Chinyorwa
Kugezesa hove nemethylene blue kuchienzaniswa nekurapa mutangi
Muchengeti wehove anoverenga mazano maviri, ose achitaurwa nechivimbo. Rimwe rinoti nyudza hove kwemasekonzi. Rimwe rinoti isa mushonga mutangi kwemazuva. Ose anotaura methylene blue, saka anoita sezviyero zviviri zvekurapa kumwe chete. Hazvina kudaro. Idzi inzira mbiri dzakasiyana dzinongoshandisa kemikari imwe chete.
Funga nezvekurapa kumwe nekumwe semwero wemushonga nenguva zvinoshanda pahove nenharaunda yayo. Chinja chimwe chezvinhu izvi zvina, uye zvinoreva kurapa kwacho zvinochinja. Kunyudza pa50 ppm kwemasekonzi 10 uye kuchengetedza hove mutangi pa3 ppm kwemazuva 5 hazvisiyani nesimba remushonga chete. Imwe nzira inoita kuti hove isangane nemushonga kwenguva pfupi, ichisiya sefa, zvirimwa, uye mhuka dzisina musana zvisina kusangana nawo. Imwe inoita kuti hurongwa hwose husangane nemushonga kwemazuva. Kukanganisa kwakawanda pakuyera mushonga kunobva panzira isina kururama yekufunga: mwero wemushonga mumvura chete unoita sechiyero chose, asi nguva, vhoriyamu yemvura, uye hurongwa hwezvipenyu zvinokanganwika. Chinyorwa chino chinovakazve kunzwisisa uku chichishandisa chinyorwa chechigadzirwa chimwe, chobva charatidza apo mhando yehove nedanho reupenyu zvinoda kumwe kugadziriswa. Kuti unzwisise zvinoitwa nedhayi kana yanyungudutswa, ona mashandiro emethylene blue mumvura yeaquarium.
Chinyorwa chemirayiridzo chinotsanangura nzira mbiri dzekurapa, kwete imwe
Batanidza nhamba imwe neimwe iri pasi apa nechigadzirwa chakananga. Mwero unotaurwa mumamilligram parita haubatsiri kusvikira waziva simba remushonga wekutanga, nokuti teaspoons dzemushonga wakanyungudutswa we2.303 percent neteaspoons dzemushonga wekutengesa wakarerutswa zvakanyanya dzine dhayi yakasiyana. Kuenzanisa kuri pano kunotevera mirayiridzo yepamutemo yeKordon yemethylene blue, iyo inotsanangura chigadzirwa semethylene blue chloride isina zinc, yakanyungudutswa mumvura pa2.303 percent. Kana bhodhoro rako richiratidza simba rakasiyana, verengazve pane kungotora zviyero izvi zveteaspoon.
| Mashandisirwo ari pachinyorwa cheKordon | Mwero wemushonga mumvura | Nguva yekusangana nemushonga | Mabatiro emvura nesefa |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hove, fungasi nemaprotozoa ekunze, uye kubatsira kana paitika chepfu yenitrite necyanide | 3 ppm, inenge 3 mg/L (1 teaspoon pa10 gallons) | Mazuva 3 kusvika 5 | Bvisa activated carbon, siya kusefa kwezvinhu zvakasimba kuchishanda, wozotsiva imwe kana mvura yose woisa carbon itsva pakupera |
| Mazai nehove dzichangobva kuchechenywa, kudzivirira fungasi | 3 ppm (1 teaspoon pa10 gallons), kuisa kamwe chete | Kusvikira mazuva 3 mushure medanho rekushambira dzakazvimirira, kana mazuva 2 mushure mekuberekwa kwemhando dzinobereka hove dziri mhenyu | Bvisa carbon; Kordon inoti inenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu cheteaspoon pa10 gallons inowedzera inenge 1 ppm kana mwero wakaderera uchidiwa |
| Kunyudza kwenguva pfupi mumudziyo wakasiyana | 50 ppm, inenge 50 mg/L (5 teaspoons pa3 gallons) | Zvisingapfuuri masekonzi 10 | Mudziyo usiri wesimbi une mvura yakafanana neyemuaquarium, wozodzorera hove mutangi |
Zvinhu zvitatu zviri mutafura iyi zvinodzivirira kukanganisa kunowanzoitika. Chekutanga, mwero wekunyudza unenge wakapetwa kagumi nenomwe kupfuura wemutangi, uye unotora masekonzi, kwete maminitsi. Kuwedzera nguva yekunyudza pa50 ppm kusvika pamaminitsi 10 kana 30 kutsauka kukuru pamirayiridzo iyi, kwete kungoiwedzera nokungwarira. Chechipiri, nzira yemazuva 3 kusvika 5 haina kutenderera kwekuchinja mvura nekuisa mushonga patsva zuva nezuva. Kordon inorayira kuchinja imwe kana mvura yose kamwe chete pakupera, pamwe nekuisa carbon itsva. Chechitatu, mirayiridzo yeKordon iripo zvino inoshandisa teaspoons nemamilliliter, kwete madonhwe. Dzimwe shanduro dzemirayiridzo dzevatengesi dzinoti madonhwe 10 pagallon akaenzana ne3 ppm, asi kukura kwedonhwe kunosiyana nechidonhedzo, saka pima nesirinji kana chipunu chine zviyero zvakatarwa.
Chinyorwa chemirayiridzo chinoganhurawo nzvimbo inoitirwa kurapa. Kordon inoti chigadzirwa ichi hachifaniri kushandiswa muhurongwa hunotenderedza mvura zvakare hunotsamira pakusefa nezvipenyu, nokuti chinovhiringidza mabhakitiriya anoshandura ammonia kuita nitrite nenitrate. Inowedzera kuti dhayi inogona kukanganisa kukura kwezvirimwa, kuti matombo, makorari, uye huni zvinoitora, kuti matangi asina zvekushongedza anoshanda zvakanaka kupfuura mamwe, uye kuti silicone yekusimbisa majoini inogona kusvibiswa ruvara zvachose. Mashoko aya anoratidza kuti mudziyo wakatsaurirwa kurapira ndiwo unofanira kutanga kusarudzwa.
Kugezesa kana kurapa mutangi: zvinonyatsokodzera nzira imwe neimwe
Kugezesa kana kunyudza kunoparadzanisa mushonga nehurongwa hwetangi rinoratidzwa. Hove inosangana nemwero wakatarwa kwenguva yakatarwa, yozodzokera kumvura yakachena. Mabhakitiriya esefa, zvirimwa, zvinhu zvepasi petangi, uye mhuka dzisina musana hazvisangani nedhayi. Mirayiridzo yakabudiswa yekupfuya mhuka dzemumvura inoratidza mimwe miganhu kunze kwekunyudza kwemasekonzi 10 kweKordon: nzira yeFAO yekuisa vana vehove vari voga pakutanga inoshandisa 20 kusvika 40 ppm kwemaminitsi 3 kusvika 5, ichidzorera hove pakarepo kumvura yakachena isina munyu yakaiswa mweya, sezviri mumirayiridzo yayo yekuparadzanisa hove panzvimbo yekuchechenyesa, uye ongororo yeFAO yekupfuya mhuka dzemumvura inoenzanisa kugezesa kwenguva refu pa1 kusvika 2 ppm nekugezesa kwenguva pfupi pa8 kusvika 10 ppm muongororo yayo yenzira dzekurapa. Basa repayunivhesiti rekutakura hove rakashandisa mwero wakatoderera, 2 mg/L kwemaawa anenge 11.5 mumvura yakaiswa mweya, sezviri muongororo yeUF IFAS yekutakura hove dzekushongedza. Iyi misanganiswa yakasiyana yemwero nenguva yemhuka nezvinangwa zvakasiyana, ndicho chikonzero chaicho nei pasina nzira imwe chete yekugezesa inokodzera mhando dzose.
Kurapa mutangi, nemwero wakaderera unochengetwa kwemazuva mumvura inogara hove, kunokodzera matambudziko anoda kusangana nemushonga kwenguva yakareba: fungasi pamazai panguva yekuchechenywa, kana kurapwa kwemazuva akawanda kwakanyorwa pamirayiridzo kwemaprotozoa ekunze. 3 ppm kwemazuva 3 kusvika 5 yeKordon ndiyo muenzaniso wakajeka weaquarium. Chinorasikirwa ndechekuti hurongwa hwose hunosangana nemushonga. Sipos naUrakawa vakaedza methylene blue pazvipukanana zvinoshandura ammonia kubvira pa10 parts per billion kusvika pa10 ppm, vakawana musiyano mukuru pakunzwa mushonga. Zvimwe zvipukanana zvakadzvinyirirwa zvikuru pamwero wakaderera kwazvo, uye masero eNitrosomonas marina akaedzwa akaurayiwa, sezvakataurwa muongororo yavo yekudzvinyirirwa kwezvipukanana zvinoshandura ammonia. Zvinogona kutaurwa zvine humbowo zvine muganhu kupfuura zvinowanzotaurwa nevanochengeta hove: methylene blue inogona kudzvinyirira kana kuuraya zvipukanana zvinoshandura ammonia kuita nitrite nenitrate, ichikanganisa kugadzikana kwemaitiro iwayo, asi kunzwa mushonga kunosiyana pakati pezvipukanana. Saka hapana chiyero chimwe chemuaquarium chinovimbisa kuti hurongwa huchakundikana kana kuti huchachengeteka.
Mutemo wekusarudza unobva panzira idzi mbiri. Shandisa kugezesa kana kunyudza kana chinangwa chiri chokuti hove imwe kana shomanana dzisangane nemushonga kwenguva pfupi uku hurongwa hwetangi rinoratidzwa huchifanira kuramba hwakamira zvakanaka: hove ichangosvika ine makwapa anofungidzirwa kuti ane dambudziko, hove imwe ine chironda panzvimbo imwe chete, kana tangi ripi neripi rine shrimp, hozhwa, zvirimwa zvinokosheswa, kana sefa yezvipenyu yakatogadzikana yausingakwanisi kukanganisa. Shandisa kurapwa kwemazuva akawanda mumudziyo usina zvekushongedza kana chikonzero chekurapa chichida kusangana nemushonga kwenguva yakareba, zvakadai seboka remazai panguva yaanogona kubatwa nefungasi. Kuisa mushonga mutangi rinoratidzwa rine zvekushongedza, zvirimwa, uye kusefa nezvipenyu ndiyo nzira yekupedzisira, kwete yekutanga. Kunyange zvakadaro, mudziyo unofanira kuva nezvinhu zvishoma sezvinobvira, carbon yabviswa, uye ammonia nenitrite zvichiongororwa zuva nezuva.
Mhando, mazai, nehove dzichangobva kuchechenywa: nei pasina chiyero chinokodzera zvose
Mashoko epachinyorwa anoti chigadzirwa chakachengeteka kumazai nehove dzichangobva kuchechenywa “kana chikashandiswa maererano nemirayiridzo” haarevi kuti mhando dzose dzinotsungirira zviyero zvose zvakabudiswa. Ongoro yemazai ehove dzekushongedza yakaedza 0.5 kusvika 3 mg/L pamazai eblack tetra, angelfish, nezebrafish, ikawana kuti 3 mg/L yakavandudza kuchechenywa muangelfish neblack tetra asi kwete muzebrafish. Vanyori vakayambira kusashandisa zvakawanikwa pane imwe mhando kune imwe, sezvakanyorwa murekodhi yeFAO AGRIS yemuedzo wekuuraya utachiona pamazai. Basa richangobva kuitwa pazebrafish rakawana kuti mwero unoshandiswa pakuchengeta nguva dzose weinenge 0.5 kusvika 1 mg/L wakachinja mashandiro emagetsi emumuviri anoshandisa oxygen pakutanga kwekukura, rikakurudzira kufunga patsva nezvekugara dzichisangana nemushonga apo zviyero zvemashandiro emagetsi emumuviri zvichikosha, sezvakatsanangurwa muongororo ye2025 yekukura kwezebrafish. Uye nguva ine basa pachayo pasinei nemhando: goldfish dzakachengetwa pa2 mg/L dzichisangana nemushonga dzisingamiri kwemazuva 21 dzakaratidza kuderera kwezviyero zveropa nezvekudzivirira muviri pamwe nekuchinja kwekukura. Uku kusangana nemushonga kwenguva refu hakukurudzirwi nechinyorwa chipi nechipi chemirayiridzo, sezvakataurwa mumuedzo wegoldfish dzaigara dzichisangana nemushonga.
Ngano mbiri dzinotaurwa nevanochengeta hove dzinodawo kuongororwa nenzira imwe chete. Yambiro yemethylene blue pahove dzisina makwati inoita seyakatorwa kubva kumalachite green, iyo ine zvinyorwa zvechokwadi zvinoratidza kunzwa kwayo muhove dzisina makwati. Asi ongororo ichangobva kuitwa inotaura methylene blue yakazvimirira sedhayi ine chepfu shoma muongororo ye2025 yekurapa zvipukanana zvinogara kunze kwemuviri. Izvozvo hazvirevi kuti methylene blue haina ngozi kuhove yose inonzwa mishonga zviri nyore. Zvinoreva kuti mazita etetra, gourami, nehove dzisina makwati asina humbowo hwakanyorwa anofanira kunzwisiswa seyambiro dzekungwarira, kwete mapoka akasimbiswa. Kumhuka dzisina musana, ruzivo rwakasimba rwezviyero zvakachengeteka kushrimp dzekushongedza nehozhwa rushoma, uye mashoko evagadziri anosiyana: mumwe mugadziri wezvigadzirwa zvinotengeswa anoyambira kuti chigadzirwa chake chinogona kuuraya shrimp kana chaiswa zvakawandisa. Izvi hazvina kufanana nekuti kusangana kwose nemushonga pakurapa kunouraya. Matafura ekare eFAO anoratidza kutsungirira kwenguva pfupi kweimwe shrimp yemugungwa yerudzi rwepenaeid pa75 ppm kweawa imwe, ichifa pa100 ppm. Ruzivo urwu harushandi zvakananga kuNeocaridina, Caridina, kana hozhwa dzemuaquarium, sezviri mumatafura eFAO echepfu kushrimp. Kusvikira ruzivo rwakanangana nemhando imwe neimwe rwavapo, chengeta mhuka dzisina musana dzisiri mumvura ine mushonga nokushandisa mudziyo wakasiyana.
Karukureta yechiyero chemushonga muaquarium: chikamu chekutanga
Chikamu chino ndiko kutanga kwekarukureta, kuchipiwa sefomura ine muenzaniso waunogona kuverenga nemaoko kuti uiongorore. Inoverenga vhoriyamu yemushonga wekutanga yesimba rechigadzirwa chimwe chete. Haikurudziri mwero wemushonga mumvura. Sarudza mwero kubva pachinyorwa chebhodhoro raunaro, unoenderana nemhando yehove dzako nechinangwa chako, kana kubva pazano rachiremba wemhuka.
Fomura yemushonga wekutanga we2.303 percent wakaita seweKordon, une inenge 23.03 mg yedhayi pamL:
stock mL = target mg/L x water liters / 23.03
Tanga washandura gallons. One US gallon yakaenzana ne3.785 liters. Pima mvura irimo chaizvo, wabvisa nzvimbo inotorwa nezvinhu zvepasi petangi, zvekushongedza, uye nzvimbo yemhepo, kwete ukuru hwetangi hwakanyorwa. Pima mushonga wekutanga nesirinji kana chipunu chine zviyero zvakatarwa, usamboshandisa chidonhedzo chisina zviyero zvakatarwa.
Muenzaniso wekutanga wakaverengwa, kurapa mutangi nemwero uri pamirayiridzo. Mudziyo wekurapira we10 gallon usina zvekushongedza unenge uine 9 gallons dzemvura kana nzvimbo inotorwa nezvimwe zvinhu yabviswa, dzinenge 34 liters. Mwero uri kudiwa i3 mg/L. Mushonga wekutanga wakaenzana ne3 x 34 / 23.03, inenge 4.4 mL, iri pasi zvishoma peone US teaspoon ye4.93 mL. Saka chiyero chiri pamirayiridzo cheone teaspoon pa10 gallons chinofungidzira kuti vhoriyamu yose yakanyorwa izere nemvura. Deredza zvichienderana nenzvimbo yatorwa nezvimwe zvinhu.
Muenzaniso wechipiri wakaverengwa, kunyudza nemwero uri pamirayiridzo. Three gallons dzemvura yekunyudza dzakaenzana neinenge 11.4 liters. Mwero uri kudiwa i50 mg/L. Mushonga wekutanga wakaenzana ne50 x 11.4 / 23.03, inenge 24.7 mL, chinova chiyero che5 teaspoons chiri pamirayiridzo. Gadzirira izvi mumudziyo usiri wesimbi, ita kuti tembiricha nepH zvifanane nezvemutangi rinogara hove, isa mweya kana nguva ichipfuura kunyudza kupfupi kwazvo, tarisa hove nguva yose, uye pedzisa kugezesa pachiratidzo chekutanga chekutambudzika chakadai sekutenderera kana kufema zvakaoma. Mutemo iwoyo wekucherechedza unobva pamirayiridzo yakajairika yekunyudza iri muchitsauko chebhuku rezvekurapa mhuka pamusoro pekuchengetwa kwehove dzemuaquarium, icho chinorayira kuti pH netembiricha zvifanane, hove ibviswe pakarepo kana ichitambudzika, uye kuti pave nekungwarira kwakawedzerwa pamhando dzisina kusimbiswa kuti dzinokodzera kunyudzwa.
Yambiro nhatu dzekarukureta dzinofanira kuperekedza kuverenga uku. Chekutanga, 1 ppm yakaenzana neinenge 1 mg/L mumvura ine mushonga wakarerutswa, saka ppm iri pamirayiridzo nemg/L iri muzvinyorwa zvezvidzidzo zvinogona kushandiswa pachinzvimbo cheimwe pano. Chechipiri, usambogadzirisa kunyudza nokuchinja nguva pachinzvimbo chekuverenga: kupeta maminitsi kaviri pa50 ppm hakuna kuenzana nekuderedza mwero wemushonga nehafu. Chechitatu, nyora zvawaisa chaizvo: zita rechigadzirwa nesimba racho, vhoriyamu yemvura yakayerwa, mamilliliter emushonga wekutanga, uye nguva dzekutanga nekupedza. Pasina chinyorwa ichocho, kuchinja mvura kunotevera kana kusarudza kudzokorora kunongova kufungidzira.
Kuita nzira imwe neimwe yekurapa zvakanaka
Pakugezesa kana kunyudza, gadzirira hove isati yabva mutangi rayo. Gadzirira mudziyo, ita kuti tembiricha nepH zvifanane, ipa mweya kana nguva ichipfuura masekonzi, uye chengeta mudziyo wekuverenga nguva uchioneka. Pfeka magirovhosi nezvekudzivirira maziso, nokuti dhayi inosvibisa ruvara rweganda, mbatya, nematafura ebasa, uye pfupiso dzakajairika dzenjodzi dzinoti inokuvadza kana ikamedzwa uye inogona kutsamwisa maziso neganda, sezvakaunganidzwa murekodhi yePubChem yenjodzi dzemethylene blue. Shandisa mambure akapfava, fambisa hove nokukurumidza, ramba uchitarisa pasina kumira, uye dzorera hove kumvura yainogara kana masekonzi akanyorwa apera kana pachiratidzo chekutanga chedambudziko, chero chinotanga. Usashandisezve mvura yekugezesa pamapoka akasiyana.
Pakurapa kwemazuva akawanda, shandisa mudziyo usina zvekushongedza une chinodziyisa, kuiswa kwemweya zvinyoronyoro, uye kusefa kwezvinhu zvakasimba, asi usina carbon kana zvekushongedza zvine maburi anopinza mvura. Isa mushonga kamwe chete maererano nemirayiridzo, ongorora ammonia nenitrite zuva nezuva, ipa chikafu zvishoma, uye chinja mvura zvichienderana nezvabuda pakuyedzwa, kwete neruvara. Pakupera kwekurapa, ita kuchenesa kwakanyorwa pamirayiridzo: tsiva imwe kana mvura yose nemvura yakagadzirirwa kushandiswa ine tembiricha yakafanana, woisa carbon itsva yakasukurudzwa kwemaawa anenge 24 kusvika 48. Maitiro ose ekuchenesa, kusanganisira silicone yasvibiswa ruvara nekuongorora sefa yezvipenyu, anotsanangurwa mukubvisa mushonga mushure mekurapa nekudzoreredza kushanda kwesefa.
Bata mushonga wakakora nokuurasa nekungwarira kwakafanana nekwekurapa. Kordon inoti chigadzirwa chayo chemuaquarium hachisi chekudyiwa nevanhu uye hachisi mushonga wehove dzekudya pasi pemitemo yeUS. Chengeta bhodhoro rakavharwa uye risingasvikirwi nevana nezvipfuyo, dzivisa kupfachuka, uye usadururira mushonga wekutanga wakakora mumapombi anobudisa mvura kana mumadziva.
Sarudza nokubvunza kuti hurongwa hupi huchasangana nemushonga uye kwenguva yakareba sei. Kusangana kwenguva pfupi kwehove chete kunonongedzera kukugezesa. Chikonzero chekurapa kwemazuva akawanda chakanyorwa pamirayiridzo chinonongedzera kumudziyo wekurapira usina zvekushongedza. Tangi rinoratidzwa rine mabhakitiriya aro, zvirimwa, uye mhuka dzisina musana rinofanira kungosangana nedhayi kana pasina nzira yekurapa yakaparadzana. Musiyano mumwe chete iwoyo, mwero wemushonga pamwe nenguva pamwe nehurongwa hunosangana nawo, unotsiva mazano akawanda anobatwa seanogona kungochinjaniswa.