Ngā whakamātautau whakapiringa ā-mata o te kahurangi metilīni me te waro whakahohe: te whakahaere i te whakamātautau me te whakamārama i te tau

Ka whakataurite tētahi taiwhanga i ētahi momo waro whakahohe e rua. E ai ki tētahi pepa raraunga, e toru whakareatanga tōna uara kahurangi metilīni i tō tērā atu. Ka hokona e te taiwhanga te waro e mau ana te tau nui ake, ka whakarite i te rahinga waro i runga i taua tau, ā, ka tīmata wawe te waikano ki te puta mā roto. Kāore he raraunga i whakapohehetia. Nō ngā whakamātautau rerekē aua tau e rua, engari i whakaarohia e te kaihoko he ine rāua i te rahinga kotahi.

Ka whakatika tēnei tuhinga i taua hē o te whakamārama. Ka whakamārama i tā te whakamātautau e ine ai, ka whakaatu i te tātaitanga kia rua ngā wā mā ngā tau tūturu, ā, ka whakaingoa i ia taurangi e whakarerekē ana i te hua. Kei tētahi tuhinga motuhake te take e pā ana ki te whakaraupapa i ngā momo rawa whakapiri ā-mata rerekē; i konei, ko te kaupapa he akomanga rawa kotahi me tētahi tikanga kotahi.

He aha i whakamahia ai tēnei waikano hei pūtirotiro

He waikano katote tōrunga, papatahi, aromātiki te kahurangi metilīni. I roto i te wai, he katote whai utu hiko tōrunga tōna āhua, ā, ko te rahinga o tōna rāpoi ngota he tata ki te 1.43 mā te 0.61 mā te 0.40 nm. Ko taua rahinga te tino take. He iti noa ake te konutawa, arā, tērā atu pūtirotiro e whakamahia nuitia ana, ā, ka kuhu ki ngā kōputaputa moroiti whāiti. Nō reira ka whakaatu te tau konutawa i te whakawhanaketanga o ngā kōputaputa moroiti. Me whānui ake ngā kūwaha mō te kahurangi metilīni: ka uru ki ngā kōputaputa nui ake i te takiwā o te 0.75 nm, ā, he nui te wāhi o ngā kōputaputa kei te takiwā o te 1.4 ki te 3 nm. Kei roto i aua rahinga ngā kōputaputa moroiti rahi ake me ngā kōputaputa waenga iti, nō reira he whakamāmā rawa te kī he pūtirotiro mō ngā kōputaputa waenga anake tēnei whakamātautau. Ka kīnaki ngā pūtirotiro e rua i a rāua anō. Ka ui te konutawa ki te nui o ngā kōputaputa tino iti. Ka ui te kahurangi metilīni ki te nui o te wāhi kōputaputa e whakaae ana kia uru tētahi rāpoi ngota pararopi rahi, ā, koinei te pātai nui mō te tango waikano. Kāore tētahi o aua tau e matapae takitahi i te kaponga o ētahi atu rāpoi ngota.

He rite te hiranga o te utu hiko ki tō te rahinga. Nā te mea he katote tōrunga te waikano, ka kumea ki ngā mata whai utu hiko tōraro, ā, ka panaia e ngā mata whai utu hiko tōrunga. Nā konei he taurangi matua te pH, ehara i te kōrero tāpiri noa, pērā i tā ngā whakamātau i raro iho nei e whakaatu ana.

Te whakahaere i te whakamātautau ā-puranga

Ko te tikanga taiwhanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana he whakamātautau ā-puranga kia tae ki te taurite. Whakaritea te waro, tātarihia mā te tatari kia whiwhi i tētahi wāhanga matūriki o te rahinga kua whakaritea, ā, paunatia he papatipu mōhiotia m. Tāpirihia he rōrahi mōhiotia V o te wairewa waikano, ko C0 tōna kukūtanga tīmatanga. Puritia te pH me te pāmahana kia pūmau, whakakorikorihia mō tētahi wā kua manatoko, kātahi ka wehe i te waro mā te tātari, mā te hurihanga wehe rānei. Inea te kukūtanga e toe ana, Ce, mā te ngongotanga o te aho UV-Vis, i te nuinga o te wā tata ki te 660 ki te 665 nm, ā, he maha ngā wā ki te 664 nm, mā te whakataurite ki tētahi raupapa whakatikatika ine kua whakaritea ki taua taputapu anō. I whakamahia e tētahi tukanga kua whakaputaina te 0.050 g o te waro me te 50 mL o te wairewa, puta noa i te 10 ki te 1000 mg/L, mō te 24 hāora ki te 25 C, me te pānui ki te 660 nm. Kāore he kawa kotahi mō te katoa. Nō reira, ki te pūrongotia tētahi uara me te kore e whakaatu i te rahinga waro, te awhe kukūtanga, te wā, te pāmahana, te pH, me te roangaru, ehara tērā i te hua whakamātautau. He kōrero hau noa.

Me ōrite te āta whakahaere o te ine rahinga ki tērā e whakamāramatia ana mō te ine waikano mā te ngongotanga o te aho: whakatikatikahia ngā ine ki tō ake taputapu, whakaūngia te tihi kaua e whakapae noa kei te 664 nm, ā, waimehatia ngā wai kukū o runga kia hoki ki roto i te awhe rārangi.

Te tauira tātaitanga

Ka ahu mai te kaha pupuri i te taurite papatipu. Ko te waikano kua ngaro i te wairewa, kei runga i te waro:

qe = (C0 minus Ce) times V divided by m

Ko qe te kaponga i te taurite, i te mg/g; ko C0 me Ce ngā kukūtanga tīmatanga me te taurite, i te mg/L; ko V te rōrahi i te rita; ā, ko m te papatipu waro i te karamu.

Te pūwāhi tuatahi. Tīmata ki te C0 = 100 mg/L, V = 0.100 L, m = 0.0200 g. Whai muri i te taenga ki te taurite, ka pūrongo te taputapu i te Ce = 35 mg/L. Nō reira, qe = (100 minus 35) times 0.100 divided by 0.0200 = 65 times 0.100 divided by 0.0200 = 325 mg/g. Ko te ōrau tango he (100 minus 35) divided by 100 times 100 = 65 ōrau.

Te pūwāhi tuarua, he ōrite te rahinga waro me te rōrahi, engari he nui ake te kawenga waikano. Tīmata ki te C0 = 200 mg/L, ā, inea te Ce = 90 mg/L. Nō reira, qe = (200 minus 90) times 0.100 divided by 0.0200 = 550 mg/g, engari ko te tangohanga he (200 minus 90) divided by 200 times 100 = 55 ōrau.

Ko ēnei takirua e rua, (Ce = 35, qe = 325) me (Ce = 90, qe = 550), he pūwāhi e rua o tētahi ānau pāmahana pūmau. Kia mōhio ki te rerekētanga o ngā ahunga: i piki te kaha pupuri mai i te 325 ki te 550 mg/g, engari i heke te tangohanga mai i te 65 ki te 55 ōrau. Ka haere te kaha pupuri me te ōrau tango ki ngā ahunga tauaro i te pikinga o te kukūtanga. Ko te tangata e whakaraupapa ana i ngā waro mā te ōrau tango kua inea ki ngā rahinga waro, ki ngā kukūtanga rānei e rerekē ana, e whakaraupapa ana i te whakamātau, kaua i te rawa.

Ngā taurangi me whakahaere e koe

Ka whakarerekē ia tūemi i raro iho nei i te tau. Whakapūmautia ia mea, tuhia rānei.

Te rahinga waro. Ki te nui ake te waro, ka nui ake ngā wāhi whakapiri. Nō reira ka piki te ōrau tango, engari i te nuinga o te wā ka heke te kaponga mō ia karamu, nā te mea ka horahia te waikano kua mau ki runga i tētahi papatipu nui ake. Pūrongotia te rahinga waro i te g/L, me ngā uara V me m i whakamahia.

Te kukūtanga tīmatanga. Mā te C0 nui ake ka nui ake te kaha e akiaki ana i te kaponga, nō reira ka piki te qe, engari ka heke te ōrau tango i te whakakīnga o ngā wāhi whakapiri. Ko ngā ānau pāmahana pūmau kua whakaurua ki te awhe 5 ki te 50 mg/L me te awhe 100 ki te 400 mg/L, e whakaahua ana i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te ānau. Whakatauritea ngā kaha pupuri kua tātaihia mā te whakauru ānau i roto anake i ngā awhe e inaki ana.

pH. Mō tēnei waikano katote tōrunga, he mea noa te piki o te kaponga i te pikinga o te pH, otirā ki runga ake i te pūwāhi utu hiko kore o te waro, i reira ka tōraro te tapeke utu hiko o te mata. Mā te pH iti ka tāpirihia he proton ki ngā wāhi o te mata, ā, ka taea e ngā katote hauwai te whakataetae mō aua wāhi. Ka whakawhirinaki te nui o te pānga ki te momo waro: i tētahi rangahau waro whakahohe, i piki te kaponga mai i te takiwā o te 51 mg/g ki te pH 2, ki te takiwā o te 92 mg/g ki te pH 8. Tuhia te pH tīmatanga me te pH i te taurite, me ngā tote kei te wairewa, nā te mea ka whakangāwari te kaha katote i aua kaha anō e whakarerekētia ana e te pH.

Te wā whakapā. Ka piki tere te kaponga, kātahi ka papatahi. Ko te uara o taua wāhanga papatahi anake te qe; ko ngā uara o mua atu he qt. Ko ngā wā kia tae ki te taurite kua whakaputaina mō ngā waro rerekē, mai i ētahi meneti ki ngā hāora maha, ā, he whakapā 24 hāora kei ētahi tukanga paerewa. Whakatauria te wāhanga papatahi mā te whai i te tere kaponga o tō waro, kaua e whakapae he ranea ngā hāora e rua.

Te pāmahana. Kāore he ahunga kotahi mō ngā pūnaha katoa. Ka piki te kaponga i te pikinga o te pāmahana i ngā pūnaha ngongo wera, ā, ka heke i ngā pūnaha tuku wera. Nō reira, inea kaua e whakapae.

Te rahinga matūriki me te whakakorikori. Mā ngā matūriki iti ake ka poto ake ngā ara tūringiringi, ā, i te nuinga o te wā ka tere ake te kaponga; mā te whakakorikori kaha ake ka angiangi ake te paparanga wai tū huri noa i ngā matūriki, ā, he ōrite te hua. Ka whakarerekē ēnei mea e rua i te tere, kaua i te taurite tonu. Ki te rerekē te kaha pupuri i te rerekētanga o te tere kōrori, he tohu whakatūpato tērā kāore anō kia tae ki te taurite.

Me tuhi hoki te tuakiri o te matū tauhohe. Koia ngā arowhai i te parakore me ngā whakaritenga o te waikano e noho tahi ai me te papatipu waro: tērā pea ka hokona te kahurangi metilīni hei tote kore wai, tata ki te 319.9 g/mol, hei tote toru-wai rānei, 373.90 g/mol, ā, he maha ngā wā kei raro iho i te 100 ōrau te ihirangi kua inea o ngā hua arumoni. Ki te tātaihia te C0 whakaingoa mā te papatipu tātai matū hē, ka hē nahanaha ia qe.

Ngā mea ka kōrerotia, kāore hoki e kōrerotia, e ngā ānau kua whakaurua

Ka tuhia e te whakaurunga Langmuir te qe hei qmax times KL times Ce divided by (1 plus KL times Ce). Ka puta mai he kaha pupuri mōrahi qmax kua tātaihia mā te whakaurunga, i te mg/g, me tētahi pūmau here KL, i te L/mg. Ki te pai te whakaurunga, ko te tikanga he pai te whakaahua a tēnei ānau whakakī i te awhe kukūtanga kua inea. Kāore e whakamātau he huinga kotahi, he ōrite hoki ngā wāhi whakapiri katoa o te waro, he paparanga kotahi anake te uhinga, kei te mahi rānei tētahi tikanga rāpoi ngota motuhake. He mea noa kia puta i ngā waro kōputaputa rerekē te hanganga he ānau āhua Langmuir i roto i ngā awhe whāiti.

Ka tuhia e te whakaurunga Freundlich te qe hei KF times Ce to the power 1/n. Ka whakarite te KF i te tauine kaha pupuri i takea mai i ngā raraunga whakamātau, ā, ka whakarite te 1/n i te ānau. Nā te mea kāore he wāhanga papatahi whai tepenga o tēnei momo whārite, kaua rawa e toroa ki tua o ngā raraunga hei hanga i tētahi qmax. Ki te pai ake te whakaurunga Freundlich, he tohu noa he pai ake te hāngai o tōna āhua piki ki te wāhanga kua inea. Ahakoa ko tēhea whārite ka whakamahia, me kōwhiri kē te whakahekenga rārangi-kore ki te āhua taketake, nā te mea ka whakapēngia ngā hapa e ngā panoni whakararangi. Āta tirohia ngā toenga hapa, kaua e whakawhirinaki ki te R pūrua anake.

Ngā akoranga mai i ngā whakamātau 914

I whakatauira tētahi tātari ako mīhini o ngā whakamātau 914 mai i ngā pepa rangahau 75 i te kaponga o te kahurangi metilīni ki ngā uku, ngā pungarehu, me ngā rawa kua whakahohea ki te kawakore, mā ngā rākau whakahekenga kua whakakaha mā te rōnaki. Ko tōna hua matua: ko te kukūtanga tīmatanga o te waikano te matapae tino kaha mō te kaponga kua pūrongotia. He mea nui hoki te pH, te tuakiri o te rawa taketake, me te momo whakarerekētanga, ā, he kaha ngā pāhekoheko i waenga i te kukūtanga me te tata ki ngā taurangi katoa, tae atu ki te rahinga rawa, te horahanga mata, te wā whakapā, me te whakakorikori.

E rua ngā tūpato e whai hua tonu ai tēnei kitenga. Tuatahi, kāore taua rangahau i whai wāhi ki te waro whakahohe, nō reira kāore e taea te whakaraupapa i ngā taurangi mō te waro. Tuarua, he akoranga mō te tikanga rangahau, ā, ka taea te whakamahi tika ki tēnei horopaki: ehara rawa te kukūtanga tīmatanga i te taurangi whakararu noa. He kaha rawa hoki te pāhekoheko o ngā āhuatanga whakahaere me ngā āhuatanga o te rawa, e kore ai tētahi whakaraupapatanga matua i te mg/g e whai tikanga ina ngaro ngā āhuatanga i puta ai. Koinei anō te whakatau ka puta i te tauira tātaitanga mā ngā mātāpono taketake.

E rua ngā hē me whakamutu

Tuatahi, whakamutua te pūrongo i te ōrau tango hei kaha pupuri. Ka taea e te rahinga waro nui te tango i te 99 ōrau o te tae o tētahi wairewa waimeha, engari he iti noa ngā milligram ka puritia mō ia karamu. Ka taea hoki e te rahinga waro iti i roto i te wairewa kukū te pupuri i ngā rau milligram mō ia karamu, ahakoa ka kitea tonutia te tae. Me pūrongo tahi i ngā wā katoa te C0, Ce, V, m, te rahinga waro i te g/L, te ōrau tango, me te qe; ki te kore, kāore e taea te whakamahi anō i te tau.

Tuarua, whakamutua te kī he qe tētahi uara i inea i muri i te wā kua whakaritea, me te kore e whakaatu i te wāhanga papatahi o te kaponga i te roanga o te wā. Whakamutua hoki te whakatau i te kukūtanga paerewa o te waikano mā te taumaha kua tapaina anake. Manatokohia te taurite mā tētahi raupapa ine ā-wā, manatokohia te kukūtanga mā te ine ngongotanga aho kaua e whakawhirinaki ki te rahinga kua paunatia i runga i te tapanga, nā te raruraru o te wai here me te ihirangi kua inea, ā, whakahaerehia te pH, te pāmahana, te rahinga matūriki, me te whakakorikori. Ko te kaha pupuri kahurangi metilīni e mau tahi ana me aua kōrero he inenga ka taea te whakamahi i horopaki kē. Ki te kore aua kōrero, he kōrero wheako noa.