Te kikorangi metilēni mō ngā ngeru: te hiranga o ngā aratohu motuhake mō ia momo kararehe

Ka inu tētahi ngeru i te wai o tētahi puna ika kātahi anō ka tukuna ki te maimoatanga mō te harore. Ka pānui tētahi rangatira i runga ipurangi i āwhina te kikorangi metilēni i tētahi kurī he mate toto tōna, ā, ka whakaaro mēnā ka pēnā anō mō te ngeru. Ki te titiro mai i waho, he āhua ōrite ēnei tūāhuatanga e rua. Engari ki roto i te ngeru, kāore i te ōrite.

He tino whakaraerae ngā ngeru ki tētahi momo wharanga motuhake nā te kikorangi metilēni: ko te tūkino hāora ki ngā pūtau toto whero. Nō roto tonu i te hemokōpini o te ngeru tēnei whakaraeraetanga, ā, koia me motuhake ai ngā aratohu mō ngā ngeru. Kāore e taea te whakamahi i ngā tohutohu mō ngā ika puna, mō ngā kurī, mō ngā waikano taiwhanga rānei hei tohutohu mō te ngeru. Ka whakamārama tēnei tuhinga i te koiora, i ngā kōrero tūturu a ngā tohutoro rata kararehe, me ngā mahi e tika ana ina pā atu te matū ki tētahi ngeru.

He rerekē te hanganga o ngā pūtau toto whero o te ngeru

Ka kawe te hemokōpini i te hāora, engari mā tōna hanganga anō e whakatau te māmā o tōna tūkinotanga e ngā matū whakahāora. Kei te hemokōpini o te ngeru he waru pea ngā rōpū sulfhydryl tauhohe mō ia tetramer, tata ki te rua whakareatanga o te maha kei ngā kurī, kei te tangata rānei. He wāhi ēnei rōpū ka taea te whakahāora. Ina whakahāoratia, ka rerekē te hanganga o ngā mekameka globin, ā, ka putu hei kōpuku pōuri e kīia nei he tinana Heinz, e kitea ana i ngā paninga toto kua waikanotia.

E rua atu anō ngā āhuatanga e kino ake ai te raruraru mō ngā ngeru. Tuatahi, he iti ake te kaha ārai whakahāora me te kaha whakaiti-hāora o ngā pūtau toto whero o te ngeru, nō reira ka kaha ake te haere o te tūkino ina tīmata. Tuarua, he āhua ngoikore te kōateate o te ngeru ki te tango i ngā tinana Heinz i ngā pūtau toto whero me te pupuri tonu i te pūtau kia ora. He mahi whakapai tēnei e pai ake ai ētahi atu momo kararehe, e ai ki tēnei arotake mō te mātai toto o te ngeru. Nō reira ka noho tonu ngā pūtau kua tūkinotia ki te rerenga toto, kaua e whakatikaina.

Ka taea e ngā ngeru hauora te whai i tētahi rahinga iti o ngā tinana Heinz me te kore e māuiui. I runga i te tohutoro me te tikanga waikano, kāore pea he take māharahara mēnā kei te rima ki te tekau ōrau pea o ngā pūtau toto whero he tinana Heinz. Ka tīmata te māharahara ina nui te maha, ina rahi rānei ngā kōpuku: e ai ki tētahi tohutoro rongoā taiwhanga, ka tūpono ake te mate toto-kore ina pā ngā tinana Heinz rahi ki te neke atu i te toru tekau ōrau o ngā pūtau toto whero. Kua whakarāpopototia taua paepae i tēnei tirohanga whānui ki te mate toto-kore nā ngā tinana Heinz. Nō reira, mō ia pānga atu ki te matū, ehara te pātai i te mea he tinana Heinz rānei kei reira. Ko ngā pātai kē, e hia, pēhea te rahi, ā, ka whai mai rānei te pakarutanga o ngā pūtau toto whero.

Ngā kōrero a ngā tohutoro rata kararehe

E kī ana te putanga tawhito o Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, ki te whakaaro o te nuinga o ngā rata, he mea kaua e whakamahia te kikorangi metilēni ki ngā ngeru, nā te mea ka pā pea te mate toto-kore nā ngā tinana Heinz me te methemokōpinemia ki a rātou. Ko ngā māharahara kua whakarārangitia ko ngā panonitanga o te āhua o ngā pūtau toto whero, ko te methemokōpinemia e puta hē kē ana, me te whakapoto i te roanga ora o ngā pūtau toto whero. Heoi anō, kei taua tuhinga tohutoro tonu tētahi horopeta ohotata mō te ngeru mō te methemokōpinemia, ko te tikanga he 1 ki te 1.5 mg mō ia kg mā te uaua toto, hei maimoatanga kotahi. Mā taua huinga kōrero e kitea ai te tino aronga: i konei, ko te tikanga o te kī kia kaua e whakamahia, me karo engari mō ētahi take tino whāiti e whakahaerehia ana i raro i te tirotiro a te rata; ehara i te mea kāore rawa e tukuna. Kei tēnei tārua tohutoro a Plumb's te tuhinga tawhito e wātea ana, ā, kei te whārangi 859 o te putanga tekau o nāianei te tuhinga tohutoro.

He ōrite te tū a te Merck Veterinary Manual i roto i āna aratohu maimoatanga mō te paihana nā ngā rongoā whakamāmā mamae. Ka whakarārangitia te kikorangi metilēni, he 1 ki te 1.5 mg mō ia kg o tētahi wairewa kotahi ōrau mā te uaua toto, hei kōwhiringa hei whakaiti i te methemokōpini, me te aroturuki mō te methemokōpinemia, te mate toto-kore nā ngā tinana Heinz, me te pakarutanga o ngā pūtau toto whero. Ka tuhi motuhake hoki a Merck i tana tirohanga whānui ki te mate toto-kore o ngā kararehe, he māmā ake te hanga o ngā tinana Heinz ki ngā ngeru i ērā atu momo kararehe.

Ko te tauākī ā-ture tino kaha e pā ana ki ngā hua ka horomia. E mau ana i te ture ā-kāwanatanga 21 CFR wāhanga 500.27 te kōrero, e rua ngā hua patu moroiti mō te pūnaha mimi, he kikorangi metilēni kei roto, i hua ai te mate toto-kore nā te pakarutanga o ngā pūtau whai tinana Heinz ki ngā ngeru i te whakamahinga i runga i ngā tohutohu tapanga. I ētahi wā ka mate te ngeru, ā, i tautuhia ko te kikorangi metilēni te take. Ko te whakatau a te ture, ko ngā rongoā kararehe kikorangi metilēni o taua momo ka horomia, kāore i haumaru, kāore hoki i whakaaetia he whai hua, ki te kore he tono kua whakaaetia. I puta taua momo wharanga ki ngā kurī i ngā whakamātau, nō reira ehara hoki tēnei rongoā i te mea kāore e kino ki ngā kurī. Engari i kitea tuatahitia ki ngā ngeru te mōrearea o te horopeta i runga i te tapanga.

Ko ngā pānga kino kua pūrongotia ki ngā ngeru e aro ana ki te toto: te hanga o ngā tinana Heinz, te mate toto-kore nā te pakarutanga o ngā pūtau toto whero, me te methemokōpinemia e puta hē kē ana ina nui ake, ina tukurua rānei te pānga atu. Ka whakarārangi hoki ngā tohutoro rongoā whānui i te whakapairuaki me te ruaki, engari ko ngā taunakitanga motuhake mō ngā ngeru e pā ana ki te toto, ā, ko reira tika ai te aroturuki.

Te taupatupatu: he rongoā, he paihana hoki i te rāpoi kotahi

I roto i te pūtau toto whero, ka taea te whakaiti-hāora i te kikorangi metilēni kia puta ko te kikorangi reukometilēni. Mā tērā e tuku ngā irahiko ki te rino haem kua whakahāoratia, ka whakahoki i te hemokōpini ki tōna āhua mahi. Koia te tauhohenga whakaora kei muri i tōna whakamahinga mō te methemokōpinemia, ā, ka whakamāramatia whānuitia ake i te tuhinga whakamārama mō te methemokōpinemia. Engari he matū whakahāora te kikorangi metilēni tonu. Ina nui ake te pānga atu, ina kore rānei ngā pūnaha whakaiti-hāora o te pūtau e kaha ki te whakatutuki, ka whakapiki taua rāpoi tonu i te methemokōpini me te tūkino globin, kaua e whakatika. Nō reira, ko te methemokōpinemia tētahi take mō te whakamahi i te rongoā, he pānga kino anō hoki nōna. He whāiti te awhe i waenga i ēnei mea e rua, ā, he tino whāiti rawa mō ngā ngeru.

Ko te whakaaturanga tino mārama mō ngā ngeru nō tētahi rangahau whai mana whakahaere i te tau 1992 ki ngā ngeru pakeke e whā tekau. Nā tētahi horopeta kotahi o te 1.5 mg mō ia kg mā te uaua toto i hohoro ai te whakamuri i te methemokōpinemia nā te nitrite, me te kore e whakapiki i ngā pūtau whai tinana Heinz e rere ana i te toto. Nā ngā horopeta pērā e rua, e whā hāora te wā i waenganui, i tino piki ai te auau o ngā tinana Heinz, otirā i muri i te pānga atu ki te nitrite. Heoi, kāore i puta he mate toto-kore mārama nā te pakarutanga o ngā pūtau toto whero i te wā o te rangahau (Rumbeiha me Oehme, 1992). I āwhina te horopeta kotahi. Nā tētahi horopeta anō i roto i ngā hāora i neke ai te taurite ki te taha o te wharanga.

He pērā anō te aronga o ngā pūrongo haumanu. Ka whakaahua tētahi arotake o te tau 2019 i te Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine i te kikorangi metilēni mā te uaua toto hei maimoatanga tuatahi mō te methemokōpinemia ohorere e kitea ana ōna tohu. Ka whakahua i te whakamahinga ki te ngeru o te 1 mg mō ia kg mā te uaua toto, ā, ka whakatūpato ka nui haere pea te tūkino hāora ki tētahi ngeru kua pā kē ki te methemokōpinemia, ki te mate toto-kore nā ngā tinana Heinz rānei. Ka tūtohu kia tirohia te hematocrit mō ētahi rā i muri mai (DOI 10.1111/jvim.15637). I tētahi kēhi punua ngeru kua whakaputaina, i whakapaetia he hononga i waenga i te methemokōpinemia me te wai inu. I pai ake taua punua i roto i ētahi meneti i muri i te tukunga o te 1 mg mō ia kg o tētahi wairewa kotahi ōrau mā te uaua toto, me ngā inenga co-oximetry tukurua i tōna noho ki te hōhipera (pūrongo kēhi). I tētahi kēhi ohotata o te tau 2023 mō tētahi Ragdoll e ono marama te pakeke, he methemokōpinemia tino kino e hoki mai ana tōna, i whakahaerehia tuatahitia te maimoatanga mā te uaua toto, kātahi ka whai tētahi raupapa maimoatanga ā-waha i āta whakahaerehia. I ora anō, ā, kāore he pānga kino nui i hono ki te maimoatanga (DOI 10.1111/vec.13298). He take motuhake ia angitu, i raro i te tirotiro me te aroturuki, ehara i te tauira hei whai mō te whakamahinga ki te kāinga.

Ka whakaatu ngā pūrongo paihana tawhito i tērā atu taha. I tētahi huinga kēhi o te tau 1973, e ono ngā ngeru i pāngia e te mate toto-kore nā te pakarutanga o ngā pūtau whai tinana Heinz, whai muri i ngā hua ā-waha mō te pūnaha mimi he kikorangi metilēni kei roto. E rua atu ngā ngeru i tukuna ki ngā rahinga ōrite i roto i tētahi whakamātau, ā, i roto i ētahi rā ka puta he raruraru tino kino nā te pakarutanga o ngā pūtau toto whero, me tuku toto ki a rāua (Schechter mā, 1973). I tētahi kēhi whakamate o te tau 2016 mō tētahi ngeru rangatahi he momo hanumi Angora, i maimoatia mō tētahi mate pūnaha mimi, i kitea he tino kikorangi ngā kiriuhi hūpē me ngā kiko, me ngā wharanga ki te ate me ngā whatukuhu. I whakatauria, i runga i te hītori me ngā kitenga mātai mate, he paihana nā te kikorangi metilēni (pūrongo kēhi). Kāore e taea te tiki i ēnei pūrongo he paepae horopeta paihana pono e hāngai ai ki ngā pānga ā-waha, ā-uaua toto, ā-kiri, me te wai puna ika kua waimehatia, ā, kāore tēnei tuhinga e tuku i tētahi.

Me whakatika tētahi whakataurite. E mōhiotia whānuitia ana he mōrearea te acetaminophen ki ngā ngeru nā te kore o ētahi whākōkī matua mō te glucuronidation, ā, ka whakawhitia e ētahi kaituhi taua whakamārama ki te kikorangi metilēni. Kāore he taunakitanga mō taua whakawhitinga. Kua whakapūmautia te ngoikore o te glucuronidation hei pūtake mō ngā pānga o te acetaminophen, e arotakengia ana i tēnei tuhinga mō te pākia rongoā o te ngeru. Mō te kikorangi metilēni, ka whakanui ngā puna tohutoro rata kararehe i tōna ake whanonga whakahāora–whakaiti-hāora, me te whakaraeraetanga o ngā pūtau toto whero o te ngeru. E kī ana hoki te FDA kāore anō kia tino whakapūmautia te pūtake pū o te wharanga nā ngā tinana Heinz. He whakamaharatanga whai take te kōrero mō te acetaminophen, he rerekē te pākia rongoā a ngā ngeru. Ehara tērā i te whakamārama mō tēnei rongoā.

Ina pā atu ki tētahi ngeru: ngā pātai auau

I inu taku ngeru i te wai puna ika kua maimoatia ki te kikorangi metilēni. He paihana tērā?

Ehara i te mea ka pēnā tonu, ā, kāore e taea e tētahi tuhinga te whakautu me te kore mōhio ki ngā rahinga. Kāore te inu i tētahi rahinga iti o te wai puna kua waimehatia e ōrite ki te horomi i te wairewa kukū mō te maimoatanga, ā, kāore he paepae mō ngā ngeru i roto i te wai puna ika waimeha kua arotakengia e ngā hoa pūtaiao. Kaua e tātai i te maimoatanga mai i ngā tohutohu mō te puna ika, i ngā kōrerorero horopeta mō ngā kurī rānei. Whakapā atu ki te rata kararehe o te ngeru, ki tētahi whare haumanu ohotata, ki tētahi ratonga whakahaere paihana kararehe rānei, me ngā taipitopito o te hua kei a koe.

He aha ngā mōhiohio me mau atu e au?

Ko te tapanga o te hua, he whakaahua rānei o taua tapanga; ko te matū hohe me tōna kukūtanga; ko te rahinga o te wairewa kukū i tukuna ki tēhea rahinga wai, mēnā e hāngai ana; ko te rahinga i whakaarotia i inumia e te ngeru; ko te taumaha o te ngeru; ko te wā i pā atu ai; me ngā rongoā, ngā mate rānei o nāianei. Ka tono ngā aratohu whānui mō te paihana a te ASPCA kia puritia e ngā rangatira te ipu, ā, kia waea atu, kaua e tatari kia puta ngā tohu. E hāngai ana tērā ki konei.

Kua tau te waikano ki te huruhuru. Me aha ināianei?

Āraia te ngeru kia kaua e mitimiti atu, nā te mea mā te mitimiti ka horomia te matū kua tau ki te huruhuru. Ka tūtohu ngā aratohu whānui a te ASPCA mō te tango matū kia mau karapu, kia whakamahia he hopi wai horoi rīhi ngāwari me te wai mahana mō te maha o ngā toenga matū, kia tino horoia atu, kia kaua te hua e tata ki ngā karu me ngā taringa, ā, kia tono tohutohu i te rata kararehe mō te tikanga tika mō taua matū. Pātai atu ki te whare haumanu i mua i te horoi i tētahi ngeru e māharahara ana, e whakaatu ana rānei i ngā tohu mate.

Me whakaruaki au i te ngeru?

Kāo, ki te kore tētahi rata kararehe, mātanga paihana rānei e tino tohutohu kia pēnā. Kāore ngā tikanga whakaruaki ki te kāinga mō ngā kurī, otirā te hauwai perokita, e tika ana mō ngā ngeru.

He aha ngā tohu e hiahia ana kia tere te aromatawai?

Ko te ngoikore, ko te tino hiamoe me te kore kaha rānei; ko te manawa tere, uaua rānei; ko ngā pae niho kōmā, āhua kōwhai rānei; ko te toto, ngā kiriuhi hūpē rānei he pōuri, he āhua parauri rānei; ko te hinganga; ko te mimi pōuri rānei. Kia mōhio ka tōmuri pea te puta o te wharanga toto: e whakaahua ana ngā tuhinga tawhito mō ngā hua pūnaha mimi i te whanaketanga o te mate toto-kore i roto i ētahi rā. Nō reira, ahakoa he āhua ora te ngeru i te ahiahi i pā atu ai te matū, me aromatawai tonu e te rata kararehe te taumaha me te kōhukihuki o te āhuatanga. Ki te tūtohu te rata, me whai anō ngā whakamātautau toto, tae atu ki te hematocrit me te tirotiro i tētahi paninga toto mō ngā tinana Heinz.

He aha me noho motuhake ai ngā aratohu mō ngā kurī

Ka taea hoki e ngā kurī te pāngia e te mate toto-kore nā ngā tinana Heinz i te kikorangi metilēni, nō reira kāore tētahi kōrero i konei e tohu ana he rongoā kāore e kino ki ngā kurī. Engari ki ngā ngeru, ka huia te hemokōpini e māmā ake ana te tūkinotia e te whakahāoratanga, ngā ārai ngoikore ake o ngā pūtau toto whero, me te ngoikore ake o te mahi whakapai a te kōateate, ā, ka whāiti iho te awhe haumaru. Ka kitea tērā i ngā tohutoro maimoatanga: ka eke ētahi mahere maimoatanga tawhito mō ngā kurī ki te 4 mg mō ia kg mā te uaua toto mō ētahi take, engari ko te nuinga o ngā tohutoro mō ngā ngeru kei te 1 ki te 1.5 mg mō ia kg kotahi te tukunga mō te methemokōpinemia, ā, ka tino whakatūpato mō te tukurua horopeta. Kāore e tika te whakaiti noa i tētahi kawa mō te kurī i runga i te taumaha o te tinana. He rerekē te awhe haumaru, te urupare o te toto, me te mahere aroturuki. Koia me waiho ngā whakatau mō te ngeru mā tētahi rata kararehe e āhei ana ki te whakataurite i te take mō te maimoatanga ki te mōrearea o te tūkino hāora, me te ine i te putanga. Ko te tango i te wai kua maimoatia i tētahi puna ika i muri i te whakamahinga, e whakaahuatia ana i te aratohu whakawātea puna ika, he mahi tiaki kararehe o ia rā. Ehara te maimoatanga o tētahi ngeru i te mahi pērā.