewatanga e tata ana ki te 43,600 mg/L i te 25 C, ā, e whakaū ana tētahi arotake arohaehae o 2025 mō ōna āhuatanga ahupūngao ā-rama, ko te katote tōrunga MB te āhua matua o te waikano mai i te pH 3.5 ki te 11.5 pea. Nō reira, he iti rawa te whakaeto mai i te wai. Ko te whāomanga te tukanga whai take.

Nā te mea he katote tōrunga tēnei waikano, he kaha tōna here ki ngā mata whai pūngao hiko tōraro: te uku, te waiparapara, te parahua, me te papatipu koiora. I kitea i ngā rangahau oneone tawhito kua whakahuatia i te pūkete tohutoro, he kaha te ngongo ki ngā matū pararopi, ki te montmorillonite, me te kaolinite, ā, he iti noa te wāhanga ka taea te tango. E whakaatu tika ana ngā rangahau whakawhitinga uku i te tikanga hei whakawhitinga katote tōrunga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pH, ki ngā katote whakataetae, me te kukūtanga waikano. E matapae ana hoki te Koc whakatau tata, e whakahuatia nuitia ana, e tata ana ki te 8,000, i taua putanga anō. Engari, me whakaaro he whakatau tata mō tētahi waikano katote, kaua ko tētahi tau pūmau kua inea. I hangaia ngā hononga Koc tikanga mō ngā matū pararopi kūpapa, ā, kāore e tino hāngai ana ki ngā katote.

Ka noho te parahua hohe hei wāhi hopu mā taua ara anō, ahakoa kāore he whakapopo koiora. I pūrongo ngā rangahau ā-wāhanga mō te parahua kua whakamaroketia i ngā kaha Langmuir e tata ana ki te 256 mg o te waikano mō ia karamu parahua i te pH 7. I eke ngā rangahau o muri mai mō ngā matū waerau kei waho i ngā pūtau ki te 366 mg/g pea, me te taurite i roto i ngā meneti. He kaha taiwhanga ēnei, ehara i te reiti tangohanga o tētahi whare maimoatanga. Heoi, ka whakamārama ēnei he aha te tae waikano e ngaro ai ki roto i ngā matū totoka, i te wā e mau tonu ana te rāpoi ngota ake.

Kāore e pono te rā anake hei ara whakakore. E pūrongo ana tētahi arotake o ngā rangahau maimoatanga puru metilīni i tētahi whakamātau i tangohia ai te 8 ōrau noa iho i muri i te 10 hāora o te wāwāhitanga ā-rama kāore he whakakōkī, me ētahi whakamātau whakahaere rama kitea he iti rawa te ngaronga. Kaua e tautuhi i tētahi haurua-ora kotahi mō te waikano i raro i te rā. Ka huri te putanga i runga i te kaha iraruke, te pH, te hāora, ngā matū totoka tārewa, me te whakahohe-ā-rama i a ia anō.

He āputa kei te pokapū o ngā taunakitanga whakapopo koiora. Kāore i kitea mō tēnei tuhinga tētahi hua whakamātau OECD 301 mārama mō te āhei o te puru metilīni parakore ki te whakapopo koiora wawe. He auau te kī a ngā pepa rangahau maimoatanga tuatahi he tauira tēnei waikano mō ngā waikano ātete ki te whakapopo koiora, ā, e kī ana ētahi pepa haumaru kāore e wawe te whakapopo koiora. Engari, kāore tētahi o ēnei e whakakapi i tētahi huinga raraunga whakamātau paerewa. Ka taea e ngā ahurea huakita me ngā kiriata koiora kua tīpakohia te whakakore i te tae, te huri rānei i te waikano i raro i ngā āhuatanga kua arotauhia. Nō reira, he whāiti te kōrero e taea ana te tautoko: e kīia whānuitia ana he uaua te whakapopo, ā, kāore i kitea he uara whakamana mō te tutuki, te kore tutuki rānei i tētahi whakamātau paerewa. He pakari ake ngā mōhiotanga mō te matū o ngā huringa. Ka haere te tangohanga hāora o ngā rōpū metilo-N mai i te waikano taketake mā te Azure B, Azure A, Azure C, me te thionine, ā, ka huri ngā āhuatanga whakaiti i te waikano ki te puru leucometilīni kore tae. Nō reira, ehara te wai mārama i muri i te whakaiti i te taunakitanga kua whakangaromia te matū. Ka taea tonu te noho pūmau o te iho phenothiazine i muri i te ngaronga o te tae.

Te paitini ki ngā rauropi wai: ngā pito mutunga kua inea, me ō rātou here

He iti ngā rangahau paitini rauropi paerewa mō te puru metilīni, ā, he rerekē ngā hua hou i ētahi uara pātengi raraunga tawhito mā ngā raupapa whakareatanga tekau. Me whai ia tau i raro nei i tōna momo rauropi, tōna roanga, me tōna pito mutunga, nā te mea mā te tango i aua kōrero ka horapa te pōraruraru.

Ko te hua hou e whakaatu ana i te tino tairongo, mō te puruhi wai. I pūrongo tētahi rangahau o 2023 mō ngā pānga paitini ki a Daphnia magna i te EC50 whakakorikori-kore mō te 48 hāora, arā te 61.5 maikrokaramu mō ia rita (0.062 mg/L), me te LC50 mō te 24 hāora, arā te 0.149 mg/L. I kitea hoki ngā pānga ki ngā mahi ā-tinana me te whakaputa uri i runga ake i te 4.7 maikrokaramu mō ia rita. Ko taua kukūtanga whakamutunga he taumata pānga i kitea i raro i ngā tatauranga a ngā kaituhi, ehara i te kukūtanga kore-pānga ā-ture. Engari, he mārama te tohu whānui: ka urupare ngā cladoceran i ngā kukūtanga kei raro rawa i ngā taumata tāpiri waikano taiwhanga noa.

He kōrero whai here tā ngā raraunga ika. Ko ngā punua fathead minnow i pāngia i roto i ngā whakamātau pānga ohotata me ngā whakamātau pānga āhua roa i hoatu i ngā uara LC50 mō te 96 hāora, arā te 45 mg/L i te 20 C me te 15 mg/L i te 25 C. Ko ngā uara pānga mauroa mō ngā rā e whitu i tata ki te 2.1 mg/L mō te oranga, me te 0.6 mg/L mō te tupu i raro i te rama taiwhanga. I huri te putanga i te pāmahana me te rama; he take nui tēnei nā te mea ka huri te tae o te waikano ake i te kuhunga o te rama.

Kei ngā tau mati-kotahi iti ngā uara mō ngā kaihanga tuatahi i tētahi raupapa whakamātau āhua OECD. Nā ngā pānga mō te 24 ki te 96 hāora i puta ai ngā uara EC50 e heke ana i te 62 ki te 5.4 mg/L pea mō Chlorella vulgaris, ā, i te 5.8 ki te 1.1 mg/L pea mō Spirulina platensis. Ko tēnei mea whakamutunga he cyanobacterium, ehara i te pūkohu eukaryote. I ine tētahi whakamātau huakita moana poto ki a Vibrio harveyi i te EC50 tīahoaho koiora mō te 15 meneti e tata ana ki te 18 mg/L mō te waikano kāore anō kia wāwāhia. E whakaahua ana tēnei i te urupare ohotata o te huakita, ehara i te aukatinga o te parahua.

Me āta aro ngā kaipūkaha maimoatanga ki tētahi kitenga. He tino rerekē te tairongo o ngā moroiti whakahaora haukini: i ngaro i te archaeon Nitrosopumilus maritimus te 65 ōrau pea o te mahi whakahaora haukini i te 0.010 mg/L, engari i hiahiatia e te huakita Nitrosococcus oceani te 10 mg/L pea mō tētahi pānga rite i roto i ngā whakamātau whakataurite aukatinga. He kitenga ōrau-aukatinga ēnei, ehara i ngā uara IC50, engari ka tohu he tukanga te hanga pākawa me tiaki i roto i ngā tukunga katoa kei roto tēnei waikano.

He iti ngā kōrero ā-ture e wātea ana. Kāore i taea te whakaū i tētahi whakarōpūtanga wai whakakotahi a te EU kua whakamana, i tētahi PNEC tūmatanui a ECHA rānei e hāngai pū ana ki te puru metilīni. Ka kitea te matū i ngā pūkete ECHA, engari kāore taua tau kotahi e piri ana. Nō reira, kaua e tārua i tētahi PNEC mai i tētahi pepa haumaru whakarewa hanumi. Hei tauira ā-motu, ka whakarōpū a Aotearoa i te waikano hei Aquatic Chronic 3, H412, he kino ki ngā rauropi wai, ā, he pānga roa ōna. He horopaki whai hua, ehara i te whakarōpūtanga Pākehā.

He aha ngā tuhinga matū whakaparu tauira ehara ai i te raraunga pānga

He nui rawa te whakamahinga o te puru metilīni i ngā hautaka piringa-ā-mata me te whakakōkī-ā-rama mō ngā take mahi. He iti te utu, he kaha te tae, he māmā te aroturuki mā ngā tikanga ine ngongo rama e whakamahia ana mō ngā wairewa wai waimeha, he kaha te piringa-ā-mata, ā, he hītori whakamātau ōkawa hoki tōna mā te ISO 10678 mō ngā mata whakakōkī-ā-rama. E whakatūpato ana ngā tuhinga whakamātau ISO ake ka hua mai ngā hapa nui i te piringa-ā-mata, i te parakore o te waikano, i te pH, i te pūtake rama, me te tūringiringi, ā, tata ki te 30 ōrau te hapa whakaputa anō i waenga i ngā taiwhanga. Ehara te māmā o te whakamahinga i te tino māngai o ngā āhuatanga tūturu.

Ka whakakino ake ngā tau whānui mō ngā wai tuku waikano i te pōraruraru. I pūrongo tētahi arotake e whakahuatia nuitia ana mō ngā wai tuku whare waikano i ngā kukūtanga waikano katoa mai i te 10 ki te 250 mg/L pea. Engari, e kapi ana tēnei i ngā momo matū waikano maha, ā, kaua rawa e whakahuatia hei kukūtanga puru metilīni. He tino iti ake ngā inenga tūturu o tēnei waikano motuhake. I kitea e tētahi rangahau waipara pueru o Āwherika ki te Tonga te 2.3 mg/L pea i te wai uru me te 3.2 mg/L pea i te wai puta, i mua i te tāpiri a ngā kaituhi i te waikano ki ngā tauira kia eke ki te 30 mg/L mō ngā whakamātau. I roto hoki i tētahi tauira wai horoi batik i Phuket te 3.6 mg/L pea, i whakaūngia mā te ine ngongo rama me te HPLC. Kei raro aua uara mati-kotahi i ngā kukūtanga tīmatanga 30 ki te 50 mg/L e kitea nuitia ana i ngā pepa rangahau tangohanga, mā tētahi raupapa whakareatanga tekau.

Ko te ture mō te pānui i ēnei tuhinga: ko te ōrau tangohanga kua pūrongotia e whakaahua ana i te mahi ki tētahi matū whakamātau taiwhanga i te kukūtanga tīmatanga kua tohua. Kia mōhiotia te pānga, me whai raraunga tauira me te tautuhi i ngā momo matū. E whakamārama ana ngā tohutoro tikanga tātari e pā ana me pēhea te pupuri i taua rerekētanga kia kitea i ngā hua kua pūrongotia.

Te maimoatanga: whakaingoatia te pito mutunga i mua i te kī kua tangohia

E toru ngā whānau maimoatanga ka tango i te waikano, ā, he ara motuhake tō ia whānau ki te whakanui rawa i tōna angitu.

Ka neke te piringa-ā-mata me te piringa-koiora i te waikano mai i te wai ki tētahi matū totoka: te waro, te uku, te papatipu koiora, te parahua rānei. Ko te herenga ko te whakawhiti wāhanga, ehara i te huringa matū. Ki te kore te matū whāomi kua whakamahia e whakangaromia, e tukuna rānei ki tētahi wāhi haumaru, kei te mau tonu te waikano. Kua tuhia ngā taunakitanga mō te whakahokinga o te tukanga; i tutuki i tētahi rangahau tātari tino moroiti te ārai tuatahi tata katoa mā te piringa-ā-mata, kātahi ka whakahokia mai te waikano mā te whakaheke i te pH kia wetekina tōna piringa. I whakaatu tētahi whakamātau kiriuhi motuhake i te hekenga o te pupuri mai i te 20 ōrau pea ki te tata ki te 2 ōrau i te kukūnga o ngā wāhi piringa-ā-mata. I ine ngā tauira tuatahi i te matū whāomi, ehara i te kiriuhi.

Ka whakangaro te whakahaoratanga i te rōpū whakaputa tae, engari ehara te ngaronga tae i te hurihanga katoa ki ngā matū pararopi-kore. Nā te whakahaoratanga Fenton o ngā wairewa 10 ki te 30 mg/L i hua ai te tangohanga waikano neke atu i te 98 ōrau i roto i te kotahi hāora i te pH 2 ki te 3, engari i heke te hiahia hāora matū mā te 81 ōrau noa iho pea. Nā te maimoatanga ozone i tutuki ai te wāwāhitanga katoa e kitea ana i roto i te 12 meneti i te pH 12, me te hekenga COD e tata ana ki te 65 ōrau. Kei te āputa i waenga i aua tau e rua ngā matū takawaenga Azure me ngā hua whakahaora wāhanga. Ko te whakakorenga tae, te wāwāhitanga, te tangohanga COD, me te hurihanga ki ngā matū pararopi-kore he pito mutunga rerekē e whā, ā, kaua rawa e whakamahia hei kupu ōrite.

Ka taea e ngā kiriuhi te ārai i te waikano i ngā reiti tiketike i raro i ngā rerenga whāngai kua whakahaerehia, tae atu ki tētahi whakamātau tātari nano taiwhanga i tata ki te 99.8 ōrau te tangohanga mai i tētahi rerenga whāngai 100 mg/L. Engari, ka puta he rerenga kukū me whakahaere tonu, ā, tērā pea ka whakawhirinaki tētahi wāhanga o te mahi ki te piringa-ā-mata i te tīmatanga. He kerēme motuhake te whakamana i te tauine katoa i tētahi hua rerenga whāngai kua whakahaerehia.

Mō ngā mahi whakamātau iti me ngā mahi whakamātau tauine-waenga, he mārama ngā pānga ki te whakahaere. Me wehe, me tapanga hoki ngā para waikano, kaua e riringi i ngā wairewa puru waimeha ki te kōrere tuku i runga i te whakaaro ka whakapopoa koioratia e tētahi whare maimoatanga. He tūponotanga nui ka whāomia ki te parahua, engari kāore e whakaūngia te whakangaromanga. Kei te aratohu whakahaere para taiwhanga ngā mahi mō ngā ipu, te wehewehe, me te tuku para. Ko ngā ture tae tukunga pēnei i te paenga 150 PCU a Inia mō ngā wai tuku pueru e whakahaere ana i te tae ka kitea, ehara i te kukūtanga puru metilīni. Nō reira, kāore he hurihanga whānui mai i ngā wae tae ki te mg/L i roto i te waipara hanumi.

Ka uru te whakarāpopototanga pono ki te kōwae kotahi. He kaha te whāomanga o te puru metilīni, he pōturi tōna wāwāhitanga ā-rama ki te kore he āwhina, kāore anō kia kitea he whakatau paerewa mō tōna whakapopo koiora, ā, ka huri ki ngā momo Azure, ki tētahi āhua whakaiti kore tae rānei, kaua e ngaro noa. Ka tūkino i ētahi rauropi wai i raro i te 0.1 mg/L, engari ka whakamanawanui ētahi atu ki ngā tekau mg/L. Ka kitea i ngā wai tuku ruarua kua inea i ngā kukūtanga mati-kotahi mg/L, ā, ka taea te kī kua tangohia mā te whāomanga, mā te whakahaoratanga rānei, ina tautuhia tikatia te pito mutunga. Ko ērā atu katoa he ipu whakamātau kua tāpirihia ki te waikano, e tatari ana ki tētahi tauira mai i te taiao.