Chinyorwa
Zvinhu zvakasimba nemakristaro zvinobuda mumethylene blue: gwaro rekuongorora matambudziko ekugadzira musanganiswa
Musanganiswa wakajeka neMuvhuro wova nemakristaro neChishanu. Kana kuti hupfu hahumbonyungudiki hwese kunyange huchikurungidzirwa zvakasimba. Kana kuti mvura mbiri dzakajeka dzinobva dzaita makore padzinosangana. Zvese izvi zvinonzi kubuda kwezvinhu zvakasimba mumethylene blue, asi matambudziko akasiyana ane zvikonzero zvakasiyana uye nzira dzakasiyana dzekuagadzirisa.
Chikanganiso chiri pakushandisa chitarisiko sekunge ndicho chazivisa dambudziko. Zvinhu zvakasimba zvinooneka zvinopindura mubvunzo mumwe chete: pane chikamu chakasimba chakaparadzana nemvura. Zvimwe zvese, kuti chinhu chacho chakasimba chii, nei chakaumbwa, uye chingaitwa nezvacho, zvinofanira kuzivikanwa kubva panguva, magadzirirwo emusanganiswa, chinonyungudutsa, uye zvinodiwa pakubata zvakanyorwa pachiratidziro chechigadzirwa chiri pamberi pako.
Kunyungudika ndiko kunoisa muganhu
Kuongorora dambudziko kwese kunofanira kutanga nekutarisa chinhu chimwe chete: musanganiswa uyu uri pedyo zvakadii nemuganhu wekunyungudika muchinonyungudutsa ichi patembiricha iyi.
Pamunyu wechloride uri mumvura yakachena, zvakanyorwa muPubChem nezvemethylene blue zvinounganidza kukosha kwekunyungudika kunosvika 43.6 mg/mL pa25 C. Rimwe boka remashoko ezviedzo rakayera 43.2 g/L patembiricha imwe chete uye shanduko yeenthalpy yekunyungudika yaive yakanaka zvikuru, zvinoreva kuti kunyungudika kunokwira zvikuru pakudziya uye kunodzikira zvikuru pakutonhora. Muboka iroro remashoko, huwandu hwaisvika pamuganhu wekunyungudika hwaive hunosvika 19 g/L pa5 C, 43 g/L pa25 C, uye 84 g/L pa45 C.
Pane zvinhu zviviri zvinokosha zvinofanira kufungwa nezvazvo munhu asati ataura nhamba idzi semwero unodiwa. Chekutanga, zvakanyorwa muPubChem nezverudzi rwetrihydrate zvine imwe nhamba yakaunganidzwa, inosvika kana kupfuura 100 mg/mL pedyo netembiricha yemumba, inobva kune rimwe tsime uye pachinhu chakasimba chinonzi ndecherumwe rudzi. Nhamba mbiri idzi hadzifaniri kubatanidzwa kuita kukosha kumwe chete kunonzi ndiko kwechokwadi. Chechipiri, kuongorora maumbirwo emakristaro kwakawana marudzi mashanu akasiyana ehydrate yemethylene blue uye hakuna kuwana rudzi rumwe chete rwakachena rwetrihydrate, kunyange hazvo trihydrate ichiri zita rakasimbiswa mumabhuku emiyero uye pazvigadzirwa. Nemashoko akareruka, chinhu chakasimba chaunoyera chinogona kunge chisiri icho chaicho chine zita riri pachiratidziro, uye kunyungudika kwacho kunotevera chinhu chakasimba nechinonyungudutsa zviripo chaizvo, kwete zita chete. Marudzi ezvinhu zvakasimba ari pasi pemazita ehydrate anotsanangura kuti nei mazita ari mumabhuku emiyero nemaumbirwo emakristaro achigona kusiyana.
Kuti zvienzaniswe, chigadzirwa chemushonga chakapedzwa chinonzi PROVAYBLUE musanganiswa we5 mg/mL, uri pasi zvikuru pemuganhu wekunyungudika mumvura yakachena. Makristaro emethylene blue anooneka mumusanganiswa une huwandu ihwohwo, wakachengetwa nemazvo, haagoni kungotsanangurwa sekusvika pamuganhu wekunyungudika pakuenzana kwemakemikari. Chimwe chinhu, zvakamboitika patembiricha, chinhu chakawedzerwa, kana kwakabva twumedu kunze kwedhayi pachayo, chinofanira kuverengerwa pakati pezvikonzero zvinofungidzirwa.
Nguva ndiyo inotanga kusiyanisa matambudziko
Usati watsvaga tsananguro, nyora kuti zvinhu zvakasimba zvakaonekwa riini zvichienzaniswa nezviitiko zvitatu: hupfu pahwakatanga kusangana nechinonyungudutsa, chero nguva yekusiiwa hwakamira kana kutonhodzwa, uye pakawedzerwa chinhu chechipiri. Kutevedzana kumwe chete uku kwezviitiko kunoparadzanisa matambudziko mazhinji.
| Zvinoonekwa nenguva yazvo | Magadzirirwo emusanganiswa nechinonyungudutsa | Maitiro angangove ari kukonzera | Zvekutarisa pachiratidziro kana pakubata | Danho rinotevera |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zvinhu zvakasimba zviripo kubva pakutanga; hupfu hahumboperi mumvura | Huwandu huri pedyo kana pamusoro pekunyungudika kunobvira; chinonyungudutsa chisina kukodzera rudzi rwechinhu chakasimba; nguva yekunyungudutsa isina kukwana | Kusanyungudika zvizere, kwete dambudziko rekuchengetwa | Simbisa rudzi rwechinhu chakasimba chayerwa, huwandu hunodiwa, uye chinonyungudutsa uchizvienzanisa nenzira yakasimbiswa | Deredza huwandu kana chinja chinonyungudutsa maererano nenzira yakasimbiswa; simbisa chikamu chakanyungudika nekuongorora huwandu hwacho kwete nekutarisa neziso |
| Wakajeka pakutanga, makristaro kana makore mushure mekusiiwa wakamira kana kutonhodzwa | Musanganiswa wemvura une huwandu hwakawanda; kuchengetwa mukamuri inotonhora kana mufiriji | Kupfuura muganhu wekunyungudika kuchiteverwa nekunonoka kwekutanga kuumbwa kwemakristaro | Ongorora tembiricha yekuchengetwa iri pachiratidziro; zvinodiwa zvekuchengetwa nekubata chigadzirwa chemushonga zvinoti 20 to 25 C, pasina kuiswa mufiriji kana kuomeswa nechando | Dziyisa chete kana nzira yacho ichibvumira; kana isingabvumiri, gadzira mutsva une huwandu hushoma uye uchengete patembiricha iri pachiratidziro |
| Makore kana twumedu zvinooneka panobatanidzwa mvura mbiri | Mvura yekuderedza huwandu ine chloride, kunyanya mvura yemunyu ye0.9%; kusanganiswa nechimwe chigadzirwa chemushonga | Kusapindirana kwezvinhu kana kubudiswa kwechinhu chakasimba nekuda kwemunyu | Mirayiridzo yekushandiswa kwePROVAYBLUE inoti shandisa dextrose ye5% panodikanwa kuderedza huwandu uye inoyambira kuti chloride inoderedza kunyungudika; tarisa kana pane twumedu | Mira uye paradzanisa musanganiswa; usasefa wozoshandisa mushonga wekubaya une twumedu; ongorora kutevedzana kwekuwedzera zvinhu panzira yekuderedza huwandu nekuona kupindirana |
| Ruvara rwebhuruu runodzima pasina zvinhu zvinogara pasi | Pane chinhu chinoderedza oxidation, chakadai seascorbic acid; oxygen yakambobviswa yozodzorerwa | Kuchinja kweredox kuenda kurudzi rweleuco rusina ruvara, kwete kubuda kwechinhu chakasimba | Tarisa runyorwa rwezvinhu zviri mumusanganiswa kuti uone zvinoderedza kana kuwedzera oxidation | Simbisa nespectroscopy (kuderera kukuru kwebhendi remethylene blue muchikamu chechiedza chinoonekwa) pane kuongorora twumedu; ribate sedambudziko rekemisitiri, kwete rekunyungudika |
| Twumedu mubhodhoro remushonga risina kuvhurwa, rakachengetwa nemazvo | Chigadzirwa chakapedzwa che5 mg/mL chisati chapfuura nguva yekushandiswa, chisina kuderedzerwa huwandu | Twumedu twekunze kana twekubva mumudziyo, kana kukanganisika kwechigadzirwa; kwete kungosvika pamuganhu wekunyungudika | Tevedzera murayiridzo wepachiratidziro wekutarisa twumedu nekuchinja kweruvara usati washandisa | Isa chigadzirwa ichi parutivi uye tevedzera nzira yekumhan'ara dambudziko rechigadzirwa; chitarisiko chega hachigoni kuzivisa rudzi rwechimedu, sezvinotsanangurwa pakuti ongororo dzekuongorora dzinoparadzanisa sei kuzivikanwa kwechinhu nechitarisiko chacho |
Kukanganisa pakugadzira: zvinhu zvakasimba kubva paminiti yekutanga
Hupfu husingambonyungudiki hunonongedzera pakugadzira, kwete pakuchengetwa. Zvikonzero zvinowanzoitika ihuwandu huri pamusoro pekunyungudika kunobvira muchinonyungudutsa chakasarudzwa, chinonyungudutsa chakafungidzirwa kuti chakaenzana nechimwe asi chisina kudaro, uye kusava nemwoyo murefu.
Ethanol inoratidza musungo wekuchinja chinonyungudutsa. Tsananguro dzinoti methylene blue inonyungudika muethanol dzinovanza musiyano mukuru wezvabuda muzviedzo, uye zvinyorwa zvekare zvinotsanangura trihydrate sechinhu chinonyungudika zvishoma chete mudoro. Muboka remashoko etembiricha rataurwa pamusoro, ethanol pa25 C yaikwanisa kuva neinenge 37 g/L ichienzaniswa nemvura yaive ne43 g/L, uye zvese zvaichinja zvikuru netembiricha. Nzira yekushanda inochinjwa kubva pane chimwe chinonyungudutsa kuenda pane chimwe kana kubva pane imwe tembiricha kuenda pane imwe isina kusimbiswazve inogona kupfuura muganhu pasina chiratidzo chiri pachena.
Kubatanirana kwemamorekuru kunowedzera mumwe musungo usiri nyore kuona. Mamorekuru emethylene blue anobatanirana mumvura kuita dimers nemapoka akakura kupfuura iwayo, monomer ichitora chiedza pedyo ne665 nm uye mapoka achibatsirawo pakutora chiedza pedyo ne605 to 612 nm. Naizvozvo musanganiswa une huwandu hwakawanda unogona kuchinja ruvara kana spectrum uchiramba wakajeka pasina zvinhu zvakasimba. Dimers hadzisi kubuda kwezvinhu zvakasimba zvemethylene blue. Kutora kuchinja kwese kwespectrum sekunge kunoratidza kuti makristaro ava kuda kuumbwa kunotungamirira kunzira dzekugadzirisa, dzakadai sekusefa zvakanyanyisa, dzinenge dzichibata dambudziko risiri iro.
Kuchinja pakuchengetwa: wakajeka pakutanga, makristaro gare gare
Musanganiswa waive wakajeka wozobudisa makristaro gare gare chiratidzo chekupfuura muganhu wekunyungudika. Mvura inodziya inokwanisa kuchengeta dhayi yakanyungudika yakawanda kupfuura mvura inotonhora. Musanganiswa une huwandu hwakawanda wakagadzirwa uchidziya, wozotamiswa kuenda mukamuri inotonhora kana mufiriji, unogona kugara wakajeka kwemaawa mumamiriro asina kunyatsogadzikana makristaro asati atanga kuumbwa. Kana pokutangira pekristaro pekutanga paumbwa, kuumbwa kwemakristaro kunogona kukurumidza, ndosaka kuchinja kwacho kuchiita sekunge kwangoerekana kwaitika.
Apa ndipo panokosha mirayiridzo yekubata iri pachiratidziro. Chiratidziro chechigadzirwa chemushonga chinoti chichengetwe pa20 to 25 C, chichibvumira kubuda kwenguva pfupi pakati pe15 ne30 C, kudzivirirwa pachiedza, uye chinorambidza zvakajeka kuiswa mufiriji nekuomeswa nechando. Saka kuongorora twumedu pachigadzirwa chakadaro kunofanira kutanga kwabvunza zvakamboitika patembiricha kusati kwaongororwa kemisitiri. Kuchengeta chigadzirwa chinorambidza kutonhodzwa munzvimbo inotonhora kutsauka pamirayiridzo yekubata, uye kugadzirisa kunofanira kuva kwemaitiro, kwete kuedza kununura zviri mubhodhoro.
Maitiro ehydrate anogona kuwedzera kuchinja kunoitika zvishoma nezvishoma pakuchengetwa. Nekuti chinhu chakasimba chinogona kuva mumarudzi akawanda ehydrate, musanganiswa une zvinhu zvakasimba zvakarembera mumvura kana musanganiswa wakangonyungudika zvishoma unogona kuchinja kubva pane rumwe rudzi rwechinhu chakasimba kuenda pane rumwe paunosiiwa wakamira, zvichichinja huwandu hunoramba hwakanyungudika. Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha pamisanganiswa yemurabhoritari inogadzirwa pedyo nemuganhu wekunyungudika yochengetwa kwemavhiki, kwete pazvigadzirwa zvakapedzwa zvine huwandu hushoma.
Kusapindirana kwezvinhu: zvinhu zvakasimba zvinotevera kusanganisa
Kana makore achitevera kusangana kwezvinhu zviviri, fungidzira dambudziko remubatanidzwa wacho, kwete redhayi chete. Nyaya yakanyatsonyorwa ndeyechloride. Mirayiridzo yekushandiswa haikurudziri misanganiswa yesodium chloride semvura yekuderedza huwandu nekuti chloride inoderedza kunyungudika, uye mashoko echigadzirwa ekuAustralia anotaura kubuda kwezvinhu zvakasimba nemvura yemunyu ye0.9%. Ongororo yemaitiro acho inotsigira kubatana kuita mapoka nekubuda kwezvinhu zvakasimba kunoenderana nechloride: munyu wakawedzerwa unosunda kuenzana kwekubatana kwemamorekuru kuenda kumapoka akakura, uye kana chloride yakawanda mapoka acho anobuda mumvura. Saka mvura yemunyu haisi kungova mvura ine ion isingapindiri pane zvinoitika. Chinonyungudutsa chakasiyana chine muganhu wakaderera.
Kumwe kusapindirana kwezvinhu kwakanyorwa mumashoko ezvigadzirwa, kwete kungobva pane zvinotaurwa mumarabhoritari: alkali dzinopisa, iodides, dichromates, uye zvinhu zvinowedzera kana kuderedza oxidation, kuchitaurwawo kuumbwa kwemunyu wakapetwa pamunyu mizhinji isiri organic. Mamiriro ane alkali yakasimba anoita zvinopfuura kungobudisa zvinhu zvakasimba; mualkali ye0.1 M dhayi inochinja nekemisitiri, zvikuru ichienda kumethylene violet. Uku kukanganisika kwechinhu, uye hapana nzira yekuchinja kunyungudika inodzosa kemikari yekutanga.
Musungo weascorbic acid: kudzima kweruvara hakusi kubuda kwezvinhu zvakasimba
Imwe nyaya inofanira kutaurwa yoga nekuti ndiyo inonyanya kuita kuti vanhu vazivise dambudziko risiri iro vane chivimbo. Ascorbic acid inoderedza methylene blue yebhuruu kuenda kurudzi rweleuco runenge rusina ruvara, uye oxygen inogona kudzorera kuchinja uku shure. Nzira dzekuongorora dzinoshandisa kudzima kweruvara uku chaiko kuyera ascorbate pahuwandu hwemicromolar. Musanganiswa webhuruu unoita ruvara rushoma paine chinhu chinoderedza oxidation, pasina zvinhu zvinogara pasi, unenge wachinja neredox. Kuuti makristaro emethylene blue mumusanganiswa kunotumira kuongorora kumasefa nezvinonyungudutsa apo midziyo yakakodzera iri spectrophotometer uye kuongorora runyorwa rwezvinhu zviri mumusanganiswa.
Zvakapesana nazvo ndezvechokwadiwo. Twumedu twechokwadi tuchine ruvara rwebhuruu idambudziko rechikamu chakasimba chemusanganiswa kunze kwekunge ongororo yaratidza zvimwe. Maitiro eruvara anoderedza huwandu hwezvikonzero zvinofungidzirwa; haapedzi kuongorora.
Zvisingagoni kukuudzwa nechitarisiko
Pane miganhu miviri inoita kuti gwaro iri rirambe rakavimbika. Chekutanga, twumedu tunooneka muchigadzirwa chemushonga hatugoni kuzivikanwa semakristaro edhayi nekungotarisa. Zvinhu zvinobva mumudziyo netwumedu twekunze zvinoramba zviri pakati pezvikonzero zvinofungidzirwa, ndosaka chiratidziro chichirayira kuongorora uye kuramba kushandisa chigadzirwa pane kuziva rudzi rwechimedu parutivi pemurwere. Chechipiri, gwaro iri haripe mirayiridzo yekugadzira misanganiswa yemishonga yekubaya. Mvura yekuderedza huwandu, kutevedzana kwekuwedzera zvinhu, uye mibvunzo yekuti musanganiswa ucharamba uchibvumirwa kushandiswa kusvika riini ndezvezvakanyorwa pachigadzirwa, maitiro emufamasi, uye miyero yekugadzira misanganiswa inoshanda, kwete zvechinyorwa chekuongorora matambudziko.
Muenzaniso wekushandisa, uchitaurwa kamwe chete: kunyungudika kunoisa muganhu, huwandu netembiricha zvinotara njodzi yekupfuura muganhu wekunyungudika, chloride nekusimba kwemaion zvinosunda kubatana kwemamorekuru kuenda pakubuda kwezvinhu zvakasimba nekuda kwemunyu, dimers dzinoumbwa pasina kubuda kwechinhu chakasimba, uye zvinhu zvinoderedza oxidation zvinogona kubvisa bhuruu pasina kuumba chinhu chakasimba. Enzanisa zvaunoona nenguva dziri mutafura, tarisa magadzirirwo emusanganiswa nechiratidziro, uye kubuda kwezvinhu zvakasimba mumethylene blue kunowanzorega kuva kusinganzwisisiki.