Te roangaru mō te kikorangi metilīni: he aratohu ki te kaha iraruke, te āhuahanga, me te whakamārama

E rua ngā pepa rangahau e pūrongo ana i te whakamārama i te kikorangi metilīni ki te 10 J ia cm pūrua o te mārama. Ka patu huakita tētahi. Kāore he pānga ka taea te ine i tērā atu. Ka whakataurite tētahi kaipānui i te rahinga anake, ka whakatau he taupatupatu tēnei wāhanga rangahau. He ōrite tonu ngā mātāpono o te wāhanga rangahau. Kāore rawa te rahinga i whakaahua i te whakamārama katoa.

He pūnaha iti te whakamārama, he huinga tawhā ka mahi ngātahi: te roangaru, te kaha iraruke, te roanga, te pūngao iraruke ā-rohe ka hua ake, te wātea o te hāora, te kukū me te āhua whakahuihui o te waikano, te wā i waenga i te hoatutanga o te waikano me te mārama, me te ara tūturu ka whāia e te mārama mā roto i te tauira. Ki te panoni tētahi, ka panoni hoki te matū tauhohe ā-mārama. Ka tirohia ia tawhā i tēnei tuhinga, kātahi ka wehewehea te whakarerekētanga koiora mā te mārama pōkākā tata i te whakaohonga tika o te waikano mā te mārama, nā te mea ko ēnei ngā tikanga e rua e tino rangiruatia ana.

Mā te roangaru e whakatau mēnā ka whai wāhi te waikano

Ina noho hei rāpoi takitahi i roto i te wai, ka kaha te kikorangi metilīni ki te ngongo i te mārama whero. Kei te takiwā o te 664 ki te 665 nm tōna tihi ngongo, ā, he pakihiwi anō kei te roangaru poto ake, i te takiwā o te 610 nm, ka tipu i te whakahuihuinga o te waikano hei takirua rāpoi, hei tāpae nui ake hoki. Ko te whakarea ngongo ā-mōra e tata ana ki te tihi, kei te takiwā o te 65,000 ki te 85,000 M-1 cm-1, nō reira kua tino kikorangi kē ngā wairewa he kukū moroiti-mōra tō rātou. Ka tuhia e te arotake tōmua mō te matū tauhohe ā-mārama o te kikorangi metilīni me te DNA me ngā tūāpapa koiora tēnei whanonga ngongo me ngā tauhohenga matū o te āhua whakahihiko ka whai ake: mā te ngongo e puta ai he āhua singlet poto te ora, kātahi ka whakawhiti ki tētahi āhua triplet roa ake te ora, me ngā putanga e pūrongotia ana e tata ana ki te 0.5. I roto i te wairewa kua whai hau, ka tineia taua āhua e te hāora i roto i te takiwā o te 2 hēkona moroiti.

Ko taua kaupae tinei te wāhi e wehe ai ngā ara matū tauhohe ā-mārama e rua. I ngā tauhohenga matū Momo II, ka whakawhitia e te waikano kei te āhua triplet te pūngao ki te hāora kei tōna āhua taketake, ka puta ai te hāora singlet, me ngā putanga e kōrerotia nuitia ana e tata ana ki te 0.52. I ngā tauhohenga matū Momo I, ka whakawhitia kētia e te triplet he irahiko, he hauwai rānei ki tētahi tūāpapa, ka whakaputa i ngā rāpoi tuwhena, tae atu ki ngā momo superoxide me te hydroxyl. Ka taea e ēnei ara e rua te haere i te wā kotahi, ā, ka kaha tonu te whakawhirinaki o te pānga tauhohe ā-mārama tikanga ki te hāora, ahakoa ka whai wāhi te Momo I.

He māmā te ture ka hua ake mō te kōwhiri i te roangaru mō te kikorangi metilīni. Ka inaki te mārama whero mai i te takiwā o te 630 ki te 680 nm ki te awhe ngongo o te waikano, ā, kei te tata te 660 ki te 665 nm ki te tihi ngongo o te rāpoi takitahi. Nō reira, ka taea e taua mārama te whakakaha i ngā tauhohenga matū a te pūwhakahohe mārama i ngā wāhi he nui tonu te waikano. Kei waho rawa te mārama pōkākā tata i te 810 nm i te awhe ngongo o te āhua taketake, nō reira he roangaru ngoikore mō te whakahihiko tika i te waikano. Kotahi te āhuatanga o te kukū e tino whakararu ana i tēnei: i te pikinga o te kukū, ka nui ake te waikano kei ngā āhua takirua rāpoi me ngā āhua whakahuihui, e ngongo ana ki te taha o te 610 nm, ā, he iti ake te tōtika o ia rāpoi ki te whakahohe tauhohenga mā te mārama. Nō reira, kāore te whakaruarua i te waikano e whakaruarua i te pānga. Ka whakamāramatia e te arotake hoa mō te kikorangi metilīni me te haumanu mārama whero tēnei ture ngongo hei here me tutuki i mua i tētahi tauhohenga ka whakahohea e te pūwhakahohe mārama.

E toru ngā tawhā: te kaha iraruke, te roanga, me te pūngao iraruke ā-rohe

Ko te pūngao iraruke ā-rohe, ka inea ki te J ia cm pūrua, ko te kaha iraruke kua whakareatia ki te wā. Ki te pūrongo i te pūngao iraruke ā-rohe anake, ka hunaia te tere i tae mai ai te pūngao, ā, he mea whai take taua tere.

Ka taea e te kaha iraruke nui mō te wā poto me te kaha iraruke iti mō te wā roa te tuku i te pūngao iraruke ā-rohe kotahi, engari ka rerekē ngā tauhohenga matū. Ka tere ake te whakamahi a te kaha iraruke nui i te hāora memeha i te tere ka whakahokia mai mā te tūringiringi, ka whakawhāiti ai i te ara Momo II e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hāora, i waenganui tonu i te whakamārama. Ka tuku wera hoki, ā, ka urupare te kiko ki te whakawera mā ngā panonitanga o te rere toto e whakarerekē ana i te hāoratanga me te tohatoha o te waikano. Mā te kaha iraruke iti mō te whakamārama roa e mau tonu ai te tukunga hāora, engari ka whai wā ngā tukanga whakatika me te whakahāora anō ki te mahi i roto tonu i te wā whakamārama. Ka kīia e ngā pukapuka ako matū tauhohe ā-mārama ko te tauutuutu te whakapae ko te rahinga katoa anake te mea whai take. Ka hē taua whakapae ina whai wāhi te hāora, te whakawera, ngā tukanga koiora rānei. I roto i te kiko, koinei te āhua i te nuinga rawa o ngā wā.

Ko ngā whakamārama tauhohe ā-mārama hei patu moroiti i te tangata, e whakamahi ana i te kikorangi metilīni, ka whakamahi noa i te 6 ki te 18 J ia cm pūrua. Ka inaki tēnei ki ngā uara mō te whakarerekētanga koiora mā te mārama. Nō reira, kāore te pūngao iraruke ā-rohe anake e tautuhi i te tikanga. Ko te whakamārama 10 J ia cm pūrua i te 660 nm ki te kiko kua utaina ki te waikano, he tauhohenga matū ā-mārama nā te pūwhakahohe mārama. Ko taua pūngao iraruke ā-rohe anō i te 810 nm ki te kiko he whāiti noa te waikano, he mea kē rawa. He ōrite te tau. He rerekē te ariā.

Mā te ara mārama me te āhuahanga o te tauira e whakatau he aha ka tūtaki ki te mārama

E ai ki te whanonga Beer Lambert, he nui ake te mārama ka tae ki te mua o tētahi tauira i tōna tuarā. I roto i tētahi ipu ine mārama he tekau mā hia moroiti-mōra te kukū o te waikano, ka taea e te mirimita tuatahi te ngongo i te nuinga o te mārama whero e tae mai ana, ka waiho ngā paparanga hōhonu ake kia kore rawa e whakamāramatia. Ki te whakanoho i taua wairewa anō ki tētahi puna pāpaku, he iti tōna rōrahi, ka tata ōrite te whakamārama puta noa. He ōrite te waikano, he ōrite te rama, he ōrite te pūngao iraruke ā-rohe i te mata, engari he rerekē te hua.

Ka tāpiri te kiko i te marara o te mārama ki te ngongo. Ka kuhu te mārama whero e tata ana ki te 660 nm ki te hōhonutanga kei te takiwā o ngā mirimita. Mā te nui o te toto, te whaikano, me te momo kiko e whakatau te hōhonutanga tūturu. Ka tāpiri hoki ngā puna i ā rātou ake pānga whakapohehe: te mahi a te mata kōpiko o te wai hei arotahi, te whakaata i ngā pakitara, te whakamarumaru o ngā puna kei ngā tapa, me te whakamahana o ngā rōrahi iti i raro i te pūtake mārama. Ki te pūrongo ngā taiwhanga e rua i ngā tautuhinga rama ōrite, engari he rerekē ngā momo pereti, ngā rōrahi, ngā tawhiti rānei i te pūtake, kua whakahaerehia e rāua he whakamātau rerekē.

Me aro nui ki te tawhiti, nā te mea koinei te taurangi huna e tino kitea ana. Ka tere heke te kaha iraruke i te tawhiti atu i tētahi pūtake kāore ōna hihi i whakarārangitia kia whakarara. Nō reira, mā te neke i tētahi rama mai i te 2 cm ki te 5 cm i runga ake i te pereti, ka taea te whakaiti i te kaha iraruke kia hia whakareanga, ahakoa ka ōrite tonu te tuhinga o te wāhanga tikanga. Ki te kore e inea te kaha iraruke i te mata o te tauira, he whakatau tata ngā pūngao iraruke ā-rohe kua whakaputaina, kua tātaihia mai i ngā whakatauranga mana a te kaihanga, ehara i te inenga.

He aratohu tawhā whai whakamārama: ngā mea e taea ai te whakaputa anō i tētahi whakamārama

Ko te rauemi taketake mō tēnei whārangi he rārangi arowhai. Kāore e taea te whakataurite i tētahi whakamārama rangahau ki tētahi atu mēnā ka mahue ēnei tāurunga, ahakoa te āhua ōrite o te rahinga matua kua pūrongotia.

Te roangaru me te whānui o te awhe. Te tihi me te whānui katoa, kaua ko te ingoa tae anake. Ka kapi i te LED whero te 630 ki te 680 nm, he awhe e tino rerekē ai te ngongo a te waikano.
Te kaha iraruke i te mata o te tauira, kua inea, ki te mW ia cm pūrua. Ehara te whakatauranga watt a te kaihanga i te kaha iraruke.
Te roanga me te tukunga ā-patuki. Te tukunga pūmau, te tukunga ā-patuki rānei, tae atu ki te auau patuki me te ōwehenga wā e kā ana, ina hāngai.
Te pūngao iraruke ā-rohe kua tātaihia mai i ngā inenga e rua o runga, ki te J ia cm pūrua.
Te kukū, te whakaritenga matū, me te āhua whakahuihui o te waikano. He rerekē te whakahohe tauhohenga mā te mārama a te rāpoi takitahi e tata ana ki te 664 nm i tō ngā whakahuihuinga e tata ana ki te 610 nm.
Te wā i waenga i te hoatutanga rongoā me te mārama. He meneti ki ngā hāora i waenga i te hoatutanga o te waikano me te irarukenga, e whakatau ana kei hea te waikano ina tae mai te mārama.
Te hāoratanga. Mā te rerekētanga i waenga i te wairewa kua whai hau me te kiko he iti te hāora e whakarerekē tika ai te taurite o te Momo I me te Momo II.
Te āhuahanga. Te hōhonutanga me te rōrahi o te tauira, te momo ipu, te tawhiti me te koki o te pūtake, me te hōhonutanga o te kiko e whāia ana.

He tikanga whai hua ina pānui pepa rangahau: tirohia tuatahitia te wā i waenga i te hoatutanga rongoā me te mārama. Ka whakaatu tēnei i te aronga. Ka whakamārama ngā hoahoa tauhohe ā-mārama i te kiko kua utaina ki te waikano i runga i te whakaaro pū. Ka āta wehe kē pea ngā hoahoa whakakotahi i ēnei mea e rua, pēnei i ngā tauira kei raro nei.

Ehara te whakarerekētanga koiora mā te mārama pōkākā tata i te whakaohonga waikano mā te mārama

Ko te whakarerekētanga koiora mā te mārama, e whakapotohia ana ko PBM, ka whakamahi i te mārama whero, i te mārama pōkākā tata rānei, hei whakarerekē i ngā tohu o roto i te tinana, me te kore e tāpiri i tētahi pūwhakahohe mārama. Ko te haumanu tauhohe ā-mārama, e whakapotohia ana ko PDT, ka whakamahi ngātahi i ngā wāhanga e toru: te mārama ka ngongohia e te pūwhakahohe, te pūwhakahohe tonu, me te hāora, hei whakaputa ohorere i ngā momo matū tauhohe e tūkino ana i te mea e whāia ana. Ka hono tētahi arotake mō ngā mitokōria hei whāinga mō te whakamaru io i te kikorangi metilīni ki te PBM, nā te mea ka pā rāua ki te tukanga hā mā ngā ara rerekē: ka mahi te waikano hei matū whakakōkī e huri porohita ana i ngā tauhohenga hāora-whakaiti, hei tautoko i te rere irahiko. Ko te whakapae mō te PBM, ka āwhina i te wehenga o te hauota waikura aukati i te cytochrome c oxidase i te Matatini IV. Me mau tonu te tapanga whakapae mō taua tikanga whākōkī.

Ko ngā rangahau kiore whakakotahi e rua e tino whakahuahia ana, ka whakamahi rāua tahi i te mārama 810 nm. Koia tonu te take kāore rāua e whakaatu i te whakaohonga o te waikano mā te mārama. I roto i tētahi rangahau maimoatanga tōmua i mua i te whakakore moe, i whiwhi ngā kiore i te kikorangi metilīni ia rā, he 0.5 mg ia kg, i te taiaho ā-patuki 810 nm ia rua rā, i ēnei mea e rua rānei, i mua i te whakakore moe. Nā te maimoatanga tōmua whakakotahi i tiaki ngā whanonga mahara me ngā pūmua hononga io o te hippocampus, engari i rahua te nuinga o ngā maimoatanga takitahi. I roto i tētahi rangahau ahotea mauroa me te maimoatanga tukutahi, i whiwhi ngā kiore i te PBM 810 nm, he 8 J ia cm pūrua, me te waikano ia rā, he 0.5 mg ia kg. I hoatu tuatahitia te taiaho, ā, i werohia te waikano e rua hāora i muri mai, kia āta karo ai i te whakamārama i te kiko kua utaina ki te waikano. Nā ngā rōpū maimoatanga e toru katoa i whakahoki whakamuri ngā ngoikoretanga ako, ā, ko ngā hua tāpiri i pā te nuinga ki te cortisol o te serum me ngā momo hāora tauhohe i te roro. E whakamātau ana ēnei hua i ngā wawaotanga mitokōria e rua e whakamahia ngātahitia ana. Ka pupuri te kohinga rangahau tauhohe ā-mārama i taua wehewehenga kia kitea, mā te tuhi i te roangaru mō ia take whakamahi.

Kei tērā atu taha ngā taunakitanga kiri. Ko ngā raraunga kiri tangata mō te kikorangi metilīni me te mārama, ka whakahuihui ki te 630 ki te 680 nm, me te waikano ka pani ki te mata, ka werohia rānei ki roto i te wāhi pāngia, me te aronga ki te whakangaro, ki te whakarerekē anō rānei i te kiko. E ai ki te whakamāramatanga, he PDT tēnei. Ki te whakahua i taua whakawāteatanga hei taunakitanga ka whakarei te waikano i te PBM, ki te whakahua rānei i te whakaoranga i ngā kiore mā te 810 nm hei taunakitanga he kawa mō te mōhio te paewhiri 660 nm me te waikano, kua whakawhitia ngā tikanga. Ka whakawhānui te tohutoro rahinga rongoā me te mātauranga rongoā, me te aratohu haumaru me ngā pāhekoheko, i ngā wāhanga o tēnei kōrero e pā ana ki te kukū me ngā āhuatanga e aukati ana i te whakamahinga.

Whakaingoatia te ariā i mua i te whakataurite i ngā tau. Mā te roangaru e whakatau mēnā ka ngongo te waikano. Mā te kaha iraruke me te roanga e whakatau ka aha ngā tauhohenga matū i taua ngongo. Mā te āhuahanga e whakatau ko tēhea wāhanga o te tauira ka pāngia e aua tukanga. He whakamātau rerekē ngā whakamārama e rua e ōrite ana ki tētahi tawhā, engari he rerekē ki ngā mea e toe ana. Ko te whakaarotanga ka taea te whakawhitiwhiti i ēnei whakamārama te hapa e whai ana tēnei aratohu ki te aukati. Kāore tētahi kawa mō te kāinga e ahu mai i ēnei kōrero; mā te mārama he roangaru e hāngai ana ki te waikano, me te waikano ka tukuna kia horapa puta noa i te tinana, e huri ai tētahi whakamārama whakarerekē noa hei tauhohenga matū ā-mārama nā te pūwhakahohe mārama. Mā ngā mātanga haumanu taua mahi e whakahaere.