Methylene blue mukudhaya micheka nebepa: Basic Blue 9 munzvimbo yekudhaya

Methylene blue yakapedza makore gumi nemashanu iri dhayi yaitengeswa isati yambopiwa murwere. Heinrich Caro akaigadzira kuburikidza nemaitiro emakemikari kuBASF muna 1876 sedhayi yemicheka, uye zvose nhoroondo yeBASF pachayo neAmerican Chemical Society zvinoitsanangura sedhayi yakagadzirirwa kotoni. Basa raKoch rekupendesa masampuli ezvekurapa rakauya munenge muna 1880, uye kurapa marariya kwa1891 kwakazotevera. Zvimwe zvose zvakazoshandisirwa kemikari iyi, kupendesa masampuli, kuratidza shanduko dzemakemikari, kana kuva mushonga, zvakatangira pachinyorwa chaiva mukatalogi yedhayi.

Chinyorwa ichocho chichiri nzira yakarurama yekunzwisisa chinhu ichi kana chichishandiswa muindasitiri. Mumutauro wenzvimbo yekudhaya hachinzi methylthioninium chloride. Chinonzi Basic Blue 9.

Kemikari imwe, masisitimu maviri ekuipa nhamba

Colour Index inozivisa dhayi imwe neimwe inotengeswa nenzira mbiri. Zita Rinowanzoshandiswa rinotsanangura mashandisirwo ayo; Nhamba Yechimiro inotsanangura chimiro chayo chemakemikari. Methylene blue ine Zita Rinowanzoshandiswa rokuti C.I. Basic Blue 9 neNhamba Yechimiro yokuti C.I. 52015, zvichiiisa muboka rethiazine rine nhamba 52000 kusvika 52999, sezvinosimbiswa netsananguro ichangobva kubudiswa yeColour Index inoshandisa methylene blue semuenzaniso wakatsanangurwa.

Makemikari ari shure kwenhamba idzi ikationi yephenothiazine yakabatana nechloride: chimiro chisina mvura chine fomura C16H18ClN3S uye huremu hwemamorekuru hunenge 319.9 g/mol, chine CAS 61-73-4, uye trihydrate inowanzotengeswa ine huremu hunenge 373.9 g/mol, ine CAS 7220-79-3. Munyu unotengeswa uyu unoumba makristaro egirini yakasviba ane kupenya kwakaita sebhuronzi, anonyunguduka achiita mvura ine ruvara rwebhuruu rwakadzika. Musanganiswa we1 percent wetrihydrate une pH 3 kusvika 4.5 maererano nePubChem neongororo ichangobva kubudiswa yezvinhu zvemamorekuru. Munhu anotenga nedhiramu anofanira kutarisa kuti ndeipi nhamba yeCAS iri parabhuru, nokuti kirogiramu yetrihydrate ine chikamu chinopa ruvara, chinonzi chromophore, chakaderera neinenge 15 percent pane chiri mukirogiramu yemunyu usina mvura. Zvakakosha kunyatsojekesa kuti chii chiri kuyerwa usati waita kuverenga kupi zvako kwekudhaya.

Pfungwa yekusunga: kationi iri kutsvaga anioni

Dhayi dzebasic idhayi dzine kationi. Kana dzanyungudutswa, chikamu chine ruvara chine chaji yakanaka, saka chinonyanya kusunga kumafaibha ane nzvimbo dzine anioni. Ichi chokwadi chimwe chete chinobatsira kufanotaura anenge mashandisirwo ose.

Faibha yeacrylic ndiyo muenzaniso unowanikwa mumabhuku ekudzidza. Kazhinji ine mapoka ecarboxylate kana sulfonate, uye kukwezvana kwemaioni pakati penzvimbo idzodzo nekationi yedhayi kunoita kuti dhayi ibatane nefaibha zvakasimba, sezvinotsanangurwa muzvidzidzo zvekudhaya acrylic nenzira yakajairika uchishandisa dhayi dzine kationi nemakemikari emafaibha eacrylic. Makushe nesirika zvinotorawo dhayi dzebasic zvakananga panzvimbo dzine chaji yakaipa, zvichipa mavara anopenya zvikuru. Zvisinei, mabhuku emicheka anoyambira kuti dhayi dzebasic dzekare dziri pamafaibha aya dzinowanzotadza kuchengetedza ruvara padzinoiswa pachiedza, sezvakapfupikiswa mubhuku rekudzidza rakavhurika pamusoro pekupa micheka ruvara.

Kotoni ndiyo inosiyana nazvo zvakakosha. Cellulose isina kutanga yagadziriswa haikwezvi zvakanyanya dhayi dzebasic dzechinyakare, ndicho chikonzero chaicho chakaita kuti “dhayi yekotoni” yaCaro ide rubatsiro. Nzira dzekare dzaishandisa tannic acid sechinosimbisa dhayi pakotoni, ichiwanzosimbiswa netartar emetic (antimony potassium tartrate), zvichigadzira musanganiswa wetannin nedhayi usinganyunguduki pafaibha. Bhuku rekudhaya kotoni remunguva iyoyo rinotsanangura mabasa matatu acho, kuisa tannin, kuisimbisa, wozodhaya, muThe Dyeing of Cotton Fabrics. Nylon yakajairika inodawo tsananguro yakafanana: inonyanya kukodzera dhayi dzeacid, uye nylon yakagadziridzwa nemaune kuti ive nemapoka esulfonate chete ndiyo inotora dhayi dzebasic zvakasimba. Iyi inotengeswa senylon inogona kudhaywa nedhayi dzine kationi uye inotsanangurwa mumabasa akadai seUS6312805B1.

Saka pfupiso yemafaibha ipfupi. Kotoni inoshandiswa nechinosimbisa dhayi chetannin maererano netsika dzekare; makushe nesirika zvinodhayiwa zvakananga asi ruvara ruchikurumidza kupera; acrylic ndiyo faibha yemazuva ano inonyatsoenderana nedhayi iyi pamakemikari; nylon yakajairika kazhinji haikodzeri.

Ruvara runopenya, asi runokurumidza kupera

Dambudziko harina kumbova rokuisa ruvara. Raiva rokuichengeta iripo. Chidzidzo cha2019 chakadhaya kotoni, sirika nemakushe zvakananga nemethylene blue trihydrate chakayera kugona kuchengetedza ruvara pachiedza pachiyero che1, chiri pasi-soro pachikero, pamafaibha ose matatu pasi peISO 105-B02. Kuchengetedza ruvara kwakavandudzika chete mushure mekugadziriswa nesmectite, sezvakataurwa muRSC Advances. Zvinyorwa zvekare zvinotaura chinhu chimwe chete mumutauro wenguva yazvo: mavara mazhinji ebasic anopera kana ari pachiedza, sezvakanyorwa muchinyorwa chekudhaya cheEncyclopaedia Britannica cha1911.

Makemikari emvura yekudhaya anowedzera imwe yambiro. Dhayi dzebasic dzinowanzoiswa mumvura isina kuva yeacid kana yealkali, kana ine acid shoma, uye alkali yakasimba inonyanya kukanganisa methylene blue. Mu0.1 M yealkali yakanyungudutswa mumvura, inoputswa nekuita nemvura, ichinyanya kushanduka kuva methylene violet yaBernthsen, chigadzirwa chine ruvara rwakasimba uye chinokwezvwa nemafuta, pane kuramba isina kuchinja, maererano nechidzidzo chemaitiro anoita alkali pamethylene blue. Naizvozvo, alkali yasara mumicheka mushure mekugezwa kwekuchenesa, kana kushandiswa kwealkali mushure mekudhaya, zvinogona kushandura mumvuri weruvara nokuda kwemakemikari asinganei nokusimbiswa kwedhayi. Kutenderera kwemaitiro eredox kuri shure kwekuchinja kweruvara inyaya yakasiyana, asi mutemo webasa uri nyore: mvura yekudhaya ngairege kuva nealkali yakasimba.

Bepa, ingi, nemakopi ekabhoni

Kudhaya bepa kwakanyorwa sechimwe chezvazvino chinoshandiswa mukutengeserana. Mutengesi weBasic Blue 9 anonyora bepa pamwe chete nekupa sirika, hemp, huni nebamboo ruvara, pamwe nekugadzira ingi nemapigmenti anogadzirwa nekusungisa dhayi pachinhu chisinganyunguduki, mupepa rake remashandisirwo echigadzirwa. Kushandiswa muingi kune humbowo hwakawanda hwakanyorwa: India yakambova nechiyero chakatsaurirwa izvi, IS 2230:1962, chedhayi yemethylene blue yeindasitiri yeingi. Chiyero chacho chakazobviswa, asi chakanyorwa mumushumo wepagore weBIS wa1962 kusvika 1963 uye chakanyorwa mukatalogi sechakabviswa.

Bepa rekabhoni rakanyorwawo. Patent yeUS ya1933 yezvinofukidza bepa rekabhoni inotsanangura ingi dzemafuta newakisi dzine dhayi dzeaniline, kusanganisira methylene blue, muUS1925235A. Uye chidzidzo cha2024 chesainzi yekuchengetedza nhaka pamusoro pemapenzura ebhuruu ekukopa ekare chakawana methylene blue iri pakati pezvinopa ruvara zvaiwanzoshandiswa zvikuru. Chakanyorawo maitiro chaiwo angafungidzirwa nenzvimbo yekudhaya: kukanganiswa zvikuru nechiedza uye ruvara runobuda ruchipararira kana chanyoroveswa. Chidzidzo ichi chakabudiswa munpj Heritage Science. Penzura yaikopa neruvara runopenya zvikuru yozopera ruvara muzuva ine makemikari mamwe chete nekotoni yaidhayiwa neruvara runopenya zvikuru yozopera ruvara iri pahwindo.

Magiredhi matatu, maitiro matatu ezvinodiwa pachigadzirwa

Uku ndiko kuenzanisa kunonyanya kukosha, nokuti zita rimwe chete rinoshandiswa pazvinhu zvakagadzirwa zvichitevedza zvinodiwa zvisingaenderani. Giredhi remicheka, dhayi yekupendesa masampuli ezvipenyu, negiredhi remishonga hazvisi nhanho pachiyero chimwe chete cheutsanana hwemakemikari. Zvinopindura mibvunzo yakasiyana.

Pane zvinhu zviviri zvinogona kuvhiringidzwa mutafura zvinoda kusimbiswa. Chekutanga, dhayi yemicheka ye“100 percent” haisi chromophore yakachena pa100 percent; ISO 105-Z10 inotsanangura simba richienzaniswa nedhayi yekuenzanisira. Chechipiri, dhayi yakasimbiswa yekupendesa masampuli ine huwandu hwedhayi hwe82 percent haisi chigadzirwa chemishonga chakakundikana; yakapasa imwe bvunzo yakasiyana. Rutivi rwemishonga runoratidzwa nemushumo wekuvandudza nzira yekugadzira wakachengeta huwandu hwose hwesimbi huri pasi pe20 ppm, Azure B iri pasi pe2 percent uye imwe tsvina iri pasi pe0.5 percent. Nhamba idzi dzinotsanangura nzira iyoyo muchidzidzo cheProveblue chakabudiswa, kwete zvinodiwa zvinobata dhayi dzose dzemicheka. Uye chikonzero nei Azure B ichipiwa chiyero chayo chekuenzanisira ndechokuti ndiyo tsvina huru inobva pakubviswa kwemapoka emethyl, uye pachayo imetabolite ine basa remakemikari emishonga, nyaya inotsanangurwa mukutsvakurudza nezveAzure B.

Munzvimbo yekudhaya, kuongorora kunoitwa pakugamuchira chigadzirwa kunobva muchikamu chekuruboshwe: kuenzanisa mumvuri weruvara nechiyero, simba richienzaniswa, kunyunguduka uye zvinhu zvisinganyunguduki, mwando, uye kufanana kwemabhechi. Hapana pachinyorwa ichocho chinoita kuti zviri mudhiramu zvikodzere rabhoritari, ndoda kudyiwa kana kumedzwa.

Kuverenga pepa remashoko eBasic Blue 9

Pepa remashoko ehunyanzvi rakajairika rinonyora nhamba ina, uye imwe neimwe inopindura mubvunzo wakasiyana. Simba, rinoratidzwa seperesenti richienzaniswa nebhechi remutengesi rinoshandiswa sechiyero, rinoudza mudhayi kuti anoyera dhayi yakawanda sei kuti awane kudzika kweruvara kwaanoda; bhechi rine simba re105 percent rinoda huremu hwakaderera neinenge 5 percent pane hwechiyero. Huwandu hwedhayi, kana hwataurwa, ndicho chikamu chemakemikari chine chromophore chaiyo, uye hunogara hwakaderera pane zvinofungidzirwa nenhamba yesimba nokuti upfu hunotengeswa hunosanganisira mwando nezvinhu zvinowedzerwa kuderedza huwandu hwedhayi pamusanganiswa. Zvinhu zvisinganyunguduki mumvura, zvinoisirwa muganhu wakadai se1.5 percent, zvinofanotaura madonhwe anogona kuonekwa nekuvharika kwemasefa pane mumvuri weruvara. Mwando unopedzisa mufananidzo, uye unoenderana nenyaya yehydrate: trihydrate ine mamorekuru matatu emvura akasungwa muchimiro chekristaro, saka kirogiramu yayo ine chromophore inenge zvikamu zvitanhatu pazvinomwe yeiri mukirogiramu yemunyu usina mvura. Murayiro wekudhaya wakanyorerwa imwe hydrate asi ukayerwa neimwe unotadza kuwana kudzika kweruvara nechikamu ichocho micheka isati yatombopinda mumvura yekudhaya.

Cherechedzo pamusoro pemvura inoraswa

Methylene blue ine ruvara rwakasimba zvikuru uye iri nyore kuteverwa nekuyera kutorwa kwechiedza nespectrophotometer. Zvidzidzo zvekunamatira kwayo pamusoro pezvimwe zvinhu zvinowanzotevera kutorwa kwechiedza chinooneka pedyo ne663 kusvika 665 nm, sezviri muchidzidzo chekunamatira pazvinhu zvinobva kuzvipenyu nechidzidzo chekunamatira pahydrogel. Kureruka ikoko kwakaita kuti ive dhayi ine kationi inoshandiswa semuenzaniso mukutsvakurudza kwemvura yakasviba: ongororo huru muJournal of Hazardous Materials inoongorora kubviswa kwayo nokunamatira pamusoro pezvinhu zvisingadhuri, ichibata mvura inoraswa kubva mumaindasitiri emicheka, emapepa neekudhinda.

Kuva muenzaniso kune mativi maviri. Kuwanda kwezvinyorwa pamusoro pekunamatira uku hakuratidzi kuti methylene blue pachayo ndiyo imwe yezvinosvibisa zvikuru zvinobva muindasitiri yemicheka yemazuva ano; kunoratidza kuti kemikari iyi iri nyore kushandisa semumiririri wedhayi dzine kationi kazhinji. Verenga zvinotaurwa nezvemvura inoraswa uchifunga musiyano iwoyo.

Zita ndiro yambiro

Basic Blue 9, C.I. 52015, methylthioninium chloride: mazita matatu echromophore imwe chete, inotengeswa pasi pemaitiro ezvinodiwa pachigadzirwa anosvika matatu kana kupfuura. Chigadzirwa chemicheka chakagadzirwa naCaro nokuda kwekotoni hachina kumbobvira chadiwa kuti chikodzere kumedzwa, uye hapana chitupa chakanyorerwa mumvuri weruvara nesimba chinogona kuchiita chakadaro. Kana zita rimwe chete redhiramu richionekwa pasherufu yerabhoritari, zvinodiwa pachigadzirwa, kwete ruvara, ndizvo zvinokuudza kuti chii chauinacho.