Chinyorwa
Methylene Blue neVhitamini C: Nei Munyunguduko Uchigona Kushaya Ruvara
Unoisa piritsi revhitamini C mugirazi rine munyunguduko webhuruu wemethylene blue, wokurunga, woona bhuruu ichipera. Pashure peminiti, mvura yacho inoita semvura isina chakaiswa. Zviri nyore kufunga kuti vhitamini C yaparadza dhayi kana kuimisa kushanda.
Maonero iwayo haana kururama, uye kukanganisa uku kwakakosha. Zvauri kuona kuchinja kwechimiro cheoxidation kunogona kudzoserwa shure, kwete kuparadzwa. Dhayi ichiripo. Kana mamiriro akakodzera avapo, ruvara runodzoka.
Zvimiro zviviri zvedhayi
Methylene blue ine zvimiro zviviri zvakanyatsoongororwa. Chimiro chakabviswa maerekitironi, chinowanzonyorwa kuti MB+, chine hurongwa hwemaringi akabatanidzwa hune maerekitironi anogovaniswa munzvimbo yakatambanuka, hunotora chiedza zvakanyanya pedyo ne664 nm. Kutorwa kwechiedza ikoko ndiko kunopa ruvara rwebhuruu. Chimiro chakawedzerwa maerekitironi, leucomethylene blue (LMB), hachichina bhendi iroro rakasimba rekutora chiedza chinooneka, saka munyunguduko une dhayi shoma unoita seusina ruvara.
Funga nezvedhayi sechinhu chidiki chinochengeta maerekitironi uye chinogona kuchajwazve. Kuichaja nemaerekitironi neproton kunobvisa ruvara rwayo. Kubvisa maerekitironi iwayo kunodzosa ruvara:
MB+ + H+ + 2e- to LMB (isina ruvara)
Vhitamini C ndiyo inopa chaji yacho. Ascorbate inobviswa maerekitironi ichienda kuchimiro chedehydroascorbate, uye inopa maerekitironi maviri ekuita reduction. Saka, pakuverenga kuri nyore kunofungidzira mamiriro akakwana, mole imwe yeascorbate inowedzera maerekitironi kune inenge mole imwe yeMB+. Muminyunguduko chaiyo yemurabhoritari, kuverenga uku kwakaoma kupfuura izvozvo nokuti okisijeni yakanyunguduka inokwikwidzana nedhayi pamaerekitironi mamwe chete. Ndokusaka kazhinji pachidiwa ascorbate yakawandisa kuti munyunguduko urambe usina ruvara.
Maitiro acho haafaniri kungova danho rimwe chete rakapfava rekutamisa maerekitironi maviri. Zvimiro zvepakati zvine radical uye zvakawedzerwa maerekitironi zvishoma zvinobatanidzwawo, uye nzira chaiyo inoshanduka zvichienderana nechinonyungudutsa, uasidhi, uye kuwanda kwezvinhu zvakanyungudutswa. Asi mugumo wakafanana. MB+ yebhuruu inoshanduka kuita LMB isina ruvara, uye vhitamini C inopedzwa mumaitiro acho.
Nei kuzunza kuchidzosa bhuruu
Muedzo uyu unowanzoratidzwa mukirasi une chikamu chechipiri. Siya bhodhoro diki risina ruvara risingazununguswi, uye rinoramba risina ruvara. Rizunze, uye bhuruu inodzoka. Mira, uye ruvara runoperazve.
Chinodzosa ruvara iokisijeni. O2 yakanyunguduka inobvisa maerekitironi paLMB ichiidzorera kuMB+, saka kuzunza hakusi iko kunotanga kushanda kwedhayi. Kunowedzera okisijeni yakanyunguduka nokusanganisa mhepo iri pamusoro pemvura ichipinda mumvura, zvichikurumidzisa kuchinja kunodzokera shure. Chero bedzi ascorbate yasara ichiripo, MB+ yagadzirwa patsva inowedzerwazve maerekitironi. Izvi ndizvo zvinopa kutenderera kunozivikanwa: kurega yakadzikama kunopa kushaya ruvara, kuzunza kunopa bhuruu, kumirira kunopa kushaya ruvara zvakare. Kana ascorbate yapera, okisijeni ndiyo inoramba ichikunda uye munyunguduko unoramba uri bhuruu.
Ndokusaka kuratidzwa kwemethylene blue nevhitamini C kuchikanganiswa nechimiro chemudziyo. Cuvette yakavharwa ine nzvimbo shoma yemhepo pamusoro pemvura inoramba isina ruvara kwenguva yakareba kupfuura beaker yakafara. Kupinza mhepo zvakanyanya kunopfupisa nguva yekushaya ruvara. Naizvozvo munhu wese anotsanangura muedzo uyu anofanira kutaura mamiriro eokisijeni, kwete huwandu hwezvinhu zvinoshandiswa chete.
Kuratidzwa kunodzorwa nemamiriro ako
Mufananidzo wepabutiro wechinyorwa chino unoratidza kuenzanisa kuri kutarisirwa: sampuli yeMB+ yebhuruu yekuenzanisa iri pedyo nesampuli yeLMB yakawedzerwa maerekitironi neascorbate, zvose zviri pachiedza chakafanana. Kuti mugumisiro ugone kuwanikwazve, ita kuti chinhu chose chinoshandura kumhanya kwekuchinja chirambe chakafanana:
| Chinhu chinoshanduka | Mamiriro anokurudzirwa | Nei chakakosha |
|---|---|---|
| Methylene blue | 10 kusvika 90 micromolar mubuffer yephosphate, pH 7 | Zvinoenderana nekuwanda kunoshandiswa muzvidzidzo zveredox zvakabudiswa uye zvinochengeta kutorwa kwechiedza kuri mukati mechiyero chinoyerwa |
| Ascorbate | 1 mM sodium ascorbate, ichangobva kugadzirwa | Inopa maerekitironi ekuita reduction akawandisa kuitira kuti kubviswa kweruvara kupere |
| Buffer nepH | 50 mM phosphate, pH 7.0, patembiricha yemumba | Zvinotsanangura zvimiro zveascorbate zviripo nekugadzikana kweLMB |
| Chiedza | Chiedza chisina kusimba chenzvimbo yakapoteredza, nyora nguva yekuvhenekerwa | Chiedza chakasimba chinowedzera nzira dzephotoredox nedzeperoxide |
| Okisijeni | Bhodhoro rimwe rakazadzwa neokisijeni kubva mumhepo kusvika pamuganhu waro, rimwe rakabviswa mhepo nenitrogen | Zvinoparadzanisa kutenderera kweredox kwakachena nekubviswazve kwemaerekitironi |
| Simbi | Zvinhu zvakachena zvegiredhi rekuongorora, pamwe nesampuli imwe yekuenzanisa ine chelator | Simbi iri muhuwandu hudiki kwazvo inovhura nzira yekemisitiri yeFenton (ona pazasi) |
Tora mifananidzo yemabhodhoro ose ari maviri panguva dzakatarwa, semuenzaniso pamaminitsi 0, 1, 5, ne15, wobva waazunza uye wotorazve mifananidzo. Bhodhoro rakabviswa mhepo nenitrogen rinofanira kuramba risina ruvara kwenguva yakareba kupfuura rimwe. Bhodhoro rakaiswa mhepo rinofanira kudzokera kubhuruu nekukurumidza pashure pekuzunzwa. Kana sampuli isingambodzokeri kubhuruu kunyange yazunzwa uye yaiswa mhepo, fungidzira kuparara kusingadzoserwi shure panzvimbo pekungowedzerwa maerekitironi.
Vanogadzira misanganiswa vanoshandisa kufunga kwakafanana pakugadzira huwandu hukuru. Maitiro emethylene blue mumusanganiswa anoenderana nemamiriro ose eredox nemagadzirirwo emusanganiswa. Miedzo yekugadzikana inofanira kunyora pH, okisijeni yakanyunguduka, huwandu hwechiedza chayakagamuchira, uye simbi dziri muhuwandu hudiki kwazvo, pamwe chete nezvaonekwa paruvara.
pH, chiedza, nekuwanda zvinokwevera kumativi akasiyana
Vachangotanga vanowanzobvunza kana asidhi kana base ichikurumidzisa kuchinja. Mhinduro yakatendeseka ndeyekuti pH inoshanda pamativi maviri akasiyana ekutenderera uku. Mumvura ine uasidhi, kuwanikwa kwemaproton kunogona kukurumidzisa danho rekuti ascorbate iwedzere maerekitironi kuMB+. Asi LMB pachayo inonyanya kuramba kubviswa maerekitironi nemhepo kana iri muasidhi, uye inobviswazve maerekitironi nekukurumidza zvikuru apo pH inokwira. Saka sampuli ine uasidhi inogona kurasikirwa neruvara nekukurumidza yobva yaramba isina ruvara, nepo sampuli ine ualkaline ichirasikirwa neruvara uye ichidzokera kubhuruu nekukurumidza. Zvose zvinoonekwa izvi zvakarurama pasi pemamiriro azvo.
Chiedza chinowedzera imwe nzira yakasiyana. Methylene blue yakamutswa nechiedza inosvika pachimiro chetriplet chinogara kwenguva refu, chinoita kutamisirana maerekitironi neascorbate neokisijeni. Kemisitiri iyi inokonzerwa nechiedza inogona kukurumidzisa kubviswa kweruvara, kudzosa ruvara, kana kugadzira zvimiro zveokisijeni zvinokurumidza kuita makemikari, zvichienderana nehurefu hwesaisai, mwero weokisijeni, uye kuwanda kwezvinhu zvakanyungudutswa. Bata kuvhenekerwa sechinhu chinoshanduka mumuedzo uye uchinyore.
Kuwanda kunotara kuti nderipi divi rinokunda. Ascorbate yakawanda inoreva kubviswa kweruvara kunokurumidza uye kutenderera kwakawanda kwekuzunza nekupazve kweruvara. Dhayi yakawanda inoda maerekitironi ekuita reduction akawanda zvakaenzana nayo. Okisijeni yakanyunguduka yakawanda inosimudzira bhuruu. Kana dhayi yakawanda zvikuru, pane kumwe kuoma kunobuda nokuti mamorekuru emethylene blue anozvibatanidza kuita madimer nemapoka ane maspectra akachinja. Saka kupeta huwandu hwedhayi kaviri hakuchapi maitiro mamwe chete akapetwa kaviri.
Vhitamini C inomisa methylene blue kushanda here?
Uyu ndiwo mubvunzo uri shure kwekutsvaga kwakawanda pamusoro pemethylene blue nevhitamini C, uye unoda mhinduro chaiyo. Kwete, kupera kweruvara hakusi kumiswa kwekushanda. Chromophore yachinja chimiro, asi chikamu chikuru chephenothiazine nekushanda kwacho muredox zvinoramba zviri mumunyunguduko. Kuchinja uku kunogona kudzoserwa shure nemhepo, uye chimiro chakawedzerwa maerekitironi pachacho chinogona kuita makemikari: LMB haina chaji uye inofarira kunyunguduka mumafuta kupfuura MB+. Mukutsvakurudza kwemasero, inoyambuka mamembrane isati yabviswazve maerekitironi mukati.
Zvinyorwa zvekutsvakurudza kwemasero zvinonyatsojekesa pfungwa iyi. Mumasero eendothelium akarimwa murabhoritari, methylene blue iri pamwero wakaderera wemicromolar inokurudzira kushanda kwenzira yepentose phosphate ichibvisa maerekitironi paNADPH neNADH. Kana yapfuura anenge 5 micromolar, inowedzera zviratidzo zvezvinhu zvinobvisa maerekitironi mukati memasero kana pasina glucose yekutsigira masero. Masero akaiswa ascorbate anoramba achibvisa maerekitironi paascorbate iyoyo paanosangana nedhayi, uye ascorbate yakaiswa inongoderedza chikamu chechiratidzo chezvinhu zvinobvisa maerekitironi, sezvakataurwa muchidzidzo cheredox yedhayi mumasero eendothelium. Nemamwe mashoko, ascorbate inobatanidzwa mukufamba kwemaerekitironi muredox. Haimisi dhayi kushanda.
Chiedza chinoita kuti nyaya iyi iwedzere kujeka. Pakuvhenekerwa, misanganiswa yemethylene blue, ascorbate, neokisijeni inoshandisa okisijeni, inounganidza hydrogen peroxide, uye kana paine simbi inoshanda secatalyst, inogadzira hydroxyl radical kuburikidza nekemisitiri yeFenton, sezvakaratidzwa nemiedzo yekubata maspin nekutorwa kweokisijeni. Mahydroxyl radical anogona kukuvadza mamorekuru ezvipenyu zvisingadzoserwi shure uye kuparadza dhayi pachayo. Saka sampuli ine ruvara rwakapera zvachose pasi pechiedza uye yakasvibiswa nesimbi haisi kuratidza kungowedzerwa maerekitironi kwakachena. Inogona kunge ichiratidza kuparadzwa kunokonzerwa nemamwe makemikari ari kuitika parutivi.
Zvisingaratidzwi nemunyunguduko usina ruvara
Pane mhedziso nhatu dzinowanzotorwa dzinopfuura zvinotsigirwa neuchapupu, uye dzinofanira kudzivirirwa muzvinyorwa zverabhoritari, pamalebheli, uye pamasiraidhi ekudzidzisa.
Chekutanga, kusava neruvara hakurevi kusakuvadza. LMB pamwe neokisijeni pamwe nesimbi dziri muhuwandu hudiki kwazvo zvinogona kutsigira nzira dzeperoxide nemaradical, kunyanya pasi pechiedza. Kusakuvadza kunoda kuongororwa kwehuturu, kwete kuyerwa kweruvara.
Chechipiri, kusava neruvara hakurevi kuti kusvibiswa kwabviswa. Dhayi nezvimwe zvinhu zvinobatanidzwa nayo muredox zvichiripo. Zvinhu zvadeuka, mvura inoraswa, uye zvinhu zvine mavara hazvicheneswi nekuwedzera ascorbate. Kusimbisa nekuongorora kunodiwa; iyi inyaya inobatwa mumaitiro ekuedza zvisaririra nekubviswa kwekusvibiswa.
Chechitatu, kusava neruvara hakutsananguri nzira inobatsira yekushandisa zvinhu zviviri izvi pamwe chete. Kuchinja kuri muchubhu yemuedzo hakutaure chinhu pamusoro pekutorwa nezvemuviri, kupararira mumatishu, huwandu hunopiwa, kana kuchengeteka kwekudyidzana kwezvinhu izvi muvanhu. Munhu wese anonzwa achida kusanganisa zvinhu zviviri izvi nechinangwa cheutano anofanira kutanga averenga zvinyorwa zvekudyidzana nekuchengeteka uye kubvunza kune vane hunyanzvi, panzvimbo pekutambanudza zvinoratidzwa nebhodhoro diki kuti zvishande kuvanhu.
Dudziro yakarurama ine muganhu wakamanikana asi inobatsira zvakanyanya. Methylene blue pamwe neascorbate zvinopa muenzaniso mudiki wekutenderera kweredox: vhitamini C inopa maerekitironi, dhayi inoshaya ruvara, okisijeni inotora maerekitironi acho zvakare, ruvara runodzoka, uye chiedza, pH, kuwanda, nesimbi ndizvo zvinotara kumhanya uye zvimwe zvinogadzirwa parutivi. Kana pfungwa iyoyo yajeka, kuratidzwa uku hakuchangovi kunoshamisa asi kunova nzira yekuongorora. Kana sampuli yako ichiita zvakasiyana, tarisa kupinda kweokisijeni, huwandu hwechiedza chayakagamuchira, pH, uye kusvibiswa nesimbi usati wafungidzira kuti pane dambudziko nedhayi.